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{{kegunaan lain|Naga (disambiguasi)}}
{{hatnote|Artikel ini membahas tentang makhluk legenda secara umum, dan bukan mengenai [[Nāga]] dan [[Drakon]]; dan juga bukan mengenai nama hewan pada alam nyata, [[Agamidae|Kadal naga]]. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat [[Naga (disambiguasi)]]}}
{{untuk|kadal naga dunia nyata|Agamidae}}
[[File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch Mythical-Creature-Dragon 1806.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ilustrasi naga bersayap dan bernafaskan api oleh [[Friedrich Justin Bertuch]] dari 1806]]
[[File:Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ukiran naga dalam mitologi Tiongkok di [[Dinding Sembilan Naga]], [[Taman Beihai]], [[Beijing]] ]]
[[File:Zmei Gorynich - Ystad-2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Moncong kapal [[kapal panjang]] bangsa Viking di [[Ystad]] yang berbentuk kepala naga]]
'''Naga''' merupakan salah satu dari [[makhluk legenda]] yang memiliki karakteristik serupa dengan reptil yang muncul dalam banyak [[cerita rakyat]] dalam berbagai budaya diduniadi dunia. Kepercayaan terhadap naga berbeda-beda pada setiap daerah, tetapi [[naga Eropa|naga dalam mitologi barat]] sejak [[Abad Pertengahan Atas]] dideskripsikan sebagai makhluk yang memiliki sayap, tanduk, [[Quadrupedalism|empat kaki]], dan dapat mengeluarkan nafas api. Sedangkan, dalam [[Naga Tiongkok|budaya timur]], naga biasanya digambarkan sebagai makhluk tak bersayap, memiliki empat kaki, memiliki bentuk seperti [[ular]] dengan kecerdasan yang diatas rata-rata. Selain itu, naga digambarkan memiliki sifat yang merupakan gabungan dari fitur dalam ras felin, aves, dan reptil. Para mahasiswa mempercayai bahwa naga kemungkinan besar merupakan gambaran dari [[buaya]], khususnya dengan karakteristik tempat tinggalnya, yaitu di rawa-rawa ataupun hutam lebat, juga struktur tubuhnya, menjadikan hewan ini sebagai asal-usul penggambaran dari naga Oriental modern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stromberg |first=Joseph |date=23 January 2012 |title=Where Did Dragons Come From? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/where-did-dragons-come-from-23969126/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004073045/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/where-did-dragons-come-from-23969126/ |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=Smithsonian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2000 |title=Archeologists Find Crocodile is Prototype of Dragon |url=http://en.people.cn/english/200004/29/eng20000429_40001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902190613/http://en.people.cn/english/200004/29/eng20000429_40001.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=People's Daily}}</ref>
 
{{TOC limit|3}}
 
==Etimologi==
[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pakhangba]], adalah [[dewa]] [[naga]] ular purba dalam [[mitologi Meitei]].]]
Istilah "naga" merupakan kata serapan dari [[bahasa Sanskerta]], yaitu {{IAST|nāgá}} ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}) yang berarti "[[ular kobra]]" yang berasal dari penamaan [[ular kobra India]] (''Naja naja''). Sinonim untuk ''{{IAST|nāgá}}'' adapahadalah ''{{IAST|phaṇin}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:फणिन्#Sanskrit|फणिन्]]}}). SebenarnyaSebetulnya terdapat beberapa kata yang juga berarti "ular" secara umum, dan salah satu dari yang paling sering digunakan adalah ''{{IAST|sarpá}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:सर्प#Sanskrit|सर्प]]}}). Terkadang, kata ''{{IAST|nāgá}}'' juga memiliki arti sebagai "ular" secara umum.<ref name=Apte>{{cite book|last1=Apte|first1=Vaman Shivram|title=The student's English-Sanskrit dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apte_271|date=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-0299-3|edition=3rd rev. & enl.}}, p. 423. The first definition of ''nāgaḥ'' given reads "A snake in general, particularly the cobra." p.539</ref> Kata tersebut memiliki [[kata asal]] yang sama dengan ''snake'' dalam bahasa Inggris, dan kata ''snake'' berasal dari bahasa rumpun Jermanik: ''*snēk-a-'', [[Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa|Proto-IE]]: ''*(s)nēg-o-'' (dengan [[pergerakan s rumpun Indo-Europa|pergerakan s]]).
 
[[File:Beowulf - dracan.jpg|thumb|Kemunculan kata "dracan" yang merupakan sebuah kata dalam [[bahasa Inggris Kuno]] dalam ''[[Beowulf]]''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196 Beowulf; a heroic poem of the 8th century, with tr., note and appendix by T. Arnold], 1876, p. 196.</ref>]]
Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''dragon'' berasal dari [[bahasa Prancis Kuno]] yang masuk kedalam bahasa Inggris pada awal abad ke-13, kata ''dragon'' tersebut juga berasal dari {{lang-la|draconem}} (bentuk normatif dari {{lang|la|draco}}) yang berarti "ular raksasa, naga", dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκων|δράκων]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákōn}} (bentuk genitif dari {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκοντος|δράκοντος]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákontos}}) "ular laut, ular raksasa".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=4}}<ref name="LiddelScott">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 Δράκων] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620113648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 |date=20 June 2010 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus project</ref> Istilah naga dalam bahasa Yunani dan Latin mengacu pada ular manapun yang berukuran besar dan tidak harus sebagai makhluk mitologi.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} Kata bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|δράκων}} kemungkinan besar berasal dari kata kerja dalam bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δέρκομαι|δέρκομαι]]}} ({{transl|grc|dérkomai}}) yang berarti "Aku melihat", dan menjadi {{lang|grc|ἔδρακον}} ({{transl|grc|édrakon}}) dalam bentuk [[aorist]].<ref name="LiddelScott"/> Asal-usul penamaan ini yang kemungkinan menjadi sebutan untuk sesuatu yang memiliki "tatapan yang mematikan"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|title = Dragon &#124; Origin and meaning of dragon by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> atau mata yang memancarkan cahaya yang tidak biasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to/de&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0041:card=699&i=1#lexicon|title = Greek Word Study Tool}}</ref> ataupun "tajam",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|title = Guns, herbs, and sores: Inside the dragon's etymological lair|date = 25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyld |first1=Henry Cecil |title=The Universal Dictionary Of The English Language |date=1946 |page=334 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64081}}</ref> juga bisa berarti untuk menggambarkan mata ular yang kelihatannya selalu terbuka dan setiap dari mata tersebut dapatbisa melihat menembus kelopak matanya yang transparan dan bersisik, yang tertutup secara permanen. Kata dalam bahasa Yunani tersebut juga kemungkinan berasal dari basis kata {{lang|ine-x-proto|*derḱ-}} dalam [[bahasa Indo-Eropa]] yang berarti "melihat"; dan akar kata [[bahasa Sansekerta]] {{lang|sa|दृश्}} ({{transl|sa|dr̥ś-}}) yang juga berarti "melihat".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skeat |first1=Walter W. |title=An etymological dictionary of the English language |date=1888 |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=178 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft}}</ref>
 
==Afrika==
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* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Dragons for Tolkien and Lewis |journal= [[Mythlore]] |location= East Lansing, Michigan |publisher= [[Mythopoeic Society]] |volume= 11 |date= 1984 |pages= 53–58}}
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* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Victorian Dragons |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_childrens-literature-in-education_winter-1984_15_4/page/220 |journal= Children's Literature in Education |volume= 15 |date= 1984 |pages= 220–233 |doi= 10.1007/BF01137186 |s2cid= 162244996 }}
* {{citation|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6}}
* {{Cite book | author = Blount, Margaret Joan | chapter = Dragons | title = Animal Land: the Creatures of Children's Fiction | location = New York | publisher = William Morrow | year = 1975 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 116–130] | isbn = 0-688-00272-2 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 }}
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* {{citation|last1=Friar|first1=Stephen|last2=Ferguson|first2=John|date=1993|title=Basic Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-03463-1}}
* Garrett, Valery M. ''Chinese Dragon Robes''. Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-195-90499-0}}.
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* {{citation|last=Grasshoff|first=Gerd|date=1990|title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_nBwAAQBAJ&q=Ptolemy+Draco+constellation&pg=PA36|series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences|volume=14|editor-last=Toomer|editor-first=Gerald|location=New York City, New York, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany, London, England, Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan, and Hong Kong, China|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9}}
* {{citation|last=Haimerl|first=Edgar|date=2013|chapter=Sigurðr, a Medieval Hero|title=Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40|editor1-last=Acker|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Larrington|editor2-first=Carolyne|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-09860-8}}
Baris 95 ⟶ 96:
* {{citation|last=Hughes|first=Jonathan|date=2005|chapter=Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV|title=Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106|editor1-last=Gosman|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=MacDonald|editor2-first=Alasdair|editor3-last=Vanderjagt|editor3-first=Arjo|location=Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-13690-8}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Ingersoll, Ernest |author2=Henry Fairfield Osborn |date= 2013 |title= The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore |location= [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] |publisher= Cognoscenti Books |isbn= 9781304112422}}
* {{Cite book | author1 = Johnsgard, Paul Austin | author2 = Johnsgard, Karin | author-link1 = Paul Johnsgard | author-link2 = Karin Johnsgard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C | title = Dragons and unicorns : a natural history | location = New York | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-312-21895-8 | access-date = 22 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C&printsec=frontcover | archive-date = 22 December 2016 | url-status = live }}
* {{citation|last=Jones|first=David E.|date=2000|title=An Instinct for Dragons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92721-8|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227120129/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|date=2006|title=Satan: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521604024}}
Baris 108 ⟶ 109:
* {{Cite book |author-link =Ruth Manning-Sanders | last = Manning-Sanders | first = Ruth |title=A Book of Dragons |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1977 |isbn=0-416-58110-2 | title-link = A Book of Dragons }}
* {{citation|last=Nikolajeva|first=Maria|date=2012|chapter=The development of children's fantasy|title=The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13|editor1-last=James|editor1-first=Edward|editor2-last=Mendlesohn|editor2-first=Farah|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72873-7|pages=50–61}}
* {{citation|last=Niles|first=Doug|date=2013|title=Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic|location=Avon, Massachusetts|publisher=Adams Media|isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last=Ogden|first=Daniel|date=2013|title=''Drakon'': Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955732-5}}
* {{cite magazine |last= Osmond |first= Andrew |title= Dragons in Film |magazine= [[Cinefantastique]] |volume= 34 |date= 2002 |pages= 58–59 }}
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* {{cite book |author= Schwab, Sandra Martina |chapter= Dragons |title= The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders |editor= [[Gary Westfahl]] |location= Westport, CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |year= 2005 |volume= 1 |pages= 214–216 |isbn= 0-313-32951-6}}
* {{Cite book |author-link = Karl Shuker | last = Shuker | first = Karl |title=Dragons: a Natural History |url = https://archive.org/details/dragonsnaturalhi0000shuk |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-684-81443-9 }}
* {{citation|last=Sikorski |first=Czesław |title=Wood Pitch as Combat Chemical in the Light of the Jan Długosz's Annals and Some of the Old Polish Military Treatises |journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch |date=1997 |page=235}}
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