Sarawak: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
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| (43 revisi perantara oleh 27 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{periksa terjemahan|en|Sarawak}}
{{About||sungai|Sungai Sarawak|kapal|HMS Sarawak (K591)}}
{{Infobox settlement
▲| name = Kerajaan Sarawak
| settlement_type = [[Negara bagian dan wilayah persekutuan di Malaysia|Negara bagian]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
Baris 17:
| image7 = South China Sea, Sarawak (7246670486).jpg
}}
| image_caption = Dari atas searah jarum jam: [[Gedung Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak Baru|Gedung Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak]], [[Chinatown, Kuching|Chinatown]], [[Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu]], [[Laut China Selatan]] dilihat dari [[Taman Nasional Bako]], Air Terjun Julai di [[Usun Apau Plieran]], [[Taman Nasional Niah]], dan [[Kuching]] sore hari.
| image_flag = Flag of Sarawak.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt = Bendera Sarawak
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Sarawak.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt = Lambang Sarawak
| nickname = Bumi Kenyalang<ref>{{
| motto = "Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti"
| anthem = [[Ibu Pertiwiku]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak State Anthem|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/|publisher=Sarawak Government|access-date=12 Januari 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185320/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref><center>[[Berkas:Lagu
| image_map = Sarawak in Malaysia.svg
| mapsize =
Baris 32:
| map_caption = <center>{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=silver}} Sarawak di {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} [[Malaysia]]</center>
| subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|2|48|N|113|53|E|display=inline,title}}
| established_title =
| established_date = Abad ke-15<ref name="srwk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan|title=Sultan Tengah — Sarawak's first Sultan|publisher=The Brunei Times|date=28 Desember 2008|accessdate=3 April 2014|author=Rozan Yunos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403100218/http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan|archivedate=3 April 2014|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_title4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_title5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_title6 =
| established_date6 =
| established_title7 =
| established_date7 =
| seat_type = Ibu kota<br />{{nobold|(dan kota terbesar)}}
| seat = [[Kuching]]
Baris 67:
| government_type = [[Sistem parlementer|Parlementer]]
| leader_title = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Gubernur]]
| leader_name = [[
| leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Sarawak|Perdana Menteri]]
| leader_name2 = [[Abang Johari Openg]] ([[Gabungan Partai Sarawak|GPS]]–[[Partai Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]])
Baris 84:
| demographics_type1 = Bahasa
| demographics1_title1 = Resmi
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bahasa
| demographics1_title2 = Bahasa lain
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rumpun bahasa Kalimantan Utara Raya|Borneo]]{{*}}[[Bahasa Melayu Sarawak|Melayu Sarawak]]{{*}}[[Bahasa Hakka|Hakka]]{{*}}[[Bahasa Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{*}}[[Bahasa Tiochiu|Tiochiu]]{{*}}[[Dialek Fuzhou|Fuzhou]]<br />dan lain-lain
Baris 96:
* 0.5% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]
}}
| timezone1 = [[Waktu Standar Malaysia|WPM]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts of Sarawak|url=http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129|publisher=The Sarawak Government|access-date=23 Juli 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723154012/http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129|archive-date=23 Juli 2015}}</ref>
| utc_offset1 = +8
| demographics_type2 = Indeks Negara Bagian
| demographics2_title1 = [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia|IPM]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
| demographics2_info1 = {{increase}} 0.764 (<span style="color:#0c0;">
| demographics2_title2 = [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
| demographics2_info2 = {{increase}} [[Ringgit|RM]] 362,974 miliar (US$ 81,585 miliar) (ke-3)<ref name="GDP">{{Cite web|title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=TExzYmVmRC83S1hBMEUrUDVzczdLUT09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.dosm.gov.my}}</ref>
Baris 113:
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_m = 0
|postal_code_type = [[Daftar kode pos di Malaysia|Kode pos]]
|postal_code = 93xxx<ref>{{cite web|title=Postal codes in Sarawak|url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/indonesia/sarawak/?p=1|website=cybo.com|accessdate=23 Juli 2015|archive-date=2019-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519202027/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/indonesia/sarawak/?p=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> hingga 98xxx<ref>{{cite web|title=Postal codes in Miri|url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/|website=cybo.com|accessdate=23 Juli 2015|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093216/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 119 ⟶ 118:
| area_code = 082 sampai 086<ref>{{cite web|title=Area codes in Sarawak|url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1|website=cybo.com|accessdate=22 July 2015|archive-date=2018-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230029/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| registration_plate = QA sampai QT<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soon|first1=Teh Wei|title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates|url=http://indonesia.co.id/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|accessdate=8 Juli 2015|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 Maret 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|archivedate=8 July 2015}}</ref>
|website = {{
<!--| footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Disamping fakta bahwa Federasi Malaysia baru berdiri pada 16 September 1963, 31 Agustus (kemerdekaan Malaya) dirayakan sebagai [[Hari Merdeka|hari kemerdekaan Malaysia]]. Sejak 2010, 16 September disahkan sebagai [[hari Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yeng|first1=Ai Chun|title=Malaysia Day now a public holiday, says PM|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2009%2f10%2f19%2fnation%2f20091019103509&sec=nation|accessdate=7 August 2015|date=19 October 2009}}</ref>-->
}}
'''Sarawak''', populer dengan julukan '''Bumi Kenyalang''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|w|ɒ|k}}; {{IPA-id|saˈrawaʔ|lang}}) adalah [[negara bagian]] di [[Malaysia]]. Negara bagian ini memiliki [[otonomi]] dalam pemerintahan, imigrasi, dan yudisier yang berbeda dari negara-negara bagian di Semenanjung Malaysia. Sarawak terletak di Barat Laut Borneo dan berbatasan dengan [[Sabah|Negara Bagian Sabah]] di Timur Laut, [[Provinsi Kalimantan Barat]], [[
Ibu kotanya, [[Kuching]], adalah pusat ekonomi Negara Bagian Sarawak. Kota lainnya di Sarawak meliputi [[Miri]], [[Sibu]], dan [[Bintulu]]. Menurut [[sensus]] 2020 di Malaysia, populasi di negara bagian tersebut sejumlah 2.907.500 orang. Sarawak memiliki [[iklim khatulistiwa]] dengan [[hutan hujan]] tropis dan spesies hewan dan tumbuhan yang beragam. Negara bagian ini memiliki beberapa sistem [[gua]] penting di [[Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu]]. [[Sungai Rajang]] adalah sungai terpanjang di Malaysia; [[Bendungan Bakun]], salah satu bendungan terbesar di [[Asia Tenggara]], terletak di salah satu anak sungainya. [[Gunung Murud]] adalah titik tertinggi di Sarawak.
Pemukiman manusia terawal di Sarawak bermula dari 40,000 tahun yang lalu di [[Taman Nasional Niah|Gua-Gua Niah]].{{whom}} Wilayah tersebut telah memiliki hubungan dagang dengan Tiongkok pada abad ke-8 sampai ke-13 Masehi. Wilayah tersebut berada di bawah pengaruh [[Kekaisaran Brunei]] pada abad ke-16. Negara bagian tersebut [[Kerajaan Sarawak|diperintah oleh keluarga Brooke]] pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20. Pada [[Perang Dunia II]], negara bagian tersebut [[Pendudukan Jepang di Borneo Britania|diduduki oleh Jepang]] selama tiga tahun sebelum dijadikan sebagai [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|Koloni Mahkota Britania]] pada 1946. Pada 22 Juli 1963, Sarawak meraih pemerintahan sendiri oleh Inggris. Setelah itu, Sarawak menjadi salah satu anggota pendiri [[Federasi Malaysia]] (didirikan pada 16 September 1963) bersama dengan [[Borneo Utara]] (Sabah), [[Singapura]] (keluar pada 1965), dan [[Federasi Malaysia]] ([[Semenanjung Malaysia]]). Namun, [[federasi]] tersebut ditentang oleh Indonesia, dan berujung pada [[Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia]] selama tiga tahun. Negara bagian tersebut juga mengalami [[Pemberontakan Komunis Sarawak|pemberontakan komunis]] dari 1965 sampai 1968.
Wilayah tersebut dikenal karena keberagaman suku bangsa, budaya, dan bahasa. Kepala negara bagiannya adalah Gubernur, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]], sementara kepala pemerintahannya adalah [[Ketua Menteri Sarawak|
▲Wilayah tersebut dikenal karena keberagaman suku bangsa, budaya, dan bahasa. Kepala negara bagiannya adalah Gubernur, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]], sementara kepala pemerintahannya adalah [[Ketua Menteri Sarawak|Ketua Menteri]]. Sistem pemerintahannya mengikuti [[sistem Westminster|sistem Kesatuan]]. Wilayah ini terbagi dalam distrik dan divisi administratif. Inggris dan Melayu adalah dua bahasa resmi di negara bagian tersebut; tidak ada agama resmi di sana. [[Museum Negara Bagian Sarawak]] adalah museum tertua di Borneo. Wilayah tersebut dikenal karena alat musik tradisional-nya, [[sapeh]]. [[Festival Musik Hutan Hujan Sedunia]] adalah salah satu acara musik utama di Kalimantan.
Sarawak memiliki keragaman sumber daya alam, dan ekonominya sangat berorientasi ekspor, terutama minyak dan gas, [[kayu]], dan [[minyak sawit]]. Industri lainnya meliputi pabrik, energi dan pariwisata.
== Etimologi ==
[[Berkas:Buceros rhinoceros -Kuala Lumpur Bird Park, Malaysia-8a (1).jpg|jmpl|ki|[[Rangkong badak]] adalah [[Lambang negara bagian Malaysia|burung negara bagian]] Sarawak]]
Berdasarkan penjelasan yang paling umum diterima, kata "Sarawak" berasal dari bahasa [[Melayu Sarawak]], ''serawak'', yang berarti [[antimon]].<ref name="etimologi"/> Sementara itu, menurut penjelasan lain yang populer, kata Serawak merupakan [[pemendekan]] dari empat kata Melayu yang konon pernah diucapkan oleh Pangeran Muda Hashim (paman Sultan Brunei), ''Saya serah pada awak'' (Aku menyerahkannya kepadamu), saat ia memberikan Sarawak kepada [[James Brooke]] pada 1841.<ref name="etimologi">{{cite web|url=http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=35|title=Origin of Place Names – Sarawak|publisher=[[Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia]]|year=2000|accessdate=3 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209105740/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=35§ion=sm03 |archivedate=9 February 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Namun, penjelasan semacam itu tidak benar, karena wilayah tersebut sudah dijuluki Sarawak sebelum kedatangan Brooke, dan kata "''awak''" tak pernah ada dalam kosakata Melayu Sarawak sebelum pembentukan negara Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kris|first1=Jitab|title=Wrong info on how Sarawak got its name|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1295&dat=19910223&id=xJVUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_o8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6766,1316351&hl=en|accessdate=14 November 2015|publisher=New Sunday Times|date=23 February 1991}}</ref>
Baris 159 ⟶ 156:
Para pemukim awal diketahui tinggal di sekitaran mulut barat [[Gua-Gua Niah]] (berjarak {{convert|110|km|mi}} dari barat daya [[Miri]]) pada 40,000 tahun yang lalu.<ref name=Sarawakforestry>{{cite web|title=Niah National Park – Early Human settlements|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-niah.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry|accessdate=23 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218010128/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-niah.html|archivedate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=worldarcheology>{{cite book|last1=Faulkner|first1=Neil|title=Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo|date=7 November 2003|publisher=[[Current World Archaeology]] Issue 2|url=http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/niah-cave-sarawak-borneo.htm|accessdate=23 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011312/http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/niah-cave-sarawak-borneo.htm|archivedate=23 March 2015}}</ref> Sebuah tengkorak manusia modern yang ditemukan di dekat Gua-Gua Niah merupakan jenazah manusia tertua yang ditemukan di Malaysia dan tengkorak manusia modern tertua dari Asia Tenggara.<ref name=Sarawakforestry/><ref name=worldarcheology/><ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Great Cave of Niah|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/niahcave/history.htm|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=23 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122214440/http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/niahcave/history.htm|archivedate=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Niah Cave|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/niah-cave|website=humanorigins.si.edu|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|accessdate=23 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122105146/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/niah-cave|archivedate=22 November 2013}}</ref> Keramik-keramik Tionghoa yang berasal dari zaman dinasti [[dinasti Tang|Tang]] dan [[dinasti Song|Song]] (abad ke-8 sampai ke-13 Masehi) ditemukan di Santubong (dekat [[Kuching]]) menandakan bahwa Santubong telah menjadi sebuah pelabuhan penting pada masa tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zheng|first1=Dekun|title=Studies in Chinese Archeology|date=1 January 1982|publisher=[[The Chinese University Press]]|isbn=978-962-201-261-5|pages=49, 50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL5BQj9Xf0C&pg=PA49|accessdate=29 December 2015|quote=In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.}}</ref>
Pada abad ke-16, wilayah Kuching dikenal oleh para [[kartografi|kartografer]] Portugis sebagai ''Cerava'', salah satu dari lima pelabuhan besar di pulau
[[Berkas:Sir James Brooke (1847) by Francis Grant.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Sir [[James Brooke]], [[Rajah Sarawak]] pertama]]
Baris 166 ⟶ 163:
[[Berkas:Sarawak territorial expansion.gif|jmpl|ka|Perluasan wilayah [[Kerajaan Sarawak]] dari 1841 sampai 1905 memainkan peran signifikan untuk perbatasan saat ini dari negara bagian modern Sarawak.]]
Dari 1853 sampai 1862, pemerintahan Brooke mengalami sejumlah pemberontakan namun semuanya berhasil dipadamkan.<ref name="Empirenationalism"/> Akibatnya, serangkaian benteng dibangun di sekitaran Kuching untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan Rajah. Benteng-benteng tersebut meliputi [[Benteng Margherita]], yang diselesaikan pada 1879.<ref name=Kingdominjungle>{{cite news|last1=Simon|first1=Elegant|title=SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=2 November 2015|publisher=The New York Times|date=13 July 1986|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102083010/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all|archivedate=2 November 2015}}</ref> Sarawak menjadi [[protektorat]] Inggris pada 1888, saat masih diperintah oleh dinasti Brooke.<ref name="Borneotrilogy">{{cite book|last1=Frans|first1=Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=Booksmango|location=Bangkok, Thailand|isbn=978-616-245-082-2|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCrEN6gUkHEC&pg=PA177|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> Pada 1891, [[Charles Brooke, Rajah Sarawak|Charles Anthoni Brooke]], Rajah Putih Sarawak kedua, mendirikan [[Museum Sarawak]], museum tertua di
[[Berkas:1943 World War II Japanese Aeronautical Map of Borneo - Geographicus - Borneo12-wwii-1943.jpg|jmpl|ka|Peta [[pendudukan Borneo Britania oleh Jepang|pendudukan Borneo]] pada 1943 oleh Jepang pada [[Perang Dunia II]] dengan label ditulis dalam [[karakter Jepang]].]]
[[Berkas:Native population of Kuching.JPG|jmpl|ka|Kerumunan besar penduduk asli
Pada 1941, pada perayaan keseratus pemerintahan Brooke di Sarawak, [[konstitusi Sarawak 1941|konstitusi baru]] diperkenalkan untuk membatasi kekuasaan Rajah dan memperbolehkan orang Sarawak untuk memainkan peran yang lebih besar dalam memfungsikan pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centenary of Brooke rule in Sarawak – New Democratic Constitution being introduced today|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19410924.2.68.aspx|accessdate=2 November 2015|publisher=[[The Straits Times]] (Singapura)|date=24 September 1941}}</ref> Pada tahun yang sama, Inggris menarik pasukan pertahanannya dari Sarawak dan kembali ke Singapura. Karena Sarawak menjadi tidak terjaga, rezim Brooke memutuskan untuk mengadopsi kebijakan [[bumi hangus]] dimana instalasi-instalasi minyak di Miri akan dihancurkan dan pangkalan udara Kuching dipertahankan selama mungkin sebelum kemudian dihancurkan. Sebuah pasukan invasi Jepang yang dipimpin oleh [[Kiyotake Kawaguchi]] mendarat di Miri pada 16 Desember 1941 (dalapan hari dalam Kampanye Malaya) dan menaklukan Kuching pada 24 Desember 1941. Pasukan Inggris memutuskan untuk retret ke [[Singkawang]] di [[Borneo Belanda]] yang berbatasan dengan Sarawak. Setelah sepuluh minggu bertempur di Borneo Belanda, pasukan Sekutu menyerah pada 1 April 1942.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Klemen|first1=L|title=The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942|url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/sarawak.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401045406/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/sarawak.html|archivedate=2015-04-01|website=dutcheastindies.webs.com|accessdate=3 November 2015|date=1999|dead-url=no}}</ref> Saat Jepang menginvasi Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke telah pergi ke [[Sydney]] ([[Australia]]) sementara para perwiranya ditangkap oleh Jepang dan dimasukkan ke [[kamp Batu Lintang]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Japanese Occupation (1941 – 1945)|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/235/246/|publisher=The Sarawak Government|accessdate=3 November 2015}}</ref>
Baris 227 ⟶ 224:
|-
| rowspan="3" | Kuching
| [[
|-
| colspan="2" | Bau
Baris 238 ⟶ 235:
| colspan="2" | Asajaya
|-
| [[
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="2" | Serian<ref name="dv"/>
Baris 246 ⟶ 243:
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="3" | Sri Aman
| rowspan="2" | [[
|-
|Pantu
|-
| [[
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="5" | Betong
Baris 268 ⟶ 265:
| colspan="2" |Sarikei
|-
| colspan="2" |[[
|-
| colspan="2" |Julau
Baris 278 ⟶ 275:
|Balingian
|-
| [[
|Oya
|-
|[[
|Igan
|-
| colspan="2" | [[
|-
| colspan="2" |Tanjung Manis
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="3" | Sibu
| colspan="2" | [[
|-
| colspan="2" | Kanowit
|-
| colspan="2" |[[
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="4" | Kapit
Baris 305 ⟶ 302:
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="3" | Bintulu
| colspan="2" | [[
|-
| colspan="2" | [[
|-
| colspan="2" |Sebauh
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="6" | Miri
| [[
|-
| Marudi
Baris 329 ⟶ 326:
|- style="border-top: 3px solid black"
| rowspan="3" | Limbang
| [[
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| rowspan="2" | [[
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|Trusan
Baris 374 ⟶ 371:
Hutan hujan Sarawak memiliki salah satu konsentrasi tertinggi dari spesies per area unit di dunia. Negara bagian tersebut memiliki sekitar 185 spesies mamalia, 530 spesies burung, 166 spesies ular, 104 spesies kadal, dan 113 spesies amfibi. Negara bagian tersebut juga meliputi 19 persen mamalia, 6 persen burung, 20 persen ular dan 32 spesies kadal sebagai spesies [[endemisme|endemik]]. Spesies-spesies tersebut kebanyakan ditemukan di Kawasan yang Dilindungi Penuh. Terdapat 2,000 spesies pohon, 1,000 spesies mawar, 757 spesies tumbuhan paku dan 260 spesies palem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak National Park – Biodiversity Conservation|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department|accessdate=17 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128010731/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Negara bagian tersebut juga merupakan habitat hewan-hewan terancam, yang meliputi [[gajah kalimantan]], [[bekantan]], [[orangutan]] dan [[badak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 1) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085015/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |archivedate=6 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 2) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012219/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |archivedate=8 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 3) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |archivedate=7 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/05/05/sumatran-orangutans-rainforest-home-faces-new-threat/|title=Sumatran Orangutans' rainforest home faces new threat|work=[[Agence France-Presse]]|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=5 May 2013|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Meijaard, E.|assessor2=Nijman, V.|assessor3=Supriatna, J.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=14352|title=Nasalis larvatus|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref> Pusat Kehidupan Liar Matang, Cagar Alam Semenggoh, dan [[Suaka Margasatwa Lanjak Entimau]]<ref>{{cite web|title=25 success stories|url=http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2796&no=0&disp=inline|publisher=[[International Tropical Timber Organization]] (ITTO)|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011444/http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id%3D2796%26no%3D0%26disp%3Dinline|archivedate=2015-06-13|pages=44–45|dead-url=no}}</ref> dikenal karena program perlindungan orangutan mereka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Semenggoh Nature Reserve|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508013152/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matang Wildlife Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514234944/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|archivedate=14 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Nasional Talang{{ndash}}Satang dikenal karena inisiatif konservasi penyu-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talang-Satang National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116071641/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> [[Pengamatan burung]] adalah sebuah aktivitas umum di berbagai taman nasional seperti Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu, Taman Nasional Perbukitan Lambir,<ref>{{cite web|title=Birding in Sarawak|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085037/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|archivedate=16 May 2015}}</ref> dan [[Taman Nasional Similajau]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Similajau National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Toursim Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014847/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/|archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Nasional Miri{{ndash}}Sibuti dikenal karena terumbu karangnya<ref>{{cite web|title=Diving in Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504000343/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/|archivedate=4 May 2015}}</ref> dan Taman Nasional Gunung Gading dikenal karena bunga-bunga ''[[Rafflesia]]''-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gunung Gading National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085552/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/|archivedate=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Taman Nasional Bako]], taman nasional tertua di Sarawak, dikenal karena 275 spesies bekantan-nya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bako National Park|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925040118/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html|archivedate=25 September 2015}}</ref> dan Taman Pemakan Serangga Padawan dikenal karena berbagai [[tumbuhan pemakan serangga]] karnivora-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409045310/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|archivedate=9 April 2015}}</ref> Pada 1854, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] mengunjungi Sarawak. Setahun kemudian, ia merumuskan "Hukum Sarawak" yang membentuk dasar teori [[seleksi alam]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rogers|first1=Alan|title=Wallace and the Sarawak Law|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/|accessdate=15 November 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=14 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022532/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/|archivedate=15 November 2016}}</ref>
Pemerintah negara bagian Sarawak telah mengeluarkan beberapa hukum untuk melindungi hutan dan spesies liar terancam, yang merliputi Undang-Undang Kehutanan 1958,<ref>{{cite book|title=Forests Ordinance Chapter 126|edition=1958|date=31 July 1998|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|location=Kuching, Sarawak|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024436/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> Undang-Undang Perlindungan Kehidupan Liar 1998,<ref>{{cite book|title=Wild Life Protection Ordinance, 1998 – Chapter 26|date=1998|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|location=Kuching, Sarawak|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024720/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> dan Undang-Undang Suaka Margasatwa dan Cagar Alam Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia:Sarawak Natural Parks and Nature Reserve Ordinance|url=http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012:sarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259|publisher=GlobinMed|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024950/http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012:sarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> Beberapa spesies yang dilindingi adalah [[orangutan]], [[penyu hijau]], [[kubung Sunda|kubung]], dan ''[[Bycanistes fistulator]]''. Di bawah Undang-Undang Perlindungan Kehidupan Liar 1998, penduduk asli Sarawak diberi ujun untuk berburu hewan-hewan liar di hutan namun tidak boleh memiliki daging seberat lebih dari {{convert|5|kg}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lian|first1=Cheng|title=Protected wildlife on the menu|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/|accessdate=16 November 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=31 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401105507/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/|archivedate=1 April 2013|quote=Hunting wild animals for food is a culture of Sarawak natives. Though most of them have adapted to modern ways, there are some groups such as the Penans still relying on wild animals as the main source of protein. As such, it is permissible for them to possess the meat of animals listed under the "restricted" category. These are wildlife which are protected but breeding in large number such as the wild boars. However, the meat to be taken should not exceed five kgs [sic] under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 (Amendment 2003).}}</ref> Departemen Kehutanan Sarawak didirikan pada 1919 untuk melindungi sumber daya hutan di negara bagian tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115|publisher=Official website of Forest Department Sarawak|accessdate=16 November 2015|quote=Mr. J.P. Mead became the first Conservator of Forests, Sarawak Forest Department, in 1919. The objectives of the Department were to manage and conserve the State's forest resources.|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://archive.
==== Masalah konservasi ====
Baris 407 ⟶ 404:
Sarawak memiliki sumber daya alam yang beragam. Sektor-sektor primer seperti pertambangan, pertanian dan kehutanan meliputi 32.8 persen ekonomi negara bagian tersebut pada 2013.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" /> Kontributor-kontributor utama dalam industri pabrik adalah makanan dan minuman, produk-produk [[rotan]] dan berbasis kayu, produk-produk metal dasar, dan produk-produk [[petrokimia]].<ref name="State Planning Unit stats" /> Selain itu, sektor jasa meliputi jasa transportasi kargo, transportasi udara, dan pariwisata.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" /> Dari 2000 sampai 2009, Sarawak memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan [[Produk Domestik Bruto]] (PDB) sebesar 5.0 persen.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=Ngee Hui|title=High Growth SMEs and Regional Development – The Sarawak Perspective|url=http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900|publisher=State Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief MInister Department|accessdate=21 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121023827/http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900|archivedate=21 November 2015|date=2009}}</ref> Pertumbuhan PDB tahunan bertumbuh dari 2006 sampai 2013, dari −2.0 persen (2009) menjadi 7.0 persen (2010) dengan [[simpangan baku]] sebesar 3.3 persen. Sarawak berkontribusi 10.1 persen PDB Malaysia selama sembilan tahun sampai 2013, menjadikannya kontributor terbesar ketiga setelah [[Selangor]] (22.2 persen) dan [[Kuala Lumpur]] (13.9 persen) <ref name="Sarawakeconomy" /> PDB Sarawak bertumbuh dari [[Ringgit Malaysia|RM]]{{nbsp}}527 juta (US$171.3 juta) pada 1963 menjadi RM{{nbsp}}58 miliar (US$17.4 miliar) pada 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom on historical exchange rate graph (MYR to USD)|url=http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates-graph-zoom.php?C1=MYR&C2=USD&A=1&DD1=15&MM1=06&YYYY1=1967&DD2=15&MM2=06&YYYY2=2016&LARGE=2&LANG=en&VAR=0&MM1M=0&MM3M=0&MM1Y=0|publisher=fxtop.com|accessdate=26 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326001521/http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates-graph-zoom.php?C1=MYR&C2=USD&A=1&DD1=15&MM1=06&YYYY1=1967&DD2=15&MM2=06&YYYY2=2016&LARGE=2&LANG=en&VAR=0&MM1M=0&MM3M=0&MM1Y=0|archivedate=26 March 2016}}</ref> meningkat 110 kali lipat. Pada saat yang sama, PDB per kapita loncat dari RM 688 (US$223.6) menjadi RM 46,000 (US$13,800), menggelembung 60 kali lipat.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adrian|first1=Lim|title=Sarawak achieves strong economic growth|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-achieves-strong-economic-growth/|accessdate=18 November 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=28 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707164923/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-achieves-strong-economic-growth/|archivedate=7 July 2015}}</ref> Sarawak memiliki [[pendapatan per kapita|PDB per kapita]] tertinggi ketiga [RM 44,437 (US$1331.1)] di Malaysia; setelah Kuala Lumpur dan Labuan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selangor leads GDP contribution to national economy|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/selangor-leads-gdp-contribution-to-national-economy|accessdate=18 November 2015|publisher=[[Malay Mail]]|date=30 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031115138/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/selangor-leads-gdp-contribution-to-national-economy|archivedate=31 October 2015}}</ref> Pemerintah negara bagian Sarawak dapat menjalankan surplus fiskal selama tujuh tahun sampai 2013, didukung oleh industri minyak dan gas yang meliputi 34.8 persen dari pendapatan negara bagian tersebut. Sarawak juga meraih RM 9.6 miliar (US$2.88 miliar) dari investasi asing dimana 90 persen investasi tersebut datang dari [[Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy]] (SCORE). SCORE adalah [[koridor ekonomi]] terbesar kedua di Malaysia.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />
Sangat berorientasi ekspor, ekonomi Sarawak dapat menjangkau harga-harga komoditas global. Total ekspor sesuai dengan persentasi PDB adalah lebih dari 100 persen pada 2013 sementara total perdagangannya mencapai 130 persen. Ekspor [[gas alam cair]] meliputi lebih dari setengah total ekspor negara bagian tersebut sementara ekspor minyak bumi meliputi 20.8 persen. Sementara itu, minyak sawit dan [[kayu]] meliputi 9.0 persen total ekspor.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" /> Sarawak sekarang meraih 5 persen [[pembayaran royalti|royalti]] minyak (persentase produksi minyak dibayar oleh perusahaan pertambangan kepada pemilik [[lease]]) dari [[Petronas]] atas eksploitasi minyak di wilayah perairan Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desmond|first1=Davidson|title=Adenan pledges to keep fighting for 20% oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty|accessdate=19 November 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=6 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812052453/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty|archivedate=12 August 2015|quote=Sarawak Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem today admitted the oil and gas royalty negotiations – for a hike of 15% from 5% to 20% – with Petronas and Putrajaya have ended in deadlock, but has vowed to fight for it "as long as I'm alive".}}</ref> Kebanyakan deposit minyak dan gas berada di lepas pesisir sebelah Bintulu dan Miri di cekungan [[Balingian]], cekungan Baram, dan sekitaran karang Luconia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rasoul|first1=Sorkhabi|title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays|date=2012|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays|accessdate=20 November 2015|publisher=GEO Ex Pro|quote=A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo.|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030834/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sarawak juga merupakan salah satu eksportor [[produksi kayu kulit keras|kayu kulit keras]] tropis, yang meliputi 65 persen dari total ekspor kayu Malaysia pada 2000. Statistik [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB) terakhir pada 2001 memperkirakan ekspor kayu Sarawak rata-rata sebesar {{convert|14,109,000|m3}} per tahun antara 1996 dan 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=An overview of forest products statistics in South and Southeast Asia – National forest products statistics, Malaysia|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)|accessdate=18 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724070615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm|archivedate=24 July 2015|quote=In 2000, of the country's total sawlog production of 23 million m3, Peninsular Malaysia contributed 22 percent, Sabah 16 percent, and Sarawak 62 percent. Sawlog production figures for 1996–2000 are shown in Table 2.}}</ref> [[Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation]] (OCBC Bank) adalah bank asing pertama yang membuka cabang-cabangnya di Sarawak pada 1955. Selain bank-bank domestik, 18 bank Eropa, 10 bank Timur Tengah, 11 bank Asia dan lima bank Amerika Utara memiliki cabang-cabang lokalnya di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharon|first1=Kong|title=Foreign banks in Sarawak|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/|accessdate=21 November 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=1 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912015846/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/|archivedate=12 September 2013}}</ref> Terdapat juga beberapa perusahaan yang berbasis di Sarawak yang terlibat dalam berbagai sektor ekonomi seperti [[Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad]] (CMSB), Naim Holdings, [[Rimbunan Hijau]], Ta Ann Holdings, Shin Yang, Samling, WTK (Wong Tuong Kwang) Holdings dan KTS (启德行) Group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarawak shakers|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=/2010/3/27/business/5917875|accessdate=21 November 2015|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=27 March 2010|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035518/http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2010%2F3%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F5917875|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
[[Indeks harga konsumen]] (IHK) Sarawak sangat terkorelasi dengan IHK Malaysia, dengan rata-rata inflasi antara 2.5 dan 3.0 persen dari 2009 sampai 2013 dengan tertinggi pada 2008 (10.0 persen) dan terendah pada2009 (−4.0 persen).<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" /> Ketidakseimbangan pendapatan di Sarawak tidak menunjukkan perubahan signifikan dari 1980 sampai 2009, dengan [[koefisien Gini]] meningkat antara 0.4 dan 0.5.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Looi|first1=Kah Yee|title=A study the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Malaysia: 1970–2002 (Chapter 5)|date=2004|publisher=Universiti Malaya (Master Thesis)|page=86|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/378/6/CHAP5.pdf|accessdate=21 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110142635/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/378/6/CHAP5.pdf|archivedate=
=== Energi ===
Baris 448 ⟶ 445:
== Infrastruktur ==
Tingkat pengembangan infrastruktur di Sarawak relatif rendah dibandingkan di [[Semenanjung Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013|date=30 October 2013|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19458-8|page=234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234|accessdate=17 December 2015|quote=All the same, there are important variations in the quantity and quality of infrastructure stocks, with infrastructure more developed in peninsular Malaysia than in Sabah and Sarawak.}}</ref> Kementerian Pengembangan Infrastruktur dan Komunikasi Sarawak bertanggung jawab untuk pengembangan infrastruktur dan telekomunikasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60|publisher=MIDCom|accessdate=17 December 2015|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140647/http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sarawak memiliki 21 estate industrial, dengan empat agensi utama yang bertanggung jawab untuk implementasi dan pengembangan mereka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Industrial Estate by Division|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/|publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223851/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/|archivedate=4 July 2015 }}</ref> Pada 2009, 94 persen kawasan perkotaan disuplai dengan listrik; persentase kawasan pedesaan dengan listrik meningkat dari 67 persen pada 2009<ref>{{cite journal|last1=H.|first1=Borhanazad|last2=S.|first2=Mekhilef|last3=R|first3=Saidur|last4=G.|first4=Boroumandijazi|title=Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2013|volume=59|page=211|url=http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123025730/http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> menjadi 91 persen pada 2014.<ref name="water and electricity">{{cite news|last1=Alexandra|first1=Lorna|last2=Doreen|first2=Ling|title=Infrastructure crucial to state's goals|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/|accessdate=16 December 2015|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=9 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165506/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/|archivedate=16 December 2015|quote="In 2014, 82% of houses located in Sarawak rural areas have access to water supply in comparison to 59% in 2009." Fadillah also said that the rural electricity coverage had improved over the last few years with 91% of the households in Sarawak having access to electricity in 2014 compared to 67% in 2009.}}</ref> Dalam hal telekomunikasi, pada 2013 persebaran jalur telepon di Sarawak sebesar 25.7 persen, dan persentase orang yang menggunakan telepon peranti bergerak sebesar 93.3 persen. Penggunaan komputer sebesar 45.9 persen pada tahun yang sama; persentase orang yang menggunakan internet adalah 58.5 persen di kawasan perkotaan dan 29.9 persen di kawasan pedesaan.<ref>{{cite web|title=New technologies play a major role in Sarawak's development plans|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans|publisher=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217003141/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans|archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Sacofa{{nbsp}}Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd (Sacofa Private Limited) yang dimiliki negara bertanggung jawab untuk membangun menara-menara telekomunikasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohd|first1=Hafiz Mahpar|title=Cahya Mata Sarawak buys 50% of Sacofa for RM186m|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/04/02/cahya-mata-sarawak-buys-50pct-of-sacofa-for-rm186m/?style=biz|accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Sarawak Information Systems Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd (SAINS) bertanggung jawab untuk implementasi dan pengembangan teknologi informasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=About SAINS – Corporate Profile|url=http://www.sains.com.my/content.php?id=49|publisher=Sarawak Information Systems Sdn Bhd|accessdate=17 December 2015|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://archive.
Kuching Water Board (KWB) dan Sibu Water Board (SWB) bertanggung jawab untuk manajemen suplai air di wilayah mereka masing-masing. LAKU Management Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd milik negara mengurusi suplai air untuk Miri, Bintulu, dan Limbang.<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure">{{cite web|title=Transport and Infrastructure|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/|publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183756/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/|archivedate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Departemen Suplai Air Pedesaan mengurusi suplai air untuk wilayah-wilayah sisanya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harun|first1=Jau|title=New department being set up|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/|accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=8 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217041741/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/|archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Pada 2014, 82 persen kawasan pedesaan memiliki suplai air tawar.<ref name="water and electricity" />
Baris 494 ⟶ 491:
{{bar percent|[[Tionghoa Malaysia|Tionghoa]]|#FFA07A|16.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Bidayuh]]|#E18E96|5.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Melanau]]|#CCCCFF|3.0}}▼
{{bar percent|[[Orang Ulu]]|#FFCBA4|4.1}}
▲{{bar percent|[[Suku Dayak Melanau|Melanau]]|#CCCCFF|3.0}}
{{bar percent|[[India Malaysia|India]]|#FFCBA4|0.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Bangsa Malaysia|Lain-lain]]|DarkGray|0.2}}
Baris 507 ⟶ 504:
Umumnya, Sarawak memiliki enam kelompok etnis besar: Iban, [[Tionghoa Malaysia|Tionghoa]], [[Suku Melayu|Melayu]], [[Bidayuh]], Melanau, dan [[Orang Ulu]].<ref name="Sarawak Convention Bureau" /> Beberapa kelompok etnis kecil meliputi: [[Kedayan]], [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]], [[Bugis]], Murut, dan [[India Malaysia|India]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leong|first1=Joe|title=Bizarre names like Tigabelas, Helicopter, Kissing in Borneo are real|url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911|accessdate=24 November 2015|publisher=The Ant Daily|date=4 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124022706/http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911|archivedate=24 November 2015|quote=There are several other minor ethnic groups placed under the 'others', such as Indian, Eurasian, Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis and Murut.}}</ref> Istilah [[Suku Dayak|Dayak]] umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada suku Iban dan [[Bidayuh]]. Istilah tersebut sering kali digunakan dalam konteks nasionalistik.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Winzeler|first1=R.L.|title=The Architecture of Life and Death in Borneo|date=2004|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-2632-1|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niS2FbfVzj4C&pg=PA3|accessdate=24 November 2015|quote=... it more popularly refers only to the Bidayuh and the Iban (the Land and Sea Dayaks respectively of the colonial tradition.}}</ref> Pada 2015, pemerintah federal Malaysia mengakui penggunaan istilah tersebut pada bentuk-bentuk resmi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Putrajaya approves 'Dayak' for 'Race' category in all official forms|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms|accessdate=24 November 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=31 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124080101/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms|archivedate=24 November 2015}}</ref>
Sarawak memiliki jumlah [[suku Iban]] tertinggi di
Para pedagang Tionghoa mula-mula datang ke Sarawak pada abad ke-6 Masehi. [[Tionghoa Malaysia|Populasi Tionghoa]] saat ini terdiri dari komunitas yang berasal dari imigran pada zaman Brooke.<ref name="Welman" /> Migran-migran tersebut mula-mula bekerja sebagai buruh di pertambangan emas di Bau, Sarawak. Berbagai kelompok dialek ditemukan pada kalangan Tionghoa Sarawak; [[orang Kanton|Kanton]], [[dialek Fuzhou|Foochow]], [[Tionghoa Hakka|Hakka]], [[Hokkien]], [[Dialek Teochew|Teochew]], dan Henghua ([[orang Putian]]). Mereka merayakan perayaan-perayaan kebudayaan besar seperti Perayaan [[Hantu Lapar]] dan [[Tahun Baru Imlek]]. Kebanyakan Tionghoa Sraawak menganut Buddha dan Kristen.<ref name="Borneotrilogy" /> Di Kuching, kebanyakan Tionghoa tinggal di dekat Sungai Sarawak, sebuah kawasan yang kemudian membentuk [[Chinatown, Kuching|Chinatown]].<ref name="Tourism Chinese">{{cite web|title=Our people – Chinese|url=http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/our-people-chinese.html|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=28 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712172454/http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/our-people-chinese.html|archivedate=12 July 2015}}</ref> Pada 1901, [[Wong Nai Siong]] membawa rombongannya untuk bermukim di Sibu, dekat Sungai Rajang.<ref>{{cite web|last1=John|first1=Barwick|title=Huang Naishang (1844–1924)|url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php|publisher=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity|accessdate=21 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052143/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php|archivedate=18 May 2013|quote=Shortly thereafter, Huang decided to start a new settlement of Chinese in Malaysia in order to escape China's despotism and Fujian's poverty. ... In 1901, Huang traveled with settlers from Fujian to Sibu, where he founded New Fuzhou.}}</ref> Tionghoa kemudian bekerja di pertambangan batubara dan ladang minyak di Miri·<ref name="Tourism Chinese" /> Tionghoa Sarawak dipengaruhi oleh [[Kuomintang]] dan kemudian [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] sebelum mengadopsi ideologi nasionalisme Sarawak setelah 1963.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Voon|first1=J.C.|title=Sarawak Chinese political thinking : 1911–1963|url=http://ir.unimas.my/4031/|publisher=[[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]] (UNIMAS)|accessdate=30 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130071849/http://ir.unimas.my/4031/|archivedate=30 November 2015|date=2002}}</ref>
[[Melayu Sarawak|Suku Melayu]] biasanya merupakan petani. Mereka memilih membangun pemukiman (desa-desa Melayu) di sepanjang tepian sungai. Saat ini, mereka bermigrasi ke wilayah perkotaan dan bekerja dalam sektor negeri dan swasta. Mereka dikenal karena kerajinan perak dan kuningan, ukiran kayu, dan tekstil buatan mereka.<ref name="Welman" /> Beberapa desa Melayu khas terletak di sepanjang pinggiran sungai dekat Benteng Margherita, di belakang Masjid Kuching, dan di kaki [[Gunung Santubong]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our people – Malay – The official website for Sarawak Malaysian Borneo|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=30 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130135035/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/|archivedate=30 November 2015}}</ref> Terdapat beberapa teori tentang asal muasal Melayu di Sarawak. James Brooke memberikan istilah tersebut untuk pertama kalinya kepada kaum Muslim penduduk asli di wilayah pesisir Sarawak. Namun, tidak semua Muslim di Sarawak adalah Melayu. Kebanyakan suku Melanau juga menganut Islam.<ref name=Ohiopress /><ref group=note>Ishikawa, 2010. The word "Malay" is widely used in Sarawak because in 1841 James Brooke brought it with him from Singapore, (page 140)</ref> Teori-teori lainnya mengklaim bahwa Melayu datang dari [[Kepulauan Melayu]] (terutama Jawa atau Sumatra), [[bangsa Arab]] dari [[Timur Tengah]], atau melalui perpindahan budaya dan agama penduduk asli Sarawak.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jeniri|first1=Amir|title=Asal usul Melayu Sarawak: menjejaki titik tak pasti (Asal muasal Melayu Sarawak: Penyelidikan poin-poin tak pasti)|journal=Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu (Jurnal Internasional Dunia Melayu)|date=2015|volume=8|issue=1|url=http://ptsldigital.ukm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/ukmvital:73738|accessdate=30 November 2015|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)|language=Melayu|archive-date=2015-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207214607/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
[[Melanau]] berasal dari Sarawak. Kebanyakan dari mereka datang dari kota pesisir Mukah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journey to Melanau heartland|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/|website=Situs web perjalanan resmi untuk Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=7 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207214607/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/|archivedate=7 December 2015 }}</ref> Mereka biasanya tinggal di rumah-rumah tinggi, namun setelah mengadopsi gaya hidup Meoayu, mereka tinggal di desa-desa. Mereka bekerja sebagai nelayan, pembuat perahu, dan pengrajin. Mereka awalnya mempraktikan paganisme dan merayakan [[perayaan Kaul]] namun sekarang kebanyakan dari mereka adalah Muslim.<ref name="Welman" /><ref name=Ohiopress>{{cite book|last1=Ishikawa|first1=Noboru|title=Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland|date=15 March 2010|publisher=[[Ohio University Press]]|isbn=978-0-89680-476-0|pages=86–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YH3lULL6-MC&pg=PA87|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref group=note>Ishikawa, 2010 (page 169)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Miri Visitors' Guide – Miri's inhabitants|url=http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm|website=gomiri.com|accessdate=8 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520130302/http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm|archivedate=20 May 2015}}</ref>
Baris 521 ⟶ 518:
=== Agama ===
{{Main article|Demografi Sarawak#Agama di Sarawak}}
|title=Agama di Sarawak (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2020/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri asas demografi (Population Distribution and Basic demographic characteristics 2020) |accessdate=11 December 2015 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archivedate=30 May 2022 }} p. 13</ref>▼
}}▼
Meksipun Islam adalah agama resmi dari federasi tersebut, Sarawak tak memiliki agama negara bagian resmi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Explanation sought on real status of S'wak's official religion|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/|accessdate=11 December 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=12 December 2015|quote=The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB [[Baru Bian]] (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken.}}</ref> Namun, pada masa kepemimpinan Abdul Rahman Ya'kub, Konstitusi Sarawak diamendemenkan untuk menjadikan Yang di-Pertuan Agong sebagai kepala Islam di Sarawak dan mengukuhkan hukum-hukum yang mengesahkan urusan-urusan Islam. Dengan demikian, kebijakan-kebijakan Islam dapat dirumuskan di Sarawak dan juga memungkinkan pendirian badan-badan negara bagian Islam. Undang-Undang Majlis Islam 1978 dikeluarkan untuk membentuk Pengadilan-[[Pengadilan Syariah]] di Sarawak dengan tugas mengurusi perkawinan, pengasuhan anak, [[pertunangan]], warisan dan kasus kejahatan di negara bagian tersebut. Sebuah pengadilan banding dan Pengadilan Kadi juga dibentuk.<ref name="Faisal" /><ref group=note>Faisal, 2012. Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs... (page 86)</ref>▼
Sarawak adalah satu-satunya negara bagian di Malaysia dimana [[Kristen]] mengalahkan jumlah [[Islam|Muslim]]. Misionaris-misionaris Kristen terawal di Sarawak diluncurkan oleh [[Gereja Inggris]] ([[Anglikan]]) pada 1848, disusul oleh [[Katolik Roma]] pada beberapa tahun kemudian, dan [[Methodis]] pada 1903. Misionaris-misionaris tersebut mula-mula ditempatkan pada kalangan imigran Tionghoa sebelum merambah ke animis penduduk asli.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carlo|first1=Caldarola|title=Religions and Societies, Asia and the Middle East|date=1982|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-90-279-3259-4|page=481|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C&pg=PA480&lpg=PA481|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> Denominasi Kristen lainnya di Sarawak adalah [[Sidang Injil Borneo]] (SIB),<ref>{{cite web|title=SIB & BEM – A Brief Introduction to Origin of SIB|url=http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html|publisher=SIB Grace|accessdate=15 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126082044/http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html|archivedate=26 November 2013}}</ref> dan [[Baptis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Baptist churches in Sarawak|url=http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60|publisher=Malaysia Baptist Convention|accessdate=15 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020050431/http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60|archivedate=20 October 2014}}</ref> Penduduk pribumi seperti Iban, Bidayuh, dan Orang Ulu mengadopsi Kristen meskipun mereka masih melakukan beberapa ritus agama tradisional mereka. Beberapa Muslim berasal dari kelompok etnis Melayu, Melanau, dan [[suku Kayan (Borneo)|Kayan]]. Buddha, Tao, dan agama tradisional Tionghoa umumnya dianut oleh [[Tionghoa Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carl|first1=Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|date=7 November 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|page=781|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA781|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> Agama kecil lainnya di Sarawak adalah [[Baha'i]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Bahai's – Sarawak|url=http://www.bahai.org.my/sarawak.html|website=bahai.org.my|accessdate=1 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331125648/http://bahai.org.my/sarawak.html|archivedate=31 March 2016}}</ref> [[Hindu]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chieng|first1=Connie|title=Sarawak is a blessed land of harmony|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/|accessdate=1 April 2016|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=17 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401152839/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/|archivedate=1 April 2016}}</ref> [[Sikh]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh Temple|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=1 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162532/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/|archivedate=10 March 2016 }}</ref> dan [[animisme]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Animism is alive and well in South-East Asia: What can we learn?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/|accessdate=1 April 2016|publisher=[[Pravda.ru]]|date=24 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401154021/http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/|archivedate=1 April 2016}}</ref>▼
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Tempat ibadah di Sarawak">
Berkas:St Joseph Church, Kuching, Malaysia.jpg|Gereja Santo Yusuf
Berkas:Sarawak State Mosque 02.jpg|Masjid Lama Negeri Sarawak
Berkas:Masland Methodist Church, Sibu.JPG|Gereja Methodist Sibu
Berkas:Hong San Si Temple 03.jpg|Kelenteng Hong San Si
Berkas:Miri Sarawak LDS Mormon Church - panoramio - Tys.jpg|Gereja Mormon Miri
</gallery>
▲Meksipun Islam adalah agama resmi dari federasi tersebut, sebelumnya Sarawak tak memiliki agama negara bagian resmi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Explanation sought on real status of S'wak's official religion|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/|accessdate=11 December 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=12 December 2015|quote=The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB [[Baru Bian]] (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken.}}</ref> Namun, pada masa kepemimpinan Abdul Rahman Ya'kub, Konstitusi Sarawak diamendemenkan untuk menjadikan Yang di-Pertuan Agong sebagai kepala Islam di Sarawak dan mengukuhkan hukum-hukum yang mengesahkan urusan-urusan Islam. Dengan demikian, kebijakan-kebijakan Islam dapat dirumuskan di Sarawak dan juga memungkinkan pendirian badan-badan negara bagian Islam. Undang-Undang Majlis Islam 1978 dikeluarkan untuk membentuk Pengadilan-[[Pengadilan Syariah]] di Sarawak dengan tugas mengurusi perkawinan, pengasuhan anak, [[pertunangan]], warisan dan kasus kejahatan di negara bagian tersebut. Sebuah pengadilan banding dan Pengadilan Kadi juga dibentuk.<ref name="Faisal" /><ref group=note>Faisal, 2012. Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs... (page 86)</ref>
▲Sarawak
▲
{| class="wikitable"
|+Penduduk berdasarkan agama di Sarawak (2020)
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan=2 | No
! rowspan=2 | Agama
! colspan=2 | Sensus Malaysia 2020
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Jumlah
! %
|-
| 1
| [[Kristen]]
! style="text-align: right;" | 1.229.653
! style="text-align: right;" | 50,11%
|-
| 2
| [[Islam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 838.555
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,18%
|-
| 3
| [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 314.679
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,82%
|-
| 4
| [[Hindu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.421
| style="text-align: right;" | 0,14%
|-
| 5
| Agama lainnya
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.409
| style="text-align: right;" | 0,55%
|-
| 6
| Tanpa agama
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.389
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,52%
|-
| 7
| Tidak diketahui
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.571
| style="text-align: right;" | 0,68%
|-
|
| Sarawak
| style="text-align: right;" | '''2.453.677'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''100%'''
=== Bahasa ===
Baris 572 ⟶ 606:
Desa Kebudayaan Sarawak terletak di kaki Gunung Santubong, Kuching. Dikenal sebagai "museum hidup", tempat tersebut menunjukkan berbagai kelompok etnis yang melakukan aktivitas tradisional mereka di rumah tradisional mereka masing-masing. Penampilan-penampilan kebudayaan juga dipersembahkan disana.<ref name="SCVMain">{{cite web|title=Explore Sarawak in Half a Day|url=http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp|publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207151953/http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp|archivedate=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak Cultural Village|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226093807/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/|archivedate=26 December 2015}}</ref> [[Museum Sarawak]] menyimpan koleksi artefak seperti tembikar, tekstil, dan ukiran kayu dari berbagai kelompok etnis di Sarawak, dan juga material-material etnografi dari budaya-budaya lokal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Borneo's Muzium Sarawak: A Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Context|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p|publisher=[[Cultural Survival]]|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005012910/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p|archivedate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Terdapat juga serangkaian benteng-benteng terkenal di Sarawak yang dibangun pada masa rezim Brooke seperti Benteng Margherita.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fort Margherita|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/fort-margherita/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226120424/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/fort-margherita/|archivedate=26 December 2015}}</ref> Alun-Alun utama dan Jalan Tukang Kayu adalah dua jalan terkenal di Chinatown, Kuching.<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Bazaar and Carpenter Street|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/main-bazaar-carpenter-street/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024033212/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/main-bazaar-carpenter-street/|archivedate=24 October 2015}}</ref> Jalan India di Kuching terkenal karena produk-produk tekstilnya. Sebuah masjid Muslim{{ndash}}India dapat ditemukan di kawasan tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Street, Kuching|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/india-street/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207212243/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/india-street/|archivedate=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kuching's India Street withstands the test of time|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/678/Kuchings-India-street-withstands-the-test-of-time/|accessdate=26 December 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=21 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226123036/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/678/Kuchings-India-street-withstands-the-test-of-time/|archivedate=26 December 2015}}</ref> Sapeh Orang Ulu (sebuah gitar tanpa lubang) merupakan alat musik tradisional terkenal di Sarawak. Alat musik tersebut dimainkan untuk Ratu [[Elizabeth II]] saat kunjungan resminya ke Sarawak pada 1972.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ringgit|first1=Danielle Sendou|title=From dreams into the mainstream|url=http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/|accessdate=31 December 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=26 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231005116/http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/|archivedate=31 December 2015|quote= Aside from that, the late Tusau Padan performed for Queen Elizabeth during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972, ...}}</ref>
Tradisi lisan telah menjadi bgian dari budaya berbagai penduduk asli di Sarawak dari generasi ke generasi.<ref name="Oral traditions">{{cite book|last1=Pandian|first1=A|last2=Ching Ling|first2=L|last3=Ai Lin|first3=T|title=New Literacies: Reconstructing Language and Education|date=16 October 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6956-0|pages=95–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|accessdate=1 January 2016|chapter=Chapter VII – Developing Literacy and Knowledge, Preservation skills among Remote Rural Children}}</ref><ref group=note>Pandian, 2014. it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. ... in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95)</ref> Beberapa praktik tradisional tersebut adalah tari Ngajat Iban,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarian Ngajat Identiti Istimewa Masyarakat Iban (Ngajat dances a special identity for the Ibans)|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html|publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Ministry of Information)|accessdate=31 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425041224/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html|archivedate=25 April 2015 }}</ref> ''Renong'' (repertori vokal Iban),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nie|first1=C.L.K|last2=Durin|first2=A|title=Renong, An Iban Vocal Repertory (Conference paper)|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2557/|publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sarawak|accessdate=31 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231081606/http://ir.unimas.my/2557/|archivedate=31 December 2015}}</ref> ''Ensera'' (repertori vokal Iban),<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006. ... four were oral narratives ... (page 51)</ref> dan pengisahan epik oleh Kayan dan Kenyah.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=M.R.|title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91721-0|page=208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFNcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT208|accessdate=1 January 2016|chapter=The tradition of storytelling in Malaysia|quote=The Kayan and the Kenyah, who dwell in the upper region of Sarawak, have a vibrant epic-telling tradition that is elaborate and specialised.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Law|first1=Daryll|title=Preserve traditional culture for prosperity, Iban's urged|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/|accessdate=31 December 2015|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=14 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231053701/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/|archivedate=31 December 2015}}</ref> Biro Kesusastraan Borneo berdiri dari 1958 sampai 1977; biro tersebut menyimpan dokumentasi budaya-budaya lokal, pengarang-pengarang lokal, dan publikasi-publikasi dalam bahasa Inggris, Tionghoa, Melayu, Iban dan bahasa-bahasa asli lainnya. Biro tersebut digantikan oleh [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (DBP) pada 1977, yang hanya mengadvokasikan publikasi dalam bahasa Melayu.<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006. ;... to encourage local authorship and meet local needs ... (page 51) ... The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55) ... He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages (pages 59 and 60)</ref> ''Sarawak Gazette'' mula-mula diterbitkan oleh pemerintah Brooke pada 1870. Publikasi tersebut mencatat berbagai berita di Sarawak terkait ekonomi, pertanian, antropologi, dan arkeologi. ''Gazette'' masih dipublikasikan sampai sekarang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarawak Gazette now available online|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online/|accessdate=5 January 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=31 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509202403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online|archivedate=9 May 2015}}</ref> ''Hikayat Panglima Nikosa'', yang dicetak pada 1876 di Kuching, adalah salah satu publikasi teks terawal di
Masyarakat Sarawak merayakan sejumlah hari libur dan perayaan sepanjang tahun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays 2015|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/|publisher=The Sarawak Government|accessdate=7 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173458/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/|archivedate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Selain perayaan nasional [[Hari Merdeka]] dan [[Hari Malaysia]], negara bagian tersebut juga merayakan Hari Pemerintahan Sendiri Sarawak pada 22 Juli<ref>{{cite news|title=TYT, CM attend state's 52nd anniversary of independence|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/|accessdate=7 January 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=23 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811061745/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/|archivedate=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=M|title=Sarawak's "Independence Day"|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/|publisher=New Mandala (Australian National University)|accessdate=7 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120609/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/|archivedate=25 July 2015}}</ref> dan hari ulang tahun Gubernur Negara Bagian tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pomp celebrations for Sarawak Governor's birthday|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/|accessdate=8 January 2016|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=12 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005545/http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/|archivedate=2016-01-08|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kelompok-kelompok etnis juga merayakan perayaan mereka sendiri. Tradisi open house memperbolehkan kelompok-kelompok etnis lainnya untuk ikut dalam sebuah perayaan.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM and wife to have Hari Raya open house at BCCK|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/15/cm-and-wife-to-have-hari-raya-open-house-at-bcck/|accessdate=7 January 2016|publisher=15 July 2015|date=15 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911004812/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/15/cm-and-wife-to-have-hari-raya-open-house-at-bcck/|archivedate=
Sarawak mengirim tim mereka sendiri untuk ikut dalam [[British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] [[British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1958|1958]] dan [[British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1962|1962]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Countries – Sarawak|url=https://archive.org/details/FormerCommonwealthCountriesSarawak|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> dan [[Asian Games 1962]] sebelum atlet-atletnya mulai mewakili Malaysia setelah 1963.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan top the list with 73 'golds'|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620905-1.2.129.4.aspx|accessdate=11 January 2016|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=5 September 1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta 1962|url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df+J2ChZBk5tvA==|publisher=Olympic Council of Asia|accessdate=11 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050016/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df+J2ChZBk5tvA==|archivedate=1 January 2016 }}</ref> Sarawak menjadi tuan rumah [[SUKMA Games]] Malaysia pada 1990 dan 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=S'wak to host Sukma in 2016 — Khairy|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/|accessdate=11 January 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=4 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074735/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/|archivedate=11 January 2016}}</ref> Negara bagian tersebut menjadi juara pada SUKMA Games 1990, 1992, dan 1994.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pail|first1=Salena|title=CM revs up momentum for 2016 S'wak Sukma|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/|accessdate=11 January 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=22 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111075335/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/|archivedate=11 January 2016}}</ref> Sarawak juga menjadi juara selama 11 tahun berturut-turut di [[Malaysia Para Games]] sejak 1994.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|title=Major boost for paralympic athletes|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/12/14/major-boost-for-paralympic-athletes/|accessdate=11 January 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731154127/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/12/14/major-boost-for-paralympic-athletes/|archivedate=31 July 2015}}</ref>
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