Angkatan Laut Kekhalifahan Awal: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Angkatan Laut Kekhalifahan Islam Awal''' adalah sebuah armada laut dari beberapa Kekhalifahan Arab awal dalam membentuk, mempertahankan dan memperluas jaringan perdagangan di seluruh bagian [[Asia]], [[Afrika]] dan [[Eropa]]. Ini membantu pembentukan negara-negara kuat (termasuk kekhalifahan [[Rasyidin]], [[Umayyah]], [[Abbasiyah]] dan [[Fatimiyah]]) sebagai kekuatan ekonomi ekstensif terkemuka di dunia sepanjang abad ke-8-13 menurut ilmuwan politik [[John M. Hobson]].{{sfn|Hinds|1996|p=133}} Secara umum diyakini bahwa [[Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan]] adalah perencana dan pendiri pertama angkatan laut Islam.

 

 

Sejarawan [[Eric E. Greek]] mengelompokkan konstitusi militer [[Rasyidin]] dengan negara-negara penerus langsung mereka dari Umayyah hingga setidaknya era kekhalifahan Abbasiyah, bersama dengan beberapa sekutu mereka, sebagai entitas tunggal, sesuai dengan kriteria negara fungsional [[Fred Donner]].{{sfn|Greek|2019|p=42-43}} Pengelompokan ini terutama berlaku untuk angkatan laut kekhalifahan secara keseluruhan. Sementara itu, [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship|Blankinship]] tidak menganggap peralihan kekuasaan dari Rasyidun ke Umayyah sebagai akhir dari institusi militer kekhalifahan awal, termasuk elemen angkatan lautnya. Ini tetap setidaknya sampai akhir pemerintahan khalifah Umayyah ke-10, Hisyam ibn Abd al-Malik, karena Jihad sebagai motif utama agama dan politik bagi militer 'negara Jihad awal' yang membentang dari kekhalifahan Rashidun hingga Hisyam masih dianggap oleh Blankinship sebagai konstruksi yang sama.{{sfn|Vasiliev|1935|p=131-207}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1988|pp=285–286}}{{sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|pp=55–58}}{{sfn|Greek|2019|p=42}}{{sfn|Blankinship |1994|p=11-36}}{{sfn|Blankinship |1994|p=1-11(INTRODUCTION)}}

<!-- Order sources alphabetically by the first author's surname -->

<!-- A -->

* {{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA231|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4}}

* {{Cite book|last=Akram|first=A. I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwZBAAAAYAAJ|title=The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|isbn=978-969-0-00224-2|language=en|author-link=Agha Ibrahim Akram}}

* {{Citation|title=Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries|given=Viscount|surname=Allenby|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|year=2003|isbn=0-7661-3984-0}}

 

<!-- B -->

*{{cite journal |last1=Baloch |first1=Nabi Bakhsh Khan |author-link=Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch |title=The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India |journal=Islamic Culture |date=July 1946 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=250–266 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92019/page/n324 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Baloch |first1=Nabi Bakhsh |title=Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality |journal=Islamic Culture |date=October 1953 |pages=242–271 |url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadBinQasimByDrNabiBakhshKhanBalochColour }}

* {{cite journal |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |title=Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=10 |pages=25–44 |number=1/2 |year=1929 |jstor=41682407 }}

 

<!-- C -->

* {{cite book |last1=C. Jett |first1=Stephen |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=9780817319397}}

* {{Cite book|title=lonely planet: Syria & Lebanon|last1=Carter|first1=Terry|last2=Dunston|first2=Lara|last3=Jousiffe|first3=Ann|last4=Jenkins|first4=Siona|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2004|isbn=1-86450-333-5|edition=2nd|location=Melbourne|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/345 345–347]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781864503333/page/345}}

* {{cite book|last=Christys|first=Ann|title=Vikings in the South: Voyages to Iberia and the Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyDKBwAAQBAJ|date=27 August 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-1378-3}}

 

<!-- D -->

* {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Raymond |title=Book of Pontiffs, The Liber Pontificalis, 3 |date=2001 |publisher=Liverpool university press |edition=First}}

*{{cite book |last1=Donner |first1=Fred M. |author-link=Fred M. Donner |title=The Early Islamic Conquests |date=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-05327-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5__AwAAQBAJ }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Dmitriev |first1=Vladimir A. |title=The Sasanian Navy revisited: An unwritten chapter in Iran's military history |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |date=1 November 2017 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=727–737 |doi=10.1177/0843871417726966 |s2cid=158676495 |language=en |issn=0843-8714}}

* {{cite book |last1=Donner |first1=Fred M. |title=Early Islamic Conquests. |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=9781306988872|oclc=885020145}}

<!-- E -->

<!-- F -->

*{{cite journal |last1=Friedmann |first1=Yohanan |title=Minor Problems in al-Baladhuri's Account of the Conquest of Sind |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |date=December 1970 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=253–260 }}

 

<!-- G -->

*{{cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=H. A. R. |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Volume 2 |date=1962 |publisher=The Hakluyt Society at Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781351539920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281 }}

*{{cite book |first=Ferdinand |last=Gregorovius |author-link=Ferdinand Gregorovius|title=Storia della città di Roma nel Medioevo|publisher=Gherardo Casini Editore|volume=3|location=Roma|year=1988 |isbn=9788840381756|language=Italian}}

* {{cite journal | first=Rodolphe | last=Guilland | author-link=Rodolphe Guilland | title=L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718) | journal=Études byzantines | year=1959 | pages= 109–133 | language=fr | publisher=Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris | location=Paris | oclc=603552986}}

<!-- H -->

* {{citation|last1=El-Hareir|first1=Idris|last2=Mbaye|first2=Ravane|title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA601|year=2012|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-104153-2}}

* {{EI2 |article=Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān |last=Hinds |first=M. |author-link=Martin Hinds |volume=7 |pages=263–268}}

* {{cite book|last=Hinds|first=Martin|title=Studies in Early Islamic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0dtAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-109-0}}

* {{cite book |last1=Ṭabarī |first1=Abū Ğa`far Muḥammad ibn Ğarīr |last2=Humphreys |first2=R Stephen |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī : (Ta'rīkh al-rusul wa-al-mulūk), The Crisis of the Early Caliphate : The Reign of Uthman, A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35 |date=1990 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y. |isbn=0791401545|volume=15|series=Bibliotheca Persica|oclc=754956093|ref={{harvid|Humphreys|1990}}}}

* {{cite book |last1=Huntingford |first1=G.W.B. |title=The Periplus of The Erythraean Sea, By an Unknown Author. |date=2010 |publisher=Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.}}

 

<!-- I -->

* {{cite book |last1=Indra |first1=Gunawan |title=Legenda 4 Umara Besar |publisher=Elex Media Komputindo |isbn=978-6020234779 |date=2014}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Ishaq |first1=Mohammad |title=A Peep Into the First Arab Expeditions to India under the Companions of the Prophet |journal=Islamic Culture |date=April 1945 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=109–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92018/page/n179 }}

 

<!-- J -->

* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |date=1972 |isbn=9788120808249 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Jandora |first1=John W. |title=Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests |journal=Studia Islamica |date=1986 |issue=64 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.2307/1596048 |jstor=1596048}}

 

<!-- K -->

* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zexq5Hl42mQC&pg=PA260|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|first=Walter E. Kaegi|last=Kaegi|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=9780521196772}}

* {{cite book |first = Alexander |last = Kazhdan | title = Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | title-link = Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}}

* {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Hugh|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|orig-year=First published 1996|isbn=978-1-317-87041-8}}

* {{Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests}}

*{{EI2 |article=Ubulla |last=Kramers |first=J. H. |volume=10 |pages=765–766}}

*{{cite book |first=Barbara |last=Kreutz|title=Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=1996}}

 

<!-- L -->

 

<!-- M -->

* {{cite book|last1=Maisel|first1=Sebastian|last2=Shoup|first2=John A.|title=Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&pg=PA193|date=February 2009|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34442-8}}

* {{EI2| last1 = Marçais | first1 = G. | last2 = Schacht | first2 = J. | title = Ag̲h̲labids or Banu ’l-Ag̲h̲lab | volume = 1 | pages = 247–250 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0024}}

* {{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Robert |title=History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt |date=2016 |publisher=FriesenPress |isbn=9781460280287}}

 

<!-- N -->

* {{citation | first = David | last = Nicolle | title = Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbours | publisher = Brockhampton Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 1-86019-861-9}}

 

<!-- O -->

* {{Cite journal|last=O'Sullivan|first=Shaun|date=2004|title=Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|volume=28|issue=1|pages=67–88|doi=10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67|s2cid=161590308|issn=0307-0131}}

<!-- P -->

* {{PMBZ}}

* {{cite book | first1 = John H. | last1 = Pryor | last2= Jeffreys | first2 = Elizabeth M. | title = The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204 | publisher = Brill | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-90-04-15197-0 }}

<!-- Q -->

<!-- R -->

* {{cite book |last1=Rex |first1=Smith |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23 |date=2015 |isbn=978-1438420394 |page=164 }}

<!-- S -->

* {{Cite journal|last=Sabah|first=Jasim|date=2014|title=Dibba: an ancient port on the Gulf of Oman in the early Roman era|journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy|volume=25|pages=50–79|doi=10.1111/aae.12037}}

* {{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Alqamah|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=201}}

* {{cite journal|title=Vikings raids on the Spanish Peninsula|url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/view/MILT9696110067A/3416|access-date=2017-04-13|last=Scheen|first=Rolf|journal=Militaria. Revista de culturea militar|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid]]|pages=67–88|date=1996|issue=8}}

* {{cite book |last1=Shoufani |first1=Elias S. |title=Al-Riddah and the Muslim conquest of Arabia|date=1973 |url= |publisher=University of Toronto|quote=*Fred McGraw Donner: "The Early Islamic Conquests". Princeton University Press, 1986. *Elias S. Shoufani: "Al-Riddah and the Muslim conquest of Arabia". Toronto, 1973. *Meir J. Kister: "The struggle against Musaylima and the conquest of Yamama". In: "Jerusalem Studies in and Islam", 27 (2002) *Ella Landau-Tasseron: "The Participation of Tayyi in the Ridda". In: "Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam", 5 (1984)}}

* {{cite journal|first=Jón|last=Stefánsson|title=The Vikings in Spain from Arabic (Moorish) and Spanish Sources|journal=Saga-Book|publisher=[[Viking Society for Northern Research]]|date=1908|volume=6|location=London|pages=32–46|url=http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%20VI.pdf#page=39}}

 

<!-- T -->

* {{cite book |last1=Taha |first1=Abdulwahid Dhanun |title=Muslim conquest and settlement of north africa and spain. |date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-68967-1}}

* {{The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 | page = 268}}

* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}

 

<!-- U -->

* {{Cite journal|title=The Azd migrations reconsidered: narratives of ʿAmr Muzayqiya and Mālik b. Fahm in historiographic context by Brian Ulrich (21 July 2007)|journal = Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume = 38|pages = 311–318|publisher=JSTOR|jstor = 41223958|last1 = Ulrich|first1 = Brian|year = 2008b}}

<!-- V -->

* {{Byzance et les Arabes|volume=1|page=90}}

 

<!-- W -->

 

<!-- X -->

<!-- Y -->

<!-- Z -->

{{refend}}