Portland, Oregon: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Perbaikan untuk PW:CW (Fokus: Minor/komestika; 1, 48, 64) + genfixes |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
||
| (4 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 232:
Sensus 2010 melaporkan kota Portland memiliki ras/etnisitas meliputi: 76,1% [[Ras dan etnisitas di Sensus Amerika Serikat|Kulit Putih]] (444.254 jiwa), 7,1% [[Asia Amerika|Asia]] (41.448 jiwa), 6,3% Kulit Hitam atau Afrika-Amerika (36.778), 1,0% Penduduk Asli Amerika (5.838), 0,5% Kepulauan Pasifik (2.919), 4,7% memiliki dua atau lebih kelompok ras (24.437) dan 5,0% memiliki ras yang lain (28.987).<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov">{{cite web|title=Portland (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805115133/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|archive-date=August 5, 2012|access-date=October 17, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Terdapat 9,4% ras/etnis [[Hispanik dan Latino Amerika|Hispanik]] atau Latino dari ras apa pun (54.840). Kulit putih yang bukan berasal dari Hispanik terdiri 72,2% dari total populasi.<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov" />{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Racial Makeup of Portland (2019)<ref name=Portland-B03002-2019>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03002&g=1600000US4159000&y=2019&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03002&hidePreview=true|title=B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Portland - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>|label1=Kulit putih (tunggal)|value1=77.26|color2=#36A|label2=Kulit hitam (tunggal)|value2=5.64|color1=#6A5|label3=Penduduk Asli Amerika (tunggal)|value3=0.76|color3=#FF33AC|label4=Asia (tunggal)|value4=8.15|color4=#1A9|label5=Penduduk Kepulauan Pasifik (tunggal)|value5=0.33|color5=#E17720|label6=Beberapa ras lain (tunggal)|value6=2.18|color6=#F0FF00|label7=Dua atau lebih ras|value7=5.68|color7=#64ECDF}}The 2010 census reported the city as 76.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (444,254 people), 7.1% [[Asian American|Asian]] (41,448), 6.3% Black or African American (36,778), 1.0% Native American (5,838), 0.5% Pacific Islander (2,919), 4.7% belonging to two or more racial groups (24,437) and 5.0% from other races (28,987).<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov"/> 9.4% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] or Latino, of any race (54,840). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2% of the total population.<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov" />
Pada tahun 1940, populasi Afrika-Amerika di Portland sekitar 2.000 dan sebagian besar terdiri dari karyawan kereta api dan keluarganya.<ref name="maccoll">{{Cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|year=1979|title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/growthofcitypowe0000macc|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=The Georgian Press|isbn=978-0-9603408-1-1}}</ref> Selama ledakan konstruksi [[Liberty Ship|Kapal Liberty]] di masa perang, kebutuhan akan pekerja membuat menarik banyak orang kulit hitam ke kota Portland. Masuknya orang kulit hitam baru yang menetap di lingkungan tertentu, seperti distrik [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]] dan [[Albina, Oregon|Vanport]]. Pada Banjir Mei 1948 yang menghancurkan Vanport menghilangkan satu-satunya lingkungan terpadu, dan membuat berlanjutnya orang kulit hitam masuk ke kuadran timur laut kota.<ref name="maccoll" /> Perpaduan ras dalam [[Stevedore|pekerja pelabuhan]] Portland digambarkan sebagai "''lily-white''" pada 1960-an ketika [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] setempat menolak untuk mewakili penanganan biji-bijian dikarenakan beberapa orang kulit hitam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Marc|year=2008|title=The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger|title-link=The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13640-0}} Related sources noted by Levinson: Journal of Negro History 65, no. 1 (1980): 27; Clyde W. Summers, "Admission Policies of Labor Unions", Quarterly Journal of Economics 61, no. 1 (1946): 98; Wilson, Dockers, p. 29. The Portland grain workers' case is mentioned in Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States (New York, 1972), p. 368. 16. On Portland, see Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen, p. 17;</ref>
Lebih dari dua pertiga penduduk Afrika-Amerika Oregon tinggal di Portland.<ref name="maccoll" /> Pada sensus tahun 2000, tiga sekolah menengahnya (Cleveland, Lincoln dan Wilson) memiliki lebih dari 70% Kulit Putih yang mencerminkan populasi keseluruhan, sementara [[Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon)|Jefferson High School]] memiliki populasi 87% non-Kulit Putih. Enam sekolah yang tersisa memiliki jumlah non-kulit putih yang lebih tinggi, termasuk kulit hitam dan Asia. Rata-rata siswa Hispanik memiliki populasi 3,3% di Wilson hingga 31% di [[Roosevelt High School (Oregon)|Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Management Information Services|year=2002|title=Abernethy Elementary School: Recent Enrollment Trends, 1995–96 through 2002–03|url=http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf|publisher=[[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307171009/http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf|archive-date=March 7, 2012|access-date=September 1, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baris 1.351:
Portland adalah tempat bagi berbagai institusi seni pertunjukan klasik, termasuk diantaranya [[Portland Opera]], [[Oregon Symphony]], dan [[Portland Youth Philharmonic]]. Portland Youth Philharmonic didirikan pada tahun 1924 merupakan orkestra pemuda pertama yang didirikan di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 6, 2009|title=Latest 'Oregon Experience' chronicles a violin teacher's legacy|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2009/11/latest_oregon_experience_chron.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref> Kota Portland juga merupakan tempat bagi beberapa teater dan institusi seni pertunjukan, termasuk [[Oregon Ballet Theatre]], Northwest Children's Theatre, [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Artists Repertory Theatre]], dan [[Milagro (teater)|Miracle Theatre]].
Pada tahun 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]'' menyebut dunia musik kota Portland sebagai salah satu yang "paling bersemangat" di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Rayburn, Aaron|author2=Vickery, Ben|date=May 24, 2013|title=Top 10 live music venues in Portland, Oregon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/25/top-10-live-music-venues-portland-oregon|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> Portland adalah tempat bagi band-band terkenal, seperti [[The Kingsmen|Kingsmen]] dan [[Paul Revere & The Raiders|Paul Revere & the Raiders]], keduanya terkenal karena asosiasi mereka dengan lagu "[[Louie Louie]]" (1963).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ely|first=Jack|title=The Kingsmen Homepage|url=http://www.louielouie.org/|publisher=The Kingsmen Online|access-date=December 6, 2012}}</ref> Grup musik terkenal lainnya termasuk diantaranya [[The Dandy Warhols|Dandy Warhols]], [[Quarterflash]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]], [[Pink Martini]], [[Sleater-Kinney]], [[Blitzen Trapper]], [[The Decemberists|Decemberists]], dan mendiang [[Elliott Smith]]. Baru-baru ini yang terkenal seperti [[Portugal. The Man]], [[Modest Mouse]], dan [[The Shins|Shins]] telah membuat rumah mereka di Portland. Pada 1980-an, kota Portland menjadi rumah bagi kancah punk yang berkembang, termasuk band-band seperti [[Wipers (band)|Wipers]] dan [[Dead Moon]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Hann, Michael|date=January 20, 2015|title=Cult heroes: Wipers – the sound of emptiness and dread|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/jan/22/cult-heroes-wipers-greg-sage-punk-portland|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref> Klub malam [[Satyricon (Klub malam)|Satyricon]] yang sekarang telah dibongkar di kota Portland merupakan tempat punk yang terkenal sebagai tempat pentolan grup musik [[Nirvana (grup musik)|Nirvana]] serta vokalisnya [[Kurt Cobain]] pertama kali bertemu calon istrinya dan vokalis [[Hole]] [[Courtney Love]] pada tahun 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kurt Cobain|url=http://www.biography.com/print/profile/kurt-cobain-9542179|work=Biography.com|access-date=May 17, 2010|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114011736/http://www.biography.com/print/profile/kurt-cobain-9542179|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Love kemudian menjadi penduduk Portland dan memulai beberapa band di sana dengan [[Kat Bjelland]], kemudian [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes di Toyland]].<ref name="e_weeklykennedy">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,303306,00.html|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|title=The Power of Love|first=Dana|last=Kennedy|date=August 12, 1994|access-date=October 20, 2010|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709093133/http://www.ew.com/article/1994/08/12/courtney-love-comes-out-hiding|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="e_true">"Courtney Love". The E! True Hollywood Story. October 5, 2003. E!.</ref> Artis jazz pemenang penghargaan Multi-[[Penghargaan Grammy|Grammy]] [[Esperanza Spalding]] berasal dari Portland dan tampil bersama Chamber Music Society of Oregon pada usia muda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hughley, Marty|date=February 11, 2011|title=Esperanza Spalding didn't come out of the blue to beat Justin Bieber at the Grammys – she came from Portland's jazz community|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/music/index.ssf/2011/02/esperanza_spalding_didnt_come_out_of_the_blue.html|work=Oregon Live|access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref>
Berbagai macam [[Daftar film yang direkam di Oregon|film telah direkam]] di Portland, dari berbagai film panjang/utama independen hingga produksi anggaran besar. Sutradara [[Gus Van Sant]] telah membuat dan merekam banyak filmnya di kota Portland. Kota Portland juga telah ditampilkan dalam berbagai program televisi, terutama serial [[komedi sketsa]] dari [[IFC (saluran TV Amerika)|IFC]] yang berjudul ''[[Portlandia]]''. Serial ini, yang berlangsung selama delapan musim dari 2011 hingga 2018,<ref>{{cite web|author=Scott, Aaron|date=January 18, 2018|title='Portlandia' Is Ending, And Portlanders Are OK With That|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/18/578887753/portlandia-is-ending-and-portlanders-are-ok-with-that|publisher=NPR|access-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref> diambil di lokasi di Portland, dan menyindir kota Portland sebagai pusat politik liberal, makanan organik, gaya hidup alternatif, dan sikap anti kemapanan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Hsu|date=September 28, 2012|title=Talking Portlandia With Fred Armisen|url=http://www.waaf.com/Talking-Portlandia-With-Fred-Armisen/11304434?pid=268536|publisher=WAAF Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921124433/http://www.waaf.com/Talking-Portlandia-With-Fred-Armisen/11304434?pid=268536|archive-date=September 21, 2013|access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> Reality show MTV yang sudah lama berjalan, ''[[The Real World (series TV)|The Real World]]'', juga mengambil gambar di Portland untuk musim ke-29 acara: ''[[The Real World: Portland]]'' ditayangkan perdana di [[MTV]] pada tahun 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turnquist, Kristi|date=March 21, 2013|title=MTV goes 'Real World' retro in run-up to 'The Real World: Portland'|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2013/03/mtv_goes_real_world_retro_in_r.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref> Serial televisi lainnya yang mengambil gambar di kota Portland diantaranya termasuk [[Leverage (series TV Amerika)|''Leverage'']], [[The Librarians (TV series 2014)|''The Librarians'']],<ref>{{cite web|date=March 8, 2018|title=TNT cancels Portland-filmed series, 'The Librarians'|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2018/03/tnt_cancels_portland-filmed_se.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref> [[Under Suspicion (series TV)|''Under Suspicion'']], ''[[Grimm (seri televisi)|Grimm]]'', dan ''[[Nowhere Man (series TV Amerika)|Man Nowhere]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turnquist, Kristi|date=November 22, 2017|title=23 TV series set in Oregon, ranked: Most memorable to totally forgettable|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2017/11/22_tv_series_set_in_oregon_ran.html|work=The Oregonian}}</ref>
Keistimewaan yang tidak biasa dari hiburan Portland adalah sejumlah besar bioskop yang menyajikan bir, seringnya dengan film ''second-run'' atau film kebangkitan.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 26, 2013|title=Portland brew 'n' view theaters|url=http://www.travelportland.com/article/portland-brew-n-view-theaters/|work=Travel Portland|access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Contoh terkenal diambil dari teater "brew and view" termasuk di [[Bagdad Theatre|Bagdad Theatre and Pub]], bekas teater [[vaudeville]] yang dibangun pada tahun 1927 oleh [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]];{{sfn|Palahniuk|2003|pages=63–64}} [[Cinema 21]]; dan [[Laurelhurst Theater]], yang beroperasi sejak 1923. Portland menjadi tempat bagi Festival Film [[H. P. Lovecraft]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Ogden, Tom|date=2010|title=Haunted Hotels: Eerie Inns, Ghoulish Guests, and Creepy Caretakers|url=https://archive.org/details/hauntedhotelseri0000ogde|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0762756599|page=[https://archive.org/details/hauntedhotelseri0000ogde/page/10 10]}}</ref> terlama di dunia di [[Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lovecraft Film Festival Official site|url=http://www.hplfilmfestival.com/|access-date=November 25, 2007}}</ref>
=== Musium dan rekreasi ===
Portland adalah tempat bagi banyak museum dan institusi pendidikan, mulai dari museum seni hingga institusi yang didedikasikan untuk sains dan satwa liar. Di antara institusi yang berorientasi sains diantaranya adalah [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI), yang terdiri dari lima aula utama dan daya pikat lainnya, seperti kapal selam ''[[USS Blueback (SS-581)|USS Blueback]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Pitawanich, Christine|date=December 19, 2017|title=Fond memories aboard USS Blueback submarine featured at OMSI|url=http://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/fond-memories-aboard-uss-blueback-submarine-featured-at-omsi/500853963|work=KGW|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180402004854/http://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/fond-memories-aboard-uss-blueback-submarine-featured-at-omsi/500853963|archive-date=April 2, 2018|access-date=April 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Empirical Theater dengan layar ultra-besar (yang menggantikan sebuah teater OMNIMAX pada tahun 2013),<ref>{{cite web|author=Mohan, Marc|date=September 5, 2013|title=Omnimax says goodbye; Bagdad goes first-run: Indie theater news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2013/09/change_projected_at_three_port.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> dan [[Planetarium]] Kendall.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anderson, John Gottberg|date=August 20, 2017|title=Observatories and planetariums within a day's drive of Bend|url=http://www.bendbulletin.com/lifestyle/5520489-151/observatories-and-planetariums-within-a-days-drive-of|work=The Bulletin|location=Bend, Oregon|access-date=April 1, 2018|archive-date=2018-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163207/http://www.bendbulletin.com/lifestyle/5520489-151/observatories-and-planetariums-within-a-days-drive-of|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[World Forestry Center Discovery Museum]], yang terletak di area kota [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]], menawarkan pameran pendidikan tentang hutan dan mata pelajaran yang berhubungan dengan hutan. Juga terletak di [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] terdapat [[Hoyt Arboretum|Arboretum Hoyt]], [[International Rose Test Garden]], [[Portland Japanese Garden|Japanese Garden]], dan [[Oregon Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Hale, Jamie|date=May 11, 2016|title=Portland hiking guide: The 20 best places to hike in the city|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2016/05/portland_hiking_guide.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref>
[[Portland Art Museum]] memiliki koleksi seni terbesar di kota dan menyajikan berbagai pameran tur setiap tahun dan ditambah dengan penambahan sayap Modern and Contemporary Art baru-baru ini, museum Portland Art Museum menjadi salah satu dari 25 museum terbesar di Amerika Serikat. Oregon Historical Society Museum, didirikan pada tahun 1898 yang memiliki berbagai buku, film, gambar, artefak, dan peta yang berasal dari sejarah Oregon. [[Oregon Historical Society Museum]] menampung pameran permanen dan pameran sementara tentang sejarah Oregon, dan menyelenggarakan pameran keliling tentang sejarah Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon Historical Society Museum|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/museumday/venues/museum/oregon-history-museum/|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101845/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/museumday/venues/museum/oregon-history-museum/|archive-date=April 2, 2018|access-date=March 31, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baris 1.593:
* {{cite book|author1=Allen, John Elliott|author2=Burns, Marjorie|author3=Sargent, Sam C.|year=2009|title=Cataclysms on the Columbia|publisher=Ooligan Press|isbn=978-1-93201-031-2|ref={{SfnRef|Allen|Burns|Sargent|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Heather Arndt|year=2014|title=Portland: A Food Biography|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-44222-738-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Barth, Jack|year=1991|title=Roadside Hollywood:The Movie Lover's State-By-State Guide to Film Locations, Celebrity Hangouts, Celluloid Tourist Attractions, and More|url=https://archive.org/details/roadsidehollywoo0000bart|publisher=Contemporary Books|ref={{SfnRef|Barth|1991}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Chandler, J.D.|year=2013|title=Hidden History of Portland, Oregon|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhistoryofp0000chan|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-62619-198-3|ref={{SfnRef|Chandler|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Falsetto, Mario|year=2015|title=Conversations with Gus Van Sant|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-44224-766-6|ref={{SfnRef|Falsetto|2015}}}}
* {{cite book|author1=Freilich, Robert H|author2=Sitkowski, Robert J.|author3=Mennilo, Seth D.|year=2010|title=From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development|publisher=Amer-Bar-Asso|ref={{SfnRef|Freilich|Sitkowski|Mennilo|2010}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Human Rights Campaign|date=2013|title=Healthcare Equality Index 2013|publisher=HRC|isbn=978-1-934765-27-2}}
* {{cite book|author=John, Finn|year=2012|title=Wicked Portland: The Wild and Lusty Underworld of a Frontier Seaport Town|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-1-60949-578-7|ref={{SfnRef|John|2012}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Marschner|first=Janice|date=2008|title=Oregon 1859: A Snapshot in Time|url=https://archive.org/details/oregon1859snapsh0000mars|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-873-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/oregon1859snapsh0000mars/page/187 187]}}
* {{cite book|author=Mass, Clifford|year=2008|title=The Weather of the Pacific Northwest|url=https://archive.org/details/weatherofpacific0000mass|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-29598-847-4|ref={{SfnRef|Mass|2008}}}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Chuck Palahniuk|Palahniuk, Chuck]]|year=2003|title=Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon|title-link=Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon|publisher=Crown|isbn=978-1-40004-783-3|ref={{SfnRef|Palahniuk|2003}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Platt, Rutherford|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/humanemetropolis00ruth|title=The Humane Metropolis: People and Nature in the 21st-Century City|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-55849-554-8|ref={{SfnRef|Platt|2006}}}}
Baris 1.609:
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=C.|year=2001|title=Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest|url=https://archive.org/details/greaterportlandu0000abbo|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1779-9}}; [https://archive.org/details/greaterportlandu0000abbo full text online]
* Abbott, Carl. ''Portland in Three Centuries: The Place and the People'' (Oregon State University Press; 2011) 192 pages; scholarly history [https://archive.org/details/portlandinthreec0000abbo online]
* Abbott, Carl. ''Portland : gateway to the Northwest'' (1985) [https://archive.org/details/portlandgatewayt00abbo online]
* {{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=C.|year=2001|title=Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest|url=https://archive.org/details/greaterportlandu0000abbo|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1779-9}}; [https://archive.org/details/greaterportlandu0000abbo full text online]
* Hodges, Adam J. ''World War I and Urban Order: The Local Class Politics of National Mobilization.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
* {{Cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|year=1986|title=Far Corner: A Personal View of the Pacific Northwest|url=https://archive.org/details/farcornerpersona0000stew|location=Sausalito, California|publisher=Comstock Editions|isbn=978-0-89174-043-8|author-link=Stewart Holbrook|orig-year=Reprint of 1952 edition}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lansing|first=Jewel|year=2003|title=Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001|location=Corvallis|publisher=Oregon State University Press|isbn=978-0-87071-559-4|author-link=Jewel Lansing}}
* {{Cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|year=1976|title=The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Georgian Press|oclc=2645815}} [https://archive.org/details/merchantsmoneypo00macc online]
* {{Cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|year=1979|title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950|url=https://archive.org/details/growthofcitypowe0000macc|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Georgian Press|isbn=978-0-9603408-1-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=MacGibbon|first=Elma|year=1904|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=63|title=Leaves of knowledge|location=Spokane|publisher=Shaw & Borden Co|oclc=3877939|access-date=June 22, 2013}} Contents: "Elma MacGibbon reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington." Includes chapter "Portland, the Western Hub."
* {{Cite journal|last=O'Toole|first=Randal|author-link=Randal O'Toole|date=July 9, 2007|title=Debunking Portland: The City That Doesn't Work|url=http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa-596.pdf|journal=Policy Analysis|volume=596|oclc=164599623|access-date=June 22, 2013}}
Baris 1.629:
* [http://www.portlandalliance.com/ Portland Business Alliance - Portland Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.travelportland.com/ Travel Portland]
* [http://www.travelportland.com/ Portland's Visitor Association] – situs resmi [[visitors' bureau]]
{{Negara-geo-stub|Amerika Serikat}}▼
[[Kategori:Kota di Oregon]]
▲{{Negara-geo-stub|Amerika Serikat}}
| |||