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{{Demokrasi}}
'''Demokrasi Islam''' adalah demokrasi ideologi politik yang berusaha menerapkan prinsip-prinsip [[Islam]] ke dalam [[kebijakan publik]] dalam kerangka [[demokrasi]]. Teori politik Islam menyebutkan tiga ciri dasar demokrasi Islam: pemimpin harus dipilih oleh rakyat, tunduk pada [[syariah]], dan berkomitmen untuk mempraktekkan "syura", sebuah bentuk konsultasi khusus yang dilakukan oleh [[Nabi MuhammadIslam SAW[[Muhammad]] yang dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai hadits dengan komunitas mereka.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Najib |last=Ghadbian |date=July 6, 2003 |title=Democracy or Self-Interest? |url=http://hir.harvard.edu/chinademocracy-or-self-interest/ |journal=Harvard International Review |accessdate=2011-10-19 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Negara-negara yang memenuhi tiga ciri dasar tersebut antara lain [[Iran]] dan [[Malaysia]]. [[Afghanistan]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Qatar]], dan [[Uni Emirat Arab]] adalah contoh negara yang ''tidak'' menganut prinsip demokrasi Islam meski negara-negara Islam, karena negara-negara ini tidak mengadakan pemilihan. Pelaksanaan demokrasi Islam berbeda di negara-negara mayoritas muslim, karena interpretasi syariah berbeda-beda dari satu negara ke negara lain, dan penggunaan syariah lebih komprehensif di negara-negara di mana syariah menjadi dasar bagi undang-undang negara.
 
Konsep liberalisme dan partisipasi demokratis sudah ada di [[Zaman Kejayaan Islam|dunia Islam abad pertengahan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Weeramantry |first=Christopher G. |date=1997 |title=Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights |publisher=Kluwer Law International |location=The Hague |pages=134–5 |isbn=90-411-0241-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Antony T. |date=January–February 1997 |title=Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society |url=http://www.wrmea.org/1997-january-february/istanbul-conference-traces-islamic-roots-of-western-law-society.html |journal=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] |page=36 |accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Lenn Evan |date=2003 |title=Islamic Humanism |url=https://archive.org/details/islamichumanism0000good |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamichumanism0000good/page/155 155] |isbn=0-19-513580-6}}</ref> [[Kekhalifahan Rasyidin]] dianggap oleh para pendukungnya sebagai contoh awal sebuah negara demokratis dan diklaim bahwa perkembangan demokrasi di dunia Islam akhirnya terhenti setelah [[Hubungan Sunni-Syiah|perpecahan Sunni–Syiah]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=al-Hibri |first=Azizah Y. |title=Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1998–1999 |pages=492–527 [507–25]}}</ref>
 
== Partai dan Organisasi Demokratis Islam ==
Berikut ini adalah daftar partai dan organisasi yang bertujuan untuk menerapkan syariat atau negara Islam, atau menganut [[identitas politik]] muslim, atau dengan cara lain memenuhi definisi politik Islam, aktivis Islam, atau Islamisme yang dijelaskan dalam artikel ini; atau telah banyak dideskripsikan oleh orang lain.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Negara atau jangkauan!!Gerakan
|-
|Internasional||{{hlist||[[Hizbut Tahrir]]|[[Ikhwanul Muslimin]]}}
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|{{flag|Bahrain}}||{{hlist|[[Al Wifaq]] {{small|(''Syiah'')}}|[[Perkumpulan Islam Al-Minbar|Al Minbar]] {{small|(''Sunni'')}}<ref name="wikileaks">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/168471 Guide to Bahrain's politics] – 4 Sep 2008. [[J. Adam Ereli|Ambassador Ereli]], US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/''The Guardian''</ref>}}
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|{{flag|Bangladesh}}||[[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]]<ref name="The Tenacity of Hope">{{cite magazine |title=The Tenacity of Hope |url=http://www.economist.com/node/12855437 |magazine=The Economist |date=30 December 2008 |accessdate=25 October 2014 |quote=[The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{cite magazine |title=Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16485517?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=1 July 2010 |quote=West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standardbearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam.}}</ref> {{small|(''Dilarang'')}}
|-▼
|{{flag|Mesir}}||{{hlist|[[Partai Kebebasan dan Keadilan]]|[[Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir]]|[[Partai Al-Nur]]|[[Partai Al-Wasath]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament] ''The New York Times''.</ref>}}▼
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|{{flag|Finlandia}}||[[Partai Islam Finlandia]]
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▲|{{flag|Mesir}}||{{hlist|[[Partai Kebebasan dan Keadilan]] {{small|(''Dilarang'')}}|[[Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir]] {{small|(''Dilarang'')}}|[[Partai Al-Nur]]|[[Partai Al-Wasath]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament] ''The New York Times''.</ref>}}
▲|-
|{{flag|India}}||{{hlist|[[Jamaat-e-Islami India]]|[[Liga Persatuan Muslim India]]|[[Liga Nasional India]]|[[Konferensi Seluruh Partai Hurriyat|Konferensi Hurriyat]]|[[AIUDF]]|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]}}
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|{{flag|Indonesia}}||{{hlist|[[Nahdlatul Ulama]]|[[Muhammadiyah]]|[[Partai PersatuanKeadilan PembangunanSejahtera]]|[[Partai KeadilanKebangkitan SejahteraBangsa]]|[[Partai KebangkitanAmanat BangsaNasional]]|ref name="Evans, Kevin R 2003">Evans, Kevin R (2003). ''The history of political parties & general elections in Indonesia''. Jakarta:Arise Consultancies.</ref><ref name="Schwarz, 1994 172">{{cite book |last= Schwarz |first= Adam|title= A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |url= https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw |year= 1994 |publisher= Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-521-77326-1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/172 172]}}</ref><ref name="Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within">Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219200554/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579 Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within]. Yale Global.</ref>}}
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|{{flag|Iran}}||{{hlist|[[Aliansi Pembangunan Islam Iran]]|[[Front Partisipasi Islam Iran]]}}
Baris 32 ⟶ 30:
|{{flag|Kuwait}}||[[Hadas]]
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}||{{hlist|[[HezbollahHizbullah (Lebanon)|Hizbullah]] {{small|(''Syiah'')}}|[[Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah (Lebanon)|Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah]] {{small|(''Sunni'')}}<ref name="meforum.org"/>}}
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|{{flag|Libya}}||{{hlist|[[Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan (Libya)|Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan]]<ref name="libyaherald.com">{{Cite news |title=Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=3 March 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/muslim-brotherhood-formally-launches-party/|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Soguel">{{Cite news|first=Dominique|last=Soguel|title=Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=8 March 2012|date=3 March 2012|work=Times of India|location=Tripoli|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-03/middle-east/31118855_1_gaddafi-party-north-african-nation|archive-date=2012-07-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701141951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-03/middle-east/31118855_1_gaddafi-party-north-african-nation|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|[[Partai Tanah Air]]<ref>{{citation|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|title=Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 December 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/03/political-islam-poised-arab-spring|accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Sallabi's views">{{cite news|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/world/africa/in-libya-islamists-growing-sway-raises-questions.html?pagewanted=all|title=Islamists’ Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Richard|last=Spencer|title=Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 November 2011|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8879955/Libyan-cleric-announces-new-party-on-lines-of-moderate-Islamic-democracy.html|accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref>|[[Aliansi Angkatan Bersenjata Nasional]]<ref name="Haimzadeh"/><ref name=lherald>{{Citation |first=George |last=Grant |title=Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=1 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/01/party-profile-the-national-forces-alliance/}}</ref>
Baris 66 ⟶ 64:
|{{flag|Somalia}}||[[Partai Perdamaian dan Pembangunan]]
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|{{flag|Suriah}}||[[Ikhwanul Muslimin di Suriah]]<ref name=wp05122012>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt] By Liz Sly, [[Washington Post]] 12 May 2012</ref><ref name=reuters>Khaled Yacoub Oweis [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235535/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 |date=2015-10-15 }} Reuters (6 May 2012).</ref><ref name=ikhwanweb>[http://ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29851 "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043505/http://ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29851 |date=January 17, 2013 }} ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood’s Official English web site) (7 April 2012).</ref> {{small|(''Dilarang'')}}
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|{{flag| Tajikistan}}||[[Partai Kebangkitan Islam Tajikistan]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
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|{{flag|Turki}}||{{hlist|[[Partai Bahagia]]|[[Partai Penyeru Kebebasan]]|[[Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=akp-explains-charter-changes-slams-foreign-descriptions-2010-03-28|work=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=21 July 2014|location=Istanbul|date=2010-03-28|quote="In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-leaning,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us," Çelik said. "Yes, the AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues."}}</ref>}}
Baris 82 ⟶ 78:
* [http://islamicamagazine.com/Issue.aspx?IsCurrent=Yes Democracy and the Muslim World (series of articles on Islam and Democracy from Islamica Magazine)]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/125/story_12584_1.html Islamic Democracies (article)]
* [http://www.ccd21.org/conferences/wwconf_transript2.htm Preview of the Seoul Conference on The Community of Democracies: Challenges and Threats to Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20130112200145/http://www.ccd21.org/conferences/wwconf_transript2.htm |date=2013-01-12 }}
* Marina Ottoway, et al., '''"Democratic Mirage in the Middle East,"''' Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20, 2002). Internet, available online at: http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html
* On Ethical Democracy (includng Islamic Democracy): http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org
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