Gedung Flatiron: Perbedaan antara revisi

}}

 

 

Gedung Flatiron dikembangkan sebagai kantor pusat perusahaan konstruksi [[George A. Fuller|Fuller Company]], yang mengakuisisi situs flatiron dari keluarga Newhouse pada Maret 1901. Konstruksi berjalan dengan sangat cepat, dan gedung dibuka pada 1 Oktober 1902. Ruang ritel "cowcatcher" dan griya tawang satu lantai ditambahkan tidak lama setelah pembukaan gedung. Fuller Company menjual gedung ini pada tahun 1925 ke sindikat investasi. [[Equitable Holdings|Equitable Life Assurance Society]] mengambil alih gedung setelah lelang [[penyitaan]] pada tahun 1933 dan menjualnya ke sindikat lain pada tahun 1945. [[Helmsley Spear]] mengelola gedung selama sebagian besar akhir abad ke-20, merenovasinya beberapa kali. [[Newmark Group]] mulai mengelola gedung pada tahun 1997. Kepemilikan gedung dibagi di antara beberapa perusahaan, yang mulai merenovasinya kembali pada tahun 2019.

 

 

==Lokasi==

Hotel St. Germain (atau dieja St. Germaine) dibangun pada tahun 1855{{efn|{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=26}}, mengutip Hotel St. Germain yang dibangun pada tahun 1855, sementara Komisi Pelestarian Landmark Kota New York memberikan tanggal yang berbeda antara 1853 dan 1854.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=151}}}} di ujung selatan lahan.{{sfn|FABNY|1915|p=26}}{{sfn|Gray|2014|p=}} Hotel ini adalah salah satu dari beberapa hotel yang dibangun di lingkungan tersebut selama pertengahan abad ke-19.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=151}} [[Amos Eno]] membeli keseluruhan blok pada tahun 1857 seharga $32.000,{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=26}}{{sfn|DC|1902|p=7}} dan dia segera membangun [[Fifth Avenue Hotel]] di sebuah situs secara diagonal di seberangnya.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=24}} Pada suatu ketika setelah tahun 1880, Eno merubuhkan Hotel St. Germain dan menggantinya dengan gedung apartemen tujuh lantai, Cumberland.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=26–27}}{{efn|Sejarawan arsitektur [[Christopher Gray]] mengatakan bahwa St. Germain tetap di tempatnya tetapi "berganti nama menjadi Cumberland House sekitar tahun 1880".{{sfn|Gray|2014|p=}}}} Di sisa lahan, dia membangun empat gedung tiga lantai untuk penggunaan komersial.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=26–27}} Gedung ini membuat gedung empat lantai bagian utara Cumberlands terbuka, yang disewakan Eno kepada pengiklan, termasuk ''[[The New York Times]]'', yang memasang papan tanda yang terbuat dari lampu listrik.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|TWP|1915|pp=R7}} Papan tanda ini, yang pertama dari jenisnya di Kota New York, merupakan pendahulu Great White Way dekat [[Times Square]].{{sfn|Adams|1924|pp=SMA7}}{{sfn|TNYT|1926|pp=RE9}} Eno kemudian memasang layar kanvas di dinding, memproyeksikan gambar dari [[lentera ajaib]] di atas salah satu gedung yang lebih kecil, tempat papan tanda secara bergantian menampilkan iklan dan gambar-gambar menarik. Baik ''Times'' maupun ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' mulai menggunakan layar untuk buletin berita, dan pada malam pemilihan, puluhan ribu orang akan berkumpul di Madison Square, untuk menunggu hasil terbaru.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=28}}

 

 

Pada Mei 1899, hanya tiga minggu setelah William mengakuisisi lahan flatiron,{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=32}}{{sfn|WBSWR|1899|p=6}} dia menjualnya kembali ke [[Samuel Newhouse|Samuel]] dan Mott Newhouse dengan harga sekitar $801.000.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=32-33}}{{sfn|TNYT|1900|p=}} Newhouses bermaksud untuk membangun gedung 12 lantai dengan toko-toko ritel di permukaan jalan dan apartemen lajang di atasnya.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=33}} Mereka mengumumkan rencana pembangunan pada November 1900,{{sfn|TNYTN|1900|p=}}{{sfn|TSU|1900|p=2}} tetapi rencana tersebut tidak dilaksanakan, meskipun nilai lahan tanah di kota meningkat.{{sfn|Alexiou|2010|p=33}} Pada saat itu, gedung perkantoran dan komersial berlantai delapan hingga sepuluh sedang berkembang di lingkungan tersebut, menggantikan struktur komersial yang lebih tua dan lebih pendek.{{sfn|NYC|1989|p=22}}

===Sumber===

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lance J.|last2=Dixon|first2=David|last3=Gillham|first3=Oliver|date=Mei 2014|url=|title=Urban Design for an Urban Century: Shaping More Livable, Equitable, and Resilient Cities|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-45363-6|edition=2nd|pages=|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFBrownDixonGillham2014}}

* {{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Ric|last2=Sanders|first2=James|last3=Ades|first3=Lisa|date=1999|url=|title=New York: An Illustrated History|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=9780679454823|pages=233|author-link=Ric Burns|author-link2=James Sanders (arsitek)|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFBurnsSandersAdes1999}}

* {{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=18 September 2014|title=Get Out the Magnifying Glass|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/realestate/new-york-citys-rare-venetian-gothic-style.html|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903160051/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/realestate/new-york-citys-rare-venetian-gothic-style.html|archive-date=3 September 2022|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFGray2014}}

* {{Cite book|last=Koolhaas|first=Rem|date=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/KoolhaasRemDeliriousNewYorkARetroactiveManifestoForManhattan|title=Koolhaas Rem Delirious New York A Retroactive Manifesto For Manhattan|location=New York|publisher=The Monacelli Press|isbn=978-1-885254-00-9|oclc=881684136|pages=72|author-link=Rem Koolhaas|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFKoolhaas1994}}

* {{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Sarah B.|last2=Condit|first2=Carl W.|date=24 April 24 1996|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofnewyorksky0000land/mode/2up|title=Rise of the New York Skyscraper: 1865-1913|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07739-1|oclc=32819286|pages=252, 301-04, 434|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFLandauCondit1996}}

* {{Cite magazine|last=|first=|date=29 Maret 1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfAwAQAAMAAJ|title=The Flatiron Building, New York|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Publishing Company|volume=45|issue=13|editor-last=Mehren|editor-first=Edward J.|pages=296-300|editor-last2=Meyer|editor-first2=Henry C.|editor-last3=Goodell|editor-first3=John M.|magazine=Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFMehrenMeyerGoodell1902}}

* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 September 2007|title=Flatiron Building|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1809&ResourceType=Building|website=National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior|publisher=National Historic Landmark summary listing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314170348/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1809&ResourceType=Building|archive-date=14 Maret 2013|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFNPS2007}}

* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 Februari 1989|title=Flatiron Building—Accompanying photos, exterior, from 1979|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/79001603_photos|website=National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior|publisher=National Register of Historic Places Inventory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604233607/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/79001603_photos|archive-date=4 Juni 2020|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFNRHP1989}}

* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=NYCityMap|url=http://maps.nyc.gov/|website=NYC.gov|publisher=New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150524114059/http://maps.nyc.gov/|archive-date=24 Mei 2015|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFNYCDITT2015}}

* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=22 Oktober 2019|url=|title=A History of New York in 27 Buildings The 400-Year Untold Story of an American Metropolis|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781620409817|pages=|chapter=Flat Iron Building|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFRoberts2019}}

* {{Cite book|last=Stern|first=Robert A. M.|last2=Gilmartin|first2=Gregory|last3=Massengale|first3=John M.|date=1983|url=https://archive.org/details/newyork1900metro0000ster|title=New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism 1890-1915|location=New York|publisher=Rizzoli|isbn=0-8478-0511-5|oclc=9829395|pages=164, 167|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983}}

* {{Cite book|last=Terranova|first=Antonino|last2=Valeria|first2=Manferto|date=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/greatskyscrapers0000terr|title=Skyscrapers|location=Vercelli|publisher=White Star|isbn=88-8095-230-7|pages=|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFTerranovaValeria2003}}

* {{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 April 1900|title=Fifth Avenue Hotel Sold for $4,225,000; W.P. Eno's Record Bid for New York Real Estate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1900/04/27/archives/fifth-avenue-hotel-sold-for-4225000-wp-enos-record-bid-for-new-york.html|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007125721/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/04/27/archives/fifth-avenue-hotel-sold-for-4225000-wp-enos-record-bid-for-new-york.html|archive-date=7 Oktober 2019|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFTNYT1900}}

* {{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 November 1900|title=Gift for the Hall of Fame; Bronze Relief of Washington's Inauguration Presented -- New York University Appointment.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1900/11/27/archives/gift-for-the-hall-of-fame-bronze-relief-of-washingtons-inauguration.html|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904025232/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/11/27/archives/gift-for-the-hall-of-fame-bronze-relief-of-washingtons-inauguration.html|archive-date=4 September 2022|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFTNYTN1900}}

* {{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1 Januari 1905|title=New York Times Building Supplement|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/01/01/101351077.html?pageNumber=20|newspaper=The New York Times|page=BS7|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907134114/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/01/01/101351077.html?pageNumber=20|archive-date=7 September 2022|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFTNYT1905}}

* {{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 Juli 1933|title=Flatiron Building Made History Here; Skyscraper of 31 Years Ago Was First in City to Be Built on Steel Frame|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/02/archives/flatiron-building-made-history-here-skyscraper-of-31-years-ago-was.html|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904000617/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/02/archives/flatiron-building-made-history-here-skyscraper-of-31-years-ago-was.html|archive-date=4 September 2022|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFTNYT1933}}

* {{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 November 1900|title=To Improve 'Eno's Flatiron'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108884730/to-improve-enos-flatiron/|newspaper=The Standard Union|pages=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904025231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108884730/to-improve-enos-flatiron/|archive-date=4 September 2022|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFTSU1900}}

* {{Cite book|last=White|first=Norval|last2=Willensky|first2=Elliot|last3=Leadon|first3=Fran|date=9 Juni 2010|url=|title=AIA Guide to New York City|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19538-386-7|edition=5th|pages=273|url-status=live|ref=CITEREFWhiteWillenskyLeadon2010}}

* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 April 2014|title=Treasures of New York: The Flatiron Building|url=https://www.wliw.org/programs/treasures-of-new-york/treasures-new-york-treasures-new-york-flatiron-building/|website=WLIW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202180142/https://www.wliw.org/programs/treasures-of-new-york/treasures-new-york-treasures-new-york-flatiron-building/|archive-date=2 Februari 2020|access-date=2 November 2022|ref=CITEREFWLIW2014}}

{{Refbegin}}

* {{Cite book|last=Berman|first=Miriam|date=2001|url=|title=Madison Square: The Park and Its Celebrated Landmarks|location=Layton, Utah|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=9781586850371|pages=|url-status=live}}

{{Refend}}

 

* {{official site|https://sorgentegroupofamerica.com}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150911110814/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/114793/flatiron-building-new-york-city-ny-usa Gedung Flatiron di Emporis]

 

[[Kategori:23rd Street (Manhattan)]]