Black metal: Perbedaan antara revisi

|stylistic_origins={{hlist|[[Thrash metal]]<ref name=ChadBowar>{{cite web |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_blackmetal.htm |title=Black Metal 101 |publisher=[[About.com]] |last=Bowar |first=Chad |access-date=2021-07-05 |archive-date=2008-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210100025/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_blackmetal.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|[[death metal]]<ref name="Stylus Magazine">{{cite magazine |url=http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.html |title=Into the void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal |last1=Lee |first1=Cosmo |last2=Voegtlin |first2=Stewart |magazine=[[Stylus Magazine]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-date=2022-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113243/http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|[[hardcore punk]]<ref>{{cite book | title=Pop When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt | publisher=Duke University Press | year=2012 | page=279 | isbn=978-0822351085 | editor=Weisbard, Eric}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of heavy metal music | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaheav00phil | url-access=limited | publisher=Greenwood Press |author1=Phillips, William |author2=Cogan, Brian |name-list-style=amp | year=2009 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaheav00phil/page/n133 109], 234 | isbn=978-0313348006}}</ref>}}

'''Black metal''' adalah subgenre [[Metal ekstrim|ekstrim]] dari [[Heavy metal|musik heavy metal]]. Ciri-ciri umum termasuk [[Tempo (musik)|tempo cepat]], gaya vokal [[Screaming#Black%20metal metal|memekik]],<ref name="metalsucks">{{cite web|author=O'Hagar, Sammy|date=8 November 2012|title=Von's Satanic Blood: Black Black Black Black No. 1|url=http://www.metalsucks.net/2012/11/08/vons-satanic-blood-black-black-black-black-no-1/|publisher=[[MetalSucks]]|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|author=Rivadavia, Eduardo|title=((( I.N.R.I. > Overview )))|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=inri-mw0000243175|pure_url=yes}}|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=18 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Sputnikmusic">{{cite web|last=Freeman|first=Channing|date=18 January 2013|title=Album Review – Darkthrone: A Blaze in the Northern Sky|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/54469/Darkthrone-A-Blaze-in-the-Northern-Sky/|website=[[Sputnikmusic]]|access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> [[Gitar elektrik|gitar]] yang sangat terdistorsi dimainkan dengan [[Pilihan memetik|memetik tremolo]], rekaman mentah ([[lo-fi]]), [[struktur lagu]] yang tidak konvensional, dan penekanan pada atmosfer. Seniman sering muncul di [[cat mayat]] dan mengadopsi nama samaran.

Awalnya sinonim untuk "Satanic metal",<ref>{{cite book|last=McIver|first=Joel|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvW-uN-qEbIC&q=%22black+metal%22&pg=PT98|title=Justice for All – The Truth About Metallica|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=9780857120090|edition=updated|author-link=Joel McIver|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> black metal sering memicu kontroversi, karena tindakan dan [[Black metal#Ideologi|ideologi]] yang terkait dengan genre. Beberapa seniman mengungkapkan pandangan [[Misantropia|misantropis]], dan yang lain menganjurkan berbagai bentuk [[sentimen anti-Kristen]] yang ekstrem, [[Setanisme]], atau [[paganisme]] [[Agama etnis|etnis]]. Pada 1990-an, anggota tempat kejadian bertanggung jawab atas serentetan [[Black metal#Pembakaran gereja|pembakaran]] dan pembunuhan gereja. Ada juga [[Black metal Sosialis Nasional|gerakan]] [[Neo-Nazisme|neo-Nazi]] kecil dalam black metal, meskipun telah dijauhi oleh banyak seniman terkemuka.<ref name="kingovhell">{{cite web|last=Škot|first=Mladen|title=Interview with Jotunspor|url=http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|work=maelstrom.nu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131014/http://www.maelstrom.nu/ezine/interview_iss50_224.php|archive-date=27 September 2011|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="infernus1">{{cite web|date=15 March 2008|title=Blabbermouth.net – Gorgoroth Guitarist Infernus: 'I Personally Am Against Racism in Both Thought and Practice'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=93004|work=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422024415/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=93004|archive-date=22 April 2009|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Umumnya, black metal berusaha untuk tetap menjadi fenomena [[Musik bawah tanah|bawah tanah]].{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=30, 42}}

Pada tahun 1987, dalam edisi kelima fanzine Slayer-nya, [[Head Not Found|Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen]] menulis bahwa "tren terbaru grup musik hitam/setan tampaknya sudah berakhir",<ref name="incubus">''Incubus''. In: Jon Kristiansen: ''Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries''. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 88.</ref> tradisi dilanjutkan oleh beberapa grup musik seperti Incubus<ref name="incubus" /> dan [[Morbid Angel]]<ref name="incubus" /> (dari Amerika Serikat), [[Sabbat]] (dari Inggris Raya),<ref name="incubus" /> [[Tormentor]] (dari HongariaHungaria), Sarcófago (dari Brasil), [[Grotesque]],<ref name="tiamat">''Tiamat''. In: ''Slayer'', no. 8, 1991, p. 6.</ref><ref name="ekeroth249">Daniel Ekeroth: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRvfWp95FIC&pg=PA249&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Swedish Death Metal'']. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 249, accessed on 8 October 2012.</ref> Treblinka,<ref name="ekeroth249" /><ref>Daniel Ekeroth: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRvfWp95FIC&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Swedish Death Metal'']. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 81, accessed on 24 September 2012.</ref> dan [[Tiamat (grup musik)|Tiamat]] awal<ref name="tiamat" /><ref>Daniel Ekeroth: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRvfWp95FIC&pg=PA162&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Swedish Death Metal'']. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 162f., accessed on 24 September 2012.</ref> (dari Swedia). Grup musik black metal awal lainnya termasuk [[Sabbat (grup musik)|Sabbat]] (dibentuk 1983 di Jepang),<ref name="heint">Ronald Ziegler: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030121034117/http://www.grimrune.com/watain/heint.html ''Merchandise whorery''], accessed on 23 June 2013.</ref> [[Parabellum]] (dibentuk 1983 di Kolombia),<ref name="musicmight">{{cite web|author=Sharpe-Young, Garry|title=Parabellum biography|url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/colombia/medellin/parabellum|publisher=[[MusicMight]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127004936/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/colombia/medellin/parabellum|archive-date=27 January 2016|access-date=23 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Salem (grup musik)|Salem]] (dibentuk 1985 di Israel) dan [[Mortuary Drape]] (dibentuk 1986 di Italia).<ref>Götz Kühnemund: [http://www.rockhard.de/megazine/reviewarchiv/review-anzeigen.html?tx_rxsearch_pi1%5Breview%5D=12403 ''Mortuary Drape''. ''Tolling 13 Knell (DLP)'']. In: ''Rock Hard'', no. 174, accessed on 14 June 2013.</ref> Grup Jepang [[Sigh]] terbentuk pada tahun 1990 dan secara teratur berhubungan dengan anggota kunci dari kancah Norwegia. Album debut mereka, ''[[Scorn Defeat]]'', menjadi "sebuah kultus klasik di dunia black metal".<ref name="SighJapan">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117111501/http://www.sighjapan.com/bio.htm ''Biography''], accessed on 23 June 2013.</ref> Pada tahun-tahun sebelum kancah black metal Norwegia muncul, rekaman penting dirilis oleh [[Root]] dan [[Master's Hammer]] (dari Cekoslowakia), [[Von]] (dari Amerika Serikat), [[Rotting Christ]] (dari Yunani), [[Samael]] (dari Swiss) dan [[Blasphemy (grup musik)|Blasphemy]] (dari Kanada), yang album debutnya ''[[Fallen Angel of Doom]]'' (1990) dianggap sebagai salah satu rekaman paling berpengaruh untuk gaya war metal.<ref name="mh112011">Robert Müller: ''Wollt Ihr den ewigen Krieg?''. ''Der tote Winkel''. In: ''[[Metal Hammer]]'', November 2011.</ref><ref name="wbm">Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: ''War Black Metal: Die Extremsten der Extremen''. ''Was bleibt, ist Schutt und Asche''. In: ''Rock Hard'', no. 279, pp. 71–73.</ref><ref name="rh304">Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: ''SARCOFAGO''. ''I.N.R.I.'' In: ''Rock Hard'', Nr. 304, September 2012, p. 73.</ref> [[Fenriz]] dari band Norwegia Darkthrone menyebut album debut Master's Hammer ''[[Ritual (album)|Ritual]]'' "album black metal Norwegia pertama, meskipun mereka berasal dari Cekoslowakia".<ref name=":1">[[Fenriz]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126051753/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=123087153&blogId=519327311 ''Darkthrone Biography and Video Clips'']. 21 November 2009, accessed on 24 September 2012.</ref>

Dipelopori oleh band-band black-doom seperti [[Ophthalamia]], [[Katatonia (grup musik)|Katatonia]], [[Bethlehem (grup musik)|Bethlehem]], [[Forgotten Tomb]] dan [[Shining]], black metal bunuh diri depresif, juga dikenal sebagai black metal bunuh diri, black metal depresif atau DSBM, adalah gaya yang menggabungkan gaya [[Black metal#Gelombang kedua|gelombang kedua]] dari black metal dengan doom metal,<ref name="DSBD">{{cite thesis|last=Yavuz|first=Mehmet Selim|date=September 2015|title=Dead is dead: Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations|type=MMus|institution=University of London|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:12942/CONTENT/mselimyavuznamedfinal.pdf/|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> dengan lirik yang berkisar pada tema-tema seperti [[Depresi (psikologi)|depresi]], [[Menyakiti diri|melukai diri sendiri]], [[Misantropia|misantropi]], [[bunuh diri]], dan kematian.<ref name="Vein" /><ref name="Feral" /> Band DSBM menarik rekaman lo-fi dan gitar black metal yang sangat terdistorsi, sementara menggunakan penggunaan instrumen akustik dan timbre gitar listrik yang tidak terdistorsi yang ada dalam doom metal, menukar bagian yang lebih lambat, seperti doom, dengan tremolo picking yang lebih cepat.<ref name="DSBD" /> Vokal biasanya bernada tinggi seperti di black metal, tetapi kurang energi, mensimulasikan perasaan seperti keputusasaan, keputusasaan dan permohonan.<ref name="DSBD" /> Kehadiran one-man band lebih menonjol di genre ini dibandingkan dengan yang lain.<ref name="DSBD" /> Contoh band termasuk [[Xasthur]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Luedtke|first1=Christopher|date=2 February 2016|title=Essential Black Metal Listening: XASTHUR Nocturnal Poisoning|url=http://www.metalinjection.net/black-metal-chronicles/black-metal-listening/essential-black-metal-listening-xasthur-nocturnal-poisoning|website=Metal Injection|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> [[Leviathan (grup musik)|Leviathan]],<ref name="DSBD" /> [[Strid]],<ref name="DSBD" /> [[Silencer]],<ref name="Vein" /><ref name="Feral" /> Make a Change… Kill Yourself,<ref name="DSBD" /> [[Lifelover]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=September 2015|first=Alec Chillingworth30|date=2015-09-30|title=Lifelover: One Last Laceration|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/lifelover-one-last-laceration|website=loudersound|language=en|access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref> dan [[I Shalt Become]].<ref name="Vein" /><ref name="Feral" />

Grup Crust punk, seperti [[Antisect]], [[Sacrilege]] dan [[Anti System]] mengambil beberapa pengaruh dari band-band [[Black metal#Gelombang pertama|black metal awal]] seperti [[Venom (grup musik)|Venom]], [[Hellhammer (grup musik)|Hellhammer]], dan [[Celtic Frost]],<ref name="Rise of Crust">{{cite web|last=Von Havoc|first=Felix|date=1 January 1984|title=Rise of Crust|url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83|publisher=Profane Existence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83|archive-date=15 June 2008|access-date=16 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> sementara vokalis dan gitaris [[Amebix]] mengirimkan demo tape awal bandnya ke [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]] of Venom, yang menjawab dengan mengatakan "Kami akan merobekmu."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dunlap|first1=Xander|title=Directionless people are malleable—easily pointed in the wrong directions|url=http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/music-interviews/amebix/|website=[[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]]|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Demikian pula, [[Bathory]] awalnya terinspirasi oleh crust punk serta heavy metal.<ref>Ekeroth, p. 27.</ref> Crust punk dipengaruhi oleh gelombang kedua black metal pada 1990-an, dengan beberapa band menekankan elemen black metal ini. Iskra mungkin adalah contoh paling jelas dari crust punk [[Black metal#Gelombang%20kedua kedua|gelombang kedua]] yang dipengaruhi black metal;<ref name="iskra">[http://iskra.ws/interviews.html Iskra Interviews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615141533/http://iskra.ws/interviews.html|date=15 June 2006}}.</ref> Iskra menciptakan frasa mereka sendiri "kerak yang menghitam" untuk menggambarkan gaya baru mereka. Grup Jepang [[Gallhammer]] juga menggabungkan crust punk dengan black metal<ref>"Hard of Hearing", ''Terrorizer'' no. 171, June 2008, p. 56.</ref> sementara band Inggris Fukkig dikatakan memiliki elemen punk kerak, black metal, dan grindcore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fukpig|url=http://www.supersonicfestival.com/2010/line-up/events/fukpig|publisher=[[Terrorizer]]}}</ref><ref>"C: Do you think that FUKPIG has founded a style of his own? Misery: Nah its just d-beat crust, with added horror C: and then What difference to FUKPIG from the rest of the bands? Misery: We add more black metal / horror influences, but are still inspired by the same things C: Is Necro-Punk your style? Misery: Yeah, necro in the black metal style playing crust punk, so yeah Necro Punk." [http://www.clandestinemetalzine.cl/interviews/interview_fukpig.html Interview: Fukpig] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110010121/http://www.clandestinemetalzine.cl/interviews/interview_fukpig.html|date=10 November 2013}}</ref> [[Young and in the Way]] dari North Carolina telah memainkan kerak hitam sejak pembentukan mereka pada tahun 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zorgdrager|first1=Bradley|title=Young and in the Way When Life Comes to Death|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/young_in_way-when_life_comes_to_death|website=[[Exclaim!]]|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Selain itu, band Norwegia [[Darkthrone]] telah memasukkan ciri-ciri crust punk dalam materi mereka yang lebih baru. Seperti yang ditulis Daniel Ekoroth pada 2008,

Blackened death-doom adalah genre yang menggabungkan tempo lambat dan permainan drum monolitik dari [[doom metal]], riffage [[death metal]] yang kompleks dan keras, dan vokal yang melengking dari black metal.<ref name="BDD">{{cite web|last1=Kelly|first1=Kim|date=29 March 2017|title=Morast Expertly Synthesize Black, Death, and Doom Metal on 'Ancestral Void'|url=https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/aepy85/morast-expertly-synthesize-black-death-and-doom-metal-on-ancestral-void|website=Noisey Vice|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> Contoh band death-doom yang menghitam termasuk Morast,<ref name="BDD" /> Faustcoven,<ref name="BDD" /> [[The Ruins of Beverast]],<ref name="BDD" /> [[Bölzer]],<ref name="BDD" /> [[Necros Christos]],<ref name="BDD" /> Harvest Gulgaltha,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mattia|first1=A.|date=7 February 2017|title=DON'T LOOK BELOW: HARVEST GULGALTHA – 'ALTARS OF DEVOTION' REVIEW + STREAM|url=https://www.cvltnation.com/dont-look-below-harvest-gulgaltha-altars-of-devotion-review-stream/|website=Cvlt Nation|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> [[Dragged into Sunlight]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Falzon|first1=Denise|date=31 October 2012|title=Dragged Into Sunlight 'Widowmaker' (album stream)|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/dragged_into_sunlight-widowmaker_album_stream|website=[[Exclaim!]]|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> Hands of Thieves,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=Doug|date=31 August 2016|title=The Black Market: The Month In Metal – August 2016|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1896781/the-black-market-the-month-in-metal-august-2016/franchises/the-black-market/|website=[[Stereogum]]|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> dan [[Soulburn]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Daniels|first1=Eric|title=ERIC DANIELS / SOULBURN|url=https://www.jacksonguitars.com/artists/eric-daniels-bio|website=[[Jackson Guitars]]|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-date=2021-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618114517/https://www.jacksonguitars.com/artists/eric-daniels-bio|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Whelan|first1=Kez|date=11 June 2014|title=Soulburn: Band Of The Day|url=http://www.terrorizer.com/news/botd/soulburn-band-day/|website=[[Terrorizer]]|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

Blackened death metal umumnya adalah [[death metal]] yang menggabungkan elemen musik, lirik atau ideologis dari black metal, seperti peningkatan penggunaan [[Pilihan memetik|tremolo picking]], tema lirik anti-Kristen atau [[Setanisme|Setan]] dan progresi akord yang serupa dengan yang digunakan dalam black metal.<ref name="Sound, Symbol, Sociality">{{cite book|last1=Unger|first1=Matthew|title=Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Alex|title=Ninewinged Serpent – Devian|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ninewinged-serpent-mw0000780983|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bowar|first=Chad|title=Hacavitz – Venganza Review|url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/reviews/gr/hacavitz.htm|work=[[About.com]]|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=2009-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617104950/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/reviews/gr/hacavitz.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Band death metal yang menghitam juga lebih cenderung memakai [[cat mayat]] dan baju zirah, daripada band dari gaya death metal lainnya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Robert Owen|title=Studies in Symbolic Interaction|page=119}}</ref> Tuning gitar dengan rentang yang lebih rendah, [[death growl]] dan perubahan [[Tempo (musik)|tempo]] yang tiba-tiba merupakan hal yang umum dalam genre ini.<ref name="Banger">{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Sam|last2=Deaville|first2=Jason|date=2016|title=Blackened Death Metal|author1-link=Sam Dunn}}</ref> Contoh band blackened death metal adalah [[Belphegor]],<ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2011|title=Belphegor Suspends All Activities|url=http://www.terrorizer.com/blog1.php/2011/10/21/belphegor-suspend-all-activities|work=[[Terrorizer (magazine)|terrorizer.com]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Prato|first=Greg|title=Behemoth|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/behemoth-mn0000789429|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> [[Akercocke]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cosmo|date=21 February 2006|title=Akercocke – Words That Go Unspoken, Deeds That Go Undone – Review – Stylus Magazine|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/akercocke/words-that-go-unspoken-deeds-that-go-undone.htm|work=[[Stylus Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509181014/http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/akercocke/words-that-go-unspoken-deeds-that-go-undone.htm|archive-date=9 May 2012|access-date=22 October 2012|quote=Death metal and black metal are notoriously insular, but Akercocke has distinguished itself by freely drawing from both. Death metal tends to emphasize the low end, while black metal mainly resides in the midrange and treble, so Akercocke's 'blackened death' hybrid is rich and full-bodied.|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan [[Sacramentum]].<ref>Pretorious, Neil (30 July 2009). "Review – Sacramentum – Far Away from the Sun"]. ''The Metal Observer''. "If you think that Blackened Death Metal begins and ends with DISSECTION, then think again. SACRAMENTUM seriously dropped the (snow) ball with 'The Coming of Chaos' and 'Thy Black Destiny', but on 'Far Away from the Sun' they really delivered the goods on all fronts."</ref>

War metal<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /><ref name="rh304" /> (juga dikenal sebagai war black metal<ref name="wbm" /> atau bestial black metal)<ref name="rh304" /> adalah subgenre yang agresif,<ref name="wbm" /> hiruk-pikuk,<ref name="mh112011" /> dan kacau<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /> dari blackened death metal,<ref>{{cite news|last1=KATEL|first1=JACOB|date=2013|title=Florida's Top Ten Black Metal Bands|newspaper=[[Miami New Times]]}}</ref> dijelaskan oleh jurnalis [[Rock Hard]] Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann sebagai "rabid"<ref name="wbm" /> dan "hammering".<ref name="wbm" /> Pengaruh penting termasuk band-band black dan death metal awal, seperti [[Sodom (band)|Sodom]],<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /> [[Possessed]],<ref name="wbm" /> [[Autopsy]],<ref name="wbm" /> [[Sarcófago]],<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /><ref name="rh304" /><ref name=":1" /> dan dua rilisan [[Sepultura]] pertama,<ref name="wbm" /><ref name="rh307" /> serta aksi grindcore seminal seperti [[Repulsion]].<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /> Band-band war metal termasuk [[Blasphemy (grup musik)|Blasphemy]],<ref name="mh112011" /><ref name="wbm" /><ref name="rh307" /> [[Archgoat]],<ref name="wbm" /> [[Impiety]],<ref name="rh307" /> [[Beherit]], [[Crimson Thorn]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A HILL TO DIE UPON - OMENS CD|url=https://boonesoverstock.com/products/a-hill-to-die-upon-omens|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> dan [[Bestial Warlust]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=DISTEFANOl|first1=ALEX|title=The 13 Most Satanic Metal Bands|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/13-most-satanic-metal-bands-8798306|website=[[LA Weekly]]|access-date=8 August 2018|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801232853/http://www.laweekly.com/music/13-most-satanic-metal-bands-8798306|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Blackened grindcore adalah genre fusioncampuran yang menggabungkan unsur black metal dan [[grindcore]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 September 2015|title=Converse Rubber Tracks x MetalSucks 2015 Preview: Dendritic Arbor|url=http://www.metalsucks.net/2015/09/16/converse-rubber-tracks-x-metalsucks-2015-preview-dendritic-arbor/|publisher=[[Metal Sucks]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2015|title=Blackened Grindcore Innovators Dendritic Arbor Announce Fall Tour|url=http://www.metalsucks.net/2015/10/19/blackened-grindcore-innovators-dendritic-arbor-announce-fall-tour/|publisher=[[Metal Sucks]]}}</ref> BandGrup musik terkenal termasuk [[Anaal Nathrakh]] dan awal [[Rotting Christ]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.popmatters.com/170331-rotting-christ-kata-ton-daimona-eaytoy-2495764089.html|title=Rotting Christ: Kata Ton Daimona Eaytoy|date=15 May 2013|magazine=[[Pop Matters]]}}</ref>

Blackened thrash metal, juga dikenal sebagai black-thrash,<ref name="blacktrash">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2017/12/06/top-black-thrash-albums/|title=Top Ten Black-Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson (Daeva)|date=6 December 2017|magazine=[[Decibel Magazine]]}}</ref> adalah genre fusioncampuran yang menggabungkan unsur black metal dan [[thrash metal]].<ref name="blacktrash" /><ref name="loudwire.com">{{cite web|title=The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres|url=http://loudwire.com/best-metal-albums-subgenres/#photogallery-1=5|website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref> Dianggap sebagai salah satu fusicampuran pertama dari [[metal ekstrim]],<ref name="blacktrash" /> itu terinspirasi oleh band-bandgrup musik seperti [[Venom (grup musik)|Venom]], [[Sodom (band)|Sodom]], dan [[Sarcófago]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nine Metal Bands Leading the Blackened Thrash Attack|url=https://www.daily.bandcamp.com/2017/06/29/black-thrash-bands/amp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110218/https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/06/29/black-thrash-bands/amp/|archive-date=30 August 2018|access-date=29 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> BandGrup musik terkenal termasuk [[Aura Noir]],<ref>{{cite web|date=5 April 2018|title=Hear Blackened-Thrash Crew Aura Noir Channel Sepultura on Thundering New Song|url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/hear-blackened-thrash-crew-aura-noir-channel-sepultura-thundering-new-song}}</ref> [[Witchery]],<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2017|title=WITCHERY Releases Video For 'Of Blackened Wing'|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/witchery-releases-video-for-of-blackened-wing/|website=[[Blabbermouth]]|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McIver|first=Joel|date=15 December 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFDPx8IDKsoC&q=blackened+thrash+metal&pg=PA84|title=The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists|publisher=Jawbone Press|isbn=9781906002206|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Black Fast]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fixell|first1=Ethan|title=THE UNDERGROUND SOUNDS OF AMERICA: BLACK FAST|url=http://www.kerrang.com/features/the-underground-sounds-of-america-black-fast/|website=[[Kerrang!]]|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Sathanas,<ref>{{Cite web|title=30-Year Blackened Thrash Veterans SATHANAS Bring a Sharp Swagger on "Sacramentum"|url=https://www.metalinjection.net/av/song-premiere/30-year-blackened-thrash-veterans-sathanas-bring-a-sharp-swagger-on-sacramentum/amp}}</ref> dan [[Deströyer 666]].<ref name="loudwire.com" />

Black metal cenderung [[Misantropia|misanthropic]] dan memusuhi masyarakat modern.<ref name="murdermusic" /> Ini adalah "reaksi terhadap keduniawian, ketidaktulusan, dan kekosongan emosional yang dirasakan para peserta sebagai bagian dari budaya sekuler modern".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=37}} Adegan black metal cenderung menentang [[kebenaran politik]], [[Humanitarianisme|kemanusiaan]], [[konsumerisme]], [[globalisasi]] dan homogenitas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=David|date=2012|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|editor=Ullrich Kockel|pages=437|chapter=Chapter 25: Extreme Neo-nationalist Music Scenes at the Heart of Europe}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Manea|first=Irina-Maria|date=16 April 2015|title=Primal Roots: Ancestry and Race in Extreme Music Discourses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzcnCAAAQBAJ|journal=Proceedings of IAC-SSaH 2015: International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities in Prague 2015|publisher=Czech Institute of Academic Education|pages=186–187, 190|isbn=9788090579125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Noys|first=Benjamin|date=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GCM2MFeJwfMC|title=Hideous Gnosis: Black Metal Theory Symposium|publisher=Glossator|editor=Nicola Masciandaro|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GCM2MFeJwfMC/page/n116 106]–108|chapter='Remain True to the Earth!': Remarks on the Politics of Black Metal}}</ref> Aaron Weaver dari [[Wolves in the Throne Room]] berkata: "Saya pikir black metal adalah gerakan artistik yang mengkritik modernitas pada tingkat fundamental, mengatakan bahwa pandangan dunia modern kehilangan sesuatu".<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2009|title=An Interview w/ Wolves in the Throne Room's Aaron Weaver|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/05/an_interview_w_13.html|work=brooklynvegan.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121175804/http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/05/an_interview_w_13.html|archive-date=21 January 2016|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sebagai bagian dari ini, beberapa bagian dari pemandangan memuliakan alam dan memiliki daya tarik dengan masa lalu yang jauh.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=2}}<ref name="chonicles">{{cite web|last=Kalis|first=Quentin|date=31 August 2004|title=CoC : Rant : Black Metal: A Brief Guide|url=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles/rants/6-668_black_metal_a_brief_guide.aspx|work=[[Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)|Chronicles of Chaos]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831140019/http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles/rants/6-668_black_metal_a_brief_guide.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2011|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Black metal telah disamakan dengan [[Romantisisme]] dan ada aliran [[Nasionalisme romansa|nasionalisme romantis]] dalam genre tersebut.<ref>Van Young, Adrian. [http://thenewinquiry.com/essays/black-metal-is-sublime/ Black Metal is Sublime]. [[The New Inquiry]]. 4 March 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lesourd|first=Elodie|date=2013|title=Helvete: a Journal of Black Metal Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/417ecc06-51a4-4660-959b-482763864559|publisher=Punctum Books|editor=Amelia Ishmael|pages=[https://archive.org/details/417ecc06-51a4-4660-959b-482763864559/page/36 36]|chapter=Baptism or Death: Black Metal in Contemporary Art}}</ref> [[Sam Dunn]] mencatat bahwa "tidak seperti scene heavy metal lainnya, budaya dan tempat dimasukkan ke dalam musik dan citra".<ref name="sam" /> [[Individualisme]] juga merupakan bagian penting dari black metal,<ref name="sam" /> dengan [[Fenriz]] dari Darkthrone menggambarkan black metal sebagai "individualisme di atas segalanya".<ref>{{cite video|title=Norsk Black Metal|year=2003|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Tidak seperti jenis metal lainnya, black metal memiliki banyak band satu orang. Namun, dikatakan bahwa pengikut Euronymous anti-individualistik,{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=27f}} dan bahwa "Black Metal dicirikan oleh konflik antara individualisme radikal dan identitas kelompok dan dengan upaya untuk menerima kedua polaritas secara bersamaan".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=2}}

Pada awal 1990-an, banyak black-metalr Norwegia menampilkan diri mereka sebagai penyembah Iblis sejati.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=7f}} Euronymous Mayhem adalah tokoh kunci di balik ini.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=27f}} Mereka menyerang Gereja Setan karena pandangannya yang "kebebasan dan cinta hidup";<ref name="killyourself2">Esa Lahdenpera: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207234358/http://www.fmp666.com/moonlight/mayhem.html ''Northern Black Metal Legends'']. In: ''Kill Yourself'', no. 2, August 1993. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</ref> [[Setanisme Teistik|Setanisme teistik]] yang mereka anut adalah kebalikan dari Kekristenan. Benjamin Hedge Olson menulis bahwa mereka "mengubah sandiwara panggung kuasi-setan Venom menjadi bentuk ekspresi budaya yang unik dari bentuk-bentuk metal atau Setanisme lainnya" dan "meninggalkan identitas dan ambisi duniawi dari bentuk-bentuk metal lainnya demi agama dan fanatisme ideologis".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=27f}} Beberapa anggota scene terkemuka—seperti Euronymous dan Faust<ref name="emperor10" /><ref name="killyourself" />—menyatakan bahwa hanya band-band yang satanis yang bisa disebut 'black metal'. Band dengan gaya Norwegia, tetapi tanpa lirik setan, cenderung menggunakan nama lain untuk musik mereka.<ref name="halupczok" /><ref name="enslavedfrost" /><ref name="nordicmetal" /> Pandangan ini masih dianut oleh banyak seniman—seperti [[Infernus]],<ref name="infernus">{{cite web|last=Maki|first=Jeff|date=18 July 2006|title=live-metal.net – Interviews: Gorgoroth – Infernus|url=http://www.live-metal.net/features_interviews_infernus_gorgoroth.html|work=live-metal.net|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-date=2012-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212223347/http://www.live-metal.net/features_interviews_infernus_gorgoroth.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Arioch]],<ref>Dr. Rape: ''Funeral Mist''. In: Jon Kristiansen: ''Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries''. [[Brooklyn]], New York: Bazillion Points Books 2011. pp. 420f.</ref> [[Nornagest]], dan Erik Danielsson.<ref name="watain">{{cite web|author=Arthur|title=Interview with Watain|url=http://www.geocities.com/flesh_ro/watain.htm|work=geocities.com/flesh_ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019170513/http://geocities.com/flesh_ro/watain.htm|archive-date=19 October 2009|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beberapa band, seperti Dissection<ref name="faustleaves" /><ref name="dissectioninterview2" /> dan Watain<ref>terrybezer: [http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/unpublished-watain-interview-extras/ ''Unpublished Watain Interview Extras!''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817065649/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/unpublished-watain-interview-extras/|date=17 August 2012}}, 27 March 2009, accessed on 21 November 2012.</ref> yang telah direformasi, bersikeras bahwa semua anggota harus memiliki keyakinan setan yang sama, sedangkan Michael Ford dari [[Black Funeral]]<ref name="paganbelial.awardspace.com" /> dan MkM dari [[Antaeus]]<ref>Ophth: [https://archive.today/20130213163640/http://membres.multimania.fr/chaotik/7/antaeus.html ''AntaeuS''], accessed on 21 November 2012.</ref> percaya black metal harus setan tetapi tidak semua anggota band harus setan. Lainnya—seperti [[Jan Axel Blomberg]],<ref name="hellhammerinterview">{{cite web|date=7 January 2007|title=Article: Interview|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metallibrary.ru%2Farticles%2Finterviews%2F96.html|work=metallibrary.ru|publisher=Open Publishing|language=ru|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Sigurd Wongraven]],<ref name="murdermusic" /> dan Eric Horner<ref name="throneofmalediction">{{cite web|date=17 January 2011|title=Throne of Malediction Talks the Art of Black Metal|url=http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=64209|work=metalunderground.com|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>—percaya bahwa black metal tidak harus bersifat setan. Sebuah artikel di fanzine Metalion's Slayer menyerang musisi yang "lebih peduli dengan gitar mereka daripada esensi sebenarnya yang menjadi dasar seluruh konsep", dan bersikeras bahwa "musik itu sendiri tidak menjadi prioritas pertama".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kristiansen|first=Jon|year=2011|title=Worship Him!|journal=Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries|location=[[Brooklyn]], New York|publisher=Bazillion Points Books|page=467}}</ref> Band-band dengan gaya yang mirip tetapi dengan lirik Pagan cenderung disebut sebagai 'Pagan Metal' oleh banyak black-metaller 'purist'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mulvany|first=Aaron Patrick|date=May 2000|title='Re-Awakening Pride Once Lost': Indigeneity and European Folk Metal|location=Middletown, Connecticut|publisher=Wesleyan University|page=IV}}</ref>

Lainnya menghindari Setanisme, melihatnya sebagai Kristen atau "Yahudi-Kristen",<ref>Varg Vikernes: [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story03.shtml "A Burzum Story: Part III – The Lie-Propaganda"]. Burzum.org.</ref><ref name="bathory-lyrics">[http://bathory.nu/08/08_writing_the_deeds_of_darkness_and_evil.htm "Writing the deeds of Darkness and Evil"]. Official [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]] website. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</ref> dan menganggap setan sebagai mengabadikan pandangan dunia "Yahudi-Kristen".<ref>[http://www.invisibleoranges.com/2011/09/mayhem-vs-burzum-opposing-views-of-black-metal/ "Mayhem vs. Burzum: Opposing views of black metal"], [[Invisible Oranges]], 21 September 2011.</ref> [[Quorthon]] dari Bathory mengatakan dia menggunakan 'Setan' untuk memprovokasi dan menyerang Kekristenan. Namun, dengan album ketiga dan keempatnya, ''[[Under the Sign of the Black Mark]]'' dan ''[[Blood Fire Death]]'', dia mulai "menyerang Kekristenan dari sudut yang berbeda", menyadari bahwa Setanisme adalah "produk Kristen".<ref name="bathory-lyrics" /> Namun demikian, beberapa seniman menggunakan Setan sebagai simbol atau metafora untuk keyakinan mereka, seperti [[Setanisme LaVeyan|Setan LaVeyan]] (yang ateis). Vokalis [[Gaahl]], yang menganggap dirinya sebagai [[Syamanisme|Dukun]] Norse,<ref>Tatiana Godarska: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514024208/http://www.imhotep.fi/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2151&Itemid=135&lang=en ''GORGOROTH'S GAAHL – INFINITE DIMENSIONS''], 19 June 2006, accessed on 28 October 2012.</ref> mengatakan: "Kami menggunakan kata 'Setan' karena ini adalah dunia Kristen dan kami harus berbicara dalam bahasa mereka ... Ketika saya menggunakan kata 'Setan', itu berarti tatanan alam, keinginan seorang pria, keinginan untuk tumbuh, keinginan untuk menjadi manusia super".<ref>[http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/gorgoroth.html Interview with Gaahl of Gorgoroth, 7 October 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214650/http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/gorgoroth.html|date=3 March 2016}}. Tartarean Desire Webzine.</ref> Varg Vikernes menyebut dirinya seorang Satanis dalam wawancara awal tetapi "sekarang meremehkan minatnya yang lama pada Setanisme", dengan mengatakan bahwa dia menggunakan Setan sebagai simbol [[Odin]] sebagai 'musuh' [[Allah (Kristen)|Tuhan Kristen]].<ref name="detsomengangvarg">''{{'}}Det Som Engang Varg{{'}}<!-- This is no spelling error. -->''. In: Jon Kristiansen: ''Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries'', p. 292.</ref> Dia melihat Setanisme sebagai "pengantar kepercayaan kafir yang lebih asli".{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=191}} Beberapa band seperti [[Carach Angren]],<ref>{{cite web|title=heavymetaltribune.com|url=http://www.heavymetaltribune.com/2012/06/interview-with-carach-angren/|website=www.heavymetaltribune.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129041923/http://www.heavymetaltribune.com/2012/06/interview-with-carach-angren/|archive-date=29 January 2016|access-date=25 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Immortal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Do You Know Your Greek Gods? Identify the Major Players|url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/immortalinterview_2.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]|access-date=2022-05-06|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324022615/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/immortalinterview_2.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Enslaved]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|date=8 November 2007|title=Enslaved – Music|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/arts/music/08ensl.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.revolvermag.com/news/director-sam-dunn-picks-the-five-most-important-extreme-metal-bands.html Director Sam Dunn Picks the Five Most Important Extreme-Metal Bands – Revolver Magazine (13 August 2013)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927194349/http://www.revolvermag.com/news/director-sam-dunn-picks-the-five-most-important-extreme-metal-bands.html|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> tidak memiliki lirik Satanic.

Banyak black-metaller melihat "Christian black metal" sebagai sebuah oxymoron<ref name="ultimatemetal">{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Jason|date=24 May 2005|title=Crimson Moonlight – At Their Most Brutal – Ultimate Metal Forum|url=http://www.ultimatemetal.com/forum/interviews/195667-crimson-moonlight-their-most-brutal.html|work=ultimatemetal.com|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-date=2009-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125194719/http://www.ultimatemetal.com/forum/interviews/195667-crimson-moonlight-their-most-brutal.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan percaya bahwa black metal tidak bisa menjadi Kristen.<ref name="murdermusic" /> Faktanya, grup unblack metal awal Horde dan Antestor menolak untuk menyebut musik mereka "black metal" karena mereka tidak memiliki etos yang sama. Horde menyebut musiknya "holy unblack metal"<ref name="Erasmus">{{cite web|author=Erasmus|year=2006|title=Horde Interview|url=http://unblack.d135-1r43.de/hordeint/hordeinterview.html|publisher=Unblack.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023175915/http://unblack.d135-1r43.de/hordeint/hordeinterview.html|archive-date=23 October 2007|access-date=9 December 2007}}</ref> dan Antestor menyebut musik mereka "sorrow metal".<ref name="Morrow">{{cite web|author=Morrow, Matt|year=2001|title=Antestor – The Return of the Black Death|url=http://thewhippingpost.tripod.com/antestorthereturnoftheblackdeath/|work=The Whipping Post|publisher=Open Publishing|access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> [[Jayson Sherlock]] dari Horde kemudian berkata, "Saya tidak akan pernah mengerti mengapa orang Kristen berpikir mereka bisa bermain Black Metal. Saya benar-benar tidak berpikir mereka mengerti apa itu Black Metal yang sebenarnya".<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherlock|first=Jayson|date=5 February 2013|title=For the life of me,...|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayson.sherlock/posts/10200535943462750|publisher=[[Facebook]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1283162632/10200535943462750|archive-date=2022-02-25|access-date=8 February 2013|url-access=limited}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Namun, band-band unblack metal saat ini seperti [[Crimson Moonlight]] merasa bahwa black metal telah berubah dari gerakan ideologis ke genre musik murni, dan dengan demikian menyebut musik mereka 'black metal'.<ref name="ultimatemetal" />

* ''Out of the Black – A Black Metal Documentary'' (2012), pemeriksaan asal-usul musik dan sosial black metal sambil menjelajahi spektrum penuh dari ideologi agama di dalam adegan. Juga meneliti black metal di Amerika dan beberapa perbedaan antara adegan Amerika dan Skandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2012|title=Blabbermouth.net – Black Metal Documentary 'Out of the Black' to Be Released for Free via Web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=169099|work=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-date=2012-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103012232/http://blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=169099|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Lihat jugapula ==

* {{cite book|last=Swinford|first=Dean|year=2013|title=Death Metal Epic (Book I: The Inverted Katabasis)|url=https://archive.org/details/invertedkatabasi0000swin|location=Dayton|publisher=Atlatl Press|isbn=978-0-9883484-3-1}}