Kepanikan moral: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kepanikan moral''' atau '''panik moral''' adalah rasa [[ketakutan]] yang menyebar dalam sejumlah besar orang bahwa suatu [[kejahatan]] sedang mengancam ketertiban masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panics and Mass Hysteria|url=https://sites.google.com/site/formsofcollectivebehavior/panics-and-mass-hysteria|website=FormsOfCollectiveBehavior|accessdate=10 November 2015|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130193145/https://sites.google.com/site/formsofcollectivebehavior/panics-and-mass-hysteria|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name = Jones>see also: Jones, M, and E. Jones. (1999). ''Mass Media.'' London: Macmillan Press</ref>

[[Media]] adalah pemain kunci dalam penyebaran kepanikan moral. Pelaporan fakta saja sudah cukup untuk menciptakan keresahan, kegelisahan, atau kepanikan.<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref> [[Stanley Cohen (sosiolog)|Stanley Cohen]] mengatakan bahwa kepanikan moral terjadi ketika "suatu kondisi, situasi, orang, atau sekelompok orang, muncul dan didefinisikan sebagai ancaman bagi nilai atau kepentingan masyarakat." Contoh kepanikan moral adalah kepercayaan akan adanya penculikan anak-anak oleh [[pedofilia|pedofil]] predator,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hesselink-Louw | first1 = Anne | last2 = Olivier | first2 = Karen | year = 2001 | title = A criminological analysis of crimes against disabled children: the adult male sexual offender | url = | journal = CARSA | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 15–20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520262065 |title=Sex Panic and the Punitive State |last=Lancaster |first=Roger |publisher=University of California Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780520262065 |location=Berkeley |pages=4, 33–34, 76–79.}}</ref><ref name=Extein>{{cite news |last1=Extein |first1=Andrew |title=Fear the Bogeyman: Sex Offender Panic on Halloween |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-extein-msw/fear-the-bogeyman-sex-off_b_4161136.html |accessdate=26 November 2014 |work=Huffington Post |date=25 October 2013}}</ref> kepercayaan akan adanya [[Kekerasan dalam ritus Satanik|kekerasan akan perempuan dan anak-anak dalam ritus kultus Satanik]],<ref name="Goode">{{cite book |title=Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance |url=https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good |last2=Ben-Yehuda |first2=Nachman |publisher=Blackwell |year=2009 |isbn=9781405189347 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/moralpanicssocia00good/page/57 57]–65 |author-link2=Nachman Ben-Yehuda |last1=Goode |first1=Erich |author-link1=Erich Goode |origyear=1994}}</ref> [[Perang Melawan Narkoba]] di Amerika Serikat,<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref><ref name="DR">{{cite web |url=http://www.thersa.org/action-research-centre/current-projects/drugs-commission/drugs-report |title=Drugs Report |date=March 2007 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Arts]] Action and Research Centre |accessdate=24 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909140009/http://www.thersa.org/action-research-centre/current-projects/drugs-commission/drugs-report |dead-url=yes }} [http://www.rsadrugscommission.org.uk/pdf/RSA_Drugs_Report.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420011816/http://www.rsadrugscommission.org.uk/pdf/RSA_Drugs_Report.pdf |date=2014-04-20 }}</ref> serta masalah kesehatan umum lainnya.

[[Marshall McLuhan]] menjelaskan istilah ini secara akademik dalam bukunya ''[[Understanding Media]]'', yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1964.<ref>{{cite book | last = McLuhan | first = Marshall | author-link = Marshall McLuhan | title = [[Understanding Media|Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man]] | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1994 }} {{ISBN|9780262631594}}</ref> Menurut Stanley Cohen, penulis studi sosisologi tentang budaya dan media remaja, ''Folk Devils and Moral Panics'' (1972),<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Hayes | first1 = Hennessey | last2 = Prenzler | first2 = Tim | title = Introduction to Crime and Criminology | publisher = Pearson Australia | location = Frenchs Forest, New South Wales | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781442545243 }}</ref> kepanikan moral muncul ketika "... suatu kondisi, situasi, orang, atau sekelompok orang, muncul dan didefinisikan sebagai ancaman bagi nilai dan kepentingan masyarakat.".<ref name=cohen>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Stanley | author-link = Stanley Cohen (sociologist) | title = Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers | doi=10.4324/9780203828250 | url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828250 | isbn= 9781138834743 | publisher = Paladin | year = 1973 }}</ref> Pihak yang memulai kepanikan ketika mereka mulai merasa suatu nilai sosial atau budaya terancam, sebagaimana disebut dalam banyak terjemahan bahasa Indonesia buku-buku sosiologi, adalah 'pengusaha moral' (''moral entrepreneur''). Sebaliknya, pihak yang dikatakan sebagai pengancam ketertiban sosial disebut 'setan rakyat' (''folk devil'').

Para kritikus mengenai aktivisme antiprostitusi kontemporer mengatakan bahwa keresahan tentang [[penjualan manusia]] dan perluasannya yang lebih besar dengan [[prostitusi]] dan bentuk [[kerja seks]] lainnya memiliki tanda-tanda kepanikan moral.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0032329207304319 |title=The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_politics-society_2007-09_35_3/page/447 |journal=Politics & Society |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=447–75 |year=2007 |last1=Weitzer |first1=R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1333994 |chapter=Women's bodies, moral panic and the world game: Sex trafficking, the 2006 Football World Cup and beyond |title=Proceedings of the Second Australia and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference |year=2009 |last1=Cunneen |first1=Chris |last2=Salter |first2=Michael |isbn=978-0-646-50737-8 |pages=222–42 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2298/TEM0802021M |title=Football and sex: The 2006 FIFA World Cup and sex trafficking |journal=Temida |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=21–47 |year=2008 |last1=Milivojevic |first1=Sanja |last2=Pickering |first2=Sharon }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last1 = Davies | first1 = Nick | author-link = Nick Davies | title=Prostitution and trafficking – the anatomy of a moral panic| work=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=29 November 2009 | date=20 October 2009 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/20/trafficking-numbers-women-exaggerated }}</ref>