Gedung Flatiron: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Gedung Flatiron''', mulanya '''Gedung Fuller''', adalah bangunan ''landmark'' [[Segitiga|bersisi tiga]] 22 lantai, berangka [[baja]] setinggi {{convert|285|ft}} di 175 [[Fifth Avenue]] di sekitar [[Flatiron District]], [[Borough (Kota New York)|borough]] [[Manhattan]], [[Kota New York]]. Dirancang oleh [[Daniel Burnham]] dan [[Frederick P. Dinkelberg]], selesai pada tahun 1902 dan mulanya berlantai 20. Gedung ini terletak di blok segitiga yang dibentuk oleh Fifth Avenue, [[Broadway (Kota New York)|Broadway]], dan [[Daftar jalan berangka di Manhattan|East 22nd Street]] (di bagian belakang gedung setinggi {{convert|87|ft}}), dengan [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|East 23rd Street]] menyentuh puncak utara (atas kota) segitiga. Nama "Flatiron" didasarkan pada keserupaan gedung dengan besi [[setrika]].
Gedung Flatiron dikembangkan sebagai kantor pusat perusahaan konstruksi [[George A. Fuller|Fuller Company]], yang mengakuisisi situs flatiron dari keluarga Newhouse pada Maret 1901. Konstruksi berjalan dengan sangat cepat, dan gedung dibuka pada 1 Oktober 1902. Ruang ritel "cowcatcher" dan griya tawang satu lantai ditambahkan tidak lama setelah pembukaan gedung. Fuller Company menjual gedung ini pada tahun 1925 ke sindikat investasi. [[Equitable Holdings|Equitable Life Assurance Society]] mengambil alih gedung setelah lelang [[penyitaan]] pada tahun 1933 dan menjualnya ke sindikat lain pada tahun 1945. [[Helmsley Spear]] mengelola gedung selama sebagian besar akhir abad ke-20, merenovasinya beberapa kali. [[Newmark Group]] mulai mengelola gedung pada tahun 1997. Kepemilikan gedung dibagi di antara beberapa perusahaan, yang mulai merenovasinya kembali pada tahun 2019.
[[Fasad]] Gedung Flatiron dibagi secara vertikal menjadi tiga bagian, serupa dengan komponen kolom klasik. Basis tiga lantai dilapisi dengan [[Gamping|batu kapur]], sementara lantai atas dilapisi dengan [[Arsitektur terakota berlapis kaca|terakota berlapis kaca]]. Rangka baja gedung, dirancang oleh firma rekayasa struktural [[Purdy and Henderson]], yang dimaksudkan untuk menahan empat kali kekuatan angin maksimum di area tersebut. Disebut sebagai "salah satu gedung [[pencakar langit]] paling ikonik di dunia dan simbol klasik Kota New York", gedung ini berjankar di ujung selatan (pusat kota) [[Madison Square dan Madison Square Park|Madison Square]] dan ujung utara (atas kota) [[Ladies' Mile Historic District]]. Lingkungan di sekitarnya disebut Distrik Flatiron karena predikat gedung ikoniknya.{{efn|Untuk status ikoniknya, lihat {{sfn|Koolhaas|1994|p=72}} dan {{sfn|Goldberger|1981|p=38}}; keduanya dicatat pada konteks ini dalam {{sfn|Zukowsky|Saliga|1984|p=79 catatan 3}}}} Gedung ditetapkan sebagai [[Daftar Landmark Kota New York|''landmark'' Kota New York]] pada tahun 1966, ditambahkan ke [[Daftar Tempat Bersejarah Nasional]] pada tahun 1979, dan ditetapkan sebagai [[Mercu Tanda Sejarah Nasional|Landmark Bersejarah Nasional]] pada tahun 1989.
==Lokasi==
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Hotel St. Germain (atau dieja St. Germaine) dibangun pada tahun 1855{{efn|{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=26}}, mengutip Hotel St. Germain yang dibangun pada tahun 1855, sementara Komisi Pelestarian Landmark Kota New York memberikan tanggal yang berbeda antara 1853 dan 1854.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=151}}}} di ujung selatan lahan.{{sfn|FABNY|1915|p=26}}{{sfn|Gray|2014|p=}} Hotel ini adalah salah satu dari beberapa hotel yang dibangun di lingkungan tersebut selama pertengahan abad ke-19.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=151}} [[Amos Eno]] membeli keseluruhan blok pada tahun 1857 seharga $32.000,{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=26}}{{sfn|DC|1902|p=7}} dan dia segera membangun [[Fifth Avenue Hotel]] di sebuah situs secara diagonal di seberangnya.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=24}} Pada suatu ketika setelah tahun 1880, Eno merubuhkan Hotel St. Germain dan menggantinya dengan gedung apartemen tujuh lantai, Cumberland.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=26–27}}{{efn|Sejarawan arsitektur [[Christopher Gray]] mengatakan bahwa St. Germain tetap di tempatnya tetapi "berganti nama menjadi Cumberland House sekitar tahun 1880".{{sfn|Gray|2014|p=}}}} Di sisa lahan, dia membangun empat gedung tiga lantai untuk penggunaan komersial.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=26–27}} Gedung ini membuat gedung empat lantai bagian utara Cumberlands terbuka, yang disewakan Eno kepada pengiklan, termasuk ''[[The New York Times]]'', yang memasang papan tanda yang terbuat dari lampu listrik.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|TWP|1915|pp=R7}} Papan tanda ini, yang pertama dari jenisnya di Kota New York, merupakan pendahulu Great White Way dekat [[Times Square]].{{sfn|Adams|1924|pp=SMA7}}{{sfn|TNYT|1926|pp=RE9}} Eno kemudian memasang layar kanvas di dinding, memproyeksikan gambar dari [[lentera ajaib]] di atas salah satu gedung yang lebih kecil, tempat papan tanda secara bergantian menampilkan iklan dan gambar-gambar menarik. Baik ''Times'' maupun ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' mulai menggunakan layar untuk buletin berita, dan pada malam pemilihan, puluhan ribu orang akan berkumpul di Madison Square, untuk menunggu hasil terbaru.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=28}}
Situs gedung kemudian dikenal dengan banyak nama, meliputi "Eno's flatiron",{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=29}} "Eno's corner", dan "the cow catcher".{{sfn|TNYT|1933|p=}} Meskipun Eno adalah salah satu pemilik tanah terbesar di Kota New York pada tahun 1894,{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=26}} dia menolak semua tawaran untuk pembelian situs flatiron selama hidupnya.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=29}} Setelah kematiannya pada tahun 1899, asetnya dilikuidasi, dan lahannya dijual. [[Majelis Negara Bagian New York]] mengalokasikan $3 juta bagi kota untuk membelinya, tetapi pembelian ini gagal ketika seorang reporter [[Koran|surat kabar]] menemukan bahwa rencana tersebut adalah skema [[Penyuapan|suap]] dari bos [[Tammany Hall]], [[Richard Croker]].{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=32}} Sebaliknya, lahan ini dibeli di pelelangan oleh William Eno, salah satu putra Amos, seharga $690.000 pada April 1899.{{sfn|TNYT|1899|p=}}{{sfn|WBSWR|1899|p=6}} Harga ini lebih dari 20 kali lipat dari apa yang telah dibayar Eno tua untuk properti ini empat dekade sebelumnya.{{sfn|TNYT|1900|p=}}
Pada Mei 1899, hanya tiga minggu setelah William mengakuisisi lahan flatiron,{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=32}}{{sfn|WBSWR|1899|p=6}} dia menjualnya kembali ke [[Samuel Newhouse|Samuel]] dan Mott Newhouse dengan harga sekitar $801.000.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=32-33}}{{sfn|TNYT|1900|p=}} Newhouses bermaksud untuk membangun gedung 12 lantai dengan toko-toko ritel di permukaan jalan dan apartemen lajang di atasnya.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=33}} Mereka mengumumkan rencana pembangunan pada November 1900,{{sfn|TNYTN|1900|p=}}{{sfn|TSU|1900|p=2}} tetapi rencana tersebut tidak dilaksanakan, meskipun nilai lahan tanah di kota meningkat.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=33}} Pada saat itu, gedung perkantoran dan komersial berlantai delapan hingga sepuluh sedang berkembang di lingkungan tersebut, menggantikan struktur komersial yang lebih tua dan lebih pendek.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=22}}
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===Sumber===
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* {{Cite book|last=Berman|first=Miriam|date=2001|url=|title=Madison Square: The Park and Its Celebrated Landmarks|location=Layton, Utah|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=9781586850371|pages=|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|last=Laurin|first=Dale|date=2008|title=Grace and Seriousness in the Flatiron Building and Ourselves|url=http://www.beautyofnyc.org/FLATIRON_Bldg-DL.pdf|website=Aesthetic Realism Looks at NYC|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070419/http://www.beautyofnyc.org/FLATIRON_Bldg-DL.pdf|dead-url=no}}
{{Refend}}
Baris 147:
* {{official site|https://sorgentegroupofamerica.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150911110814/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/114793/flatiron-building-new-york-city-ny-usa Gedung Flatiron di Emporis]
* [https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1482 Gedung Flatiron di SkyscraperPage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102055826/https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1482 |date=2022-11-02 }}
[[Kategori:23rd Street (Manhattan)]]
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