Polusi pertanian: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Pestisida]] dan [[herbisida]] biasa digunakan dalam [[Pertanian|sektor pertanian]] dengan tujuan untuk membasmi [[Hama|hama-hama]] yang mengganggu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan [[tanaman]], yang berpotensi dapat mengganggu hasil [[produksi]] tanaman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/herbicide.htm|title=Herbicide|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soils.org/about-soils/contaminants|title=Soil contaminants {{!}} Soil Science Society of America|website=www.soils.org|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Tapi, penggunaan pestisida dalam sektor pertanian dapat mengakibatkan [[pencemaran lingkungan]] sekitar, contohnya seperti tanah yang terkontaminasi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1126974/|title=Polluting our soils is polluting our future|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Proses [[kontaminasi tanah]] terjadi ketika pestisida yang telah digunakan menumpuk dan bertahan di [[tanah]].<ref name="Aktar 1–12">{{Cite journal|last=Aktar|first=Md. Wasim|last2=Sengupta|first2=Dwaipayan|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Ashim|date=2009-3|title=Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7|issn=1337-6853|pmc=2984095|pmid=21217838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.envirotech-online.com/news/health-and-safety/10/breaking-news/what-is-soil-contamination-and-why-does-it-happen/32581|title=What is Soil Contamination? And Why Does It Happen?|last=Technology|first=International Environmental|website=Envirotech Online|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Pestisida yang berada di tanah tersebut dapat memicu proses [[metabolisme mikrobial]], meningkatkan penyerapan bahan kimia bagi tanaman, dan beracun bagi [[Organisme|organisme tanah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pesticidereform.org/pesticides-human-health/|title=Pesticides & Human Health {{!}} Californians for Pesticide Reform|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Waktu bertahan pestisida dan herbisida dapat bertahan di tanah tergantung dari bahan-bahan kimia atau senyawa yang terkandung di dalamnya.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastname="Aktar|first=Md. Wasim|last2=Sengupta|first2=Dwaipayan|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Ashim|date=2009-3|title=Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2478"/v10102-009-0001-7|issn=1337-6853|pmc=2984095|pmid=21217838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/890-what-is-in-soil|title=What is in soil?|website=Science Learning Hub|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Bahan-bahan yang terkandung didalam pestisida dan herbisida tersebut juga dapat mempengaruhi proses [[sorpsi]] dan kondisi lingkungan tanah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|title=Environmental Databases {{!}} Pesticides {{!}} US EPA|date=2014-07-04|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-08-01|archive-date=2014-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704074226/http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|dead-url=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmoanswers.com/ask/how-long-does-it-take-fertilizers-pesticides-herbicides-and-fungicides-break-down-soil-or-do|title=How long does it take for fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides to break down in the soil or do these chemicals stay in the soil indefinitely?|website=GMO Answers|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref>

Pestisida dapat terakumulasi pada hewan yang memakan [[hama]] dan organisme tanah yang telah terkontaminasi oleh pestisida.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashraf|first=Muhammad Aqeel|last2=Maah|first2=Mohd Jamil|last3=Yusoff|first3=Ismail|date=2014-03-26|title=Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination/soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation|journal=Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination|language=en|doi=10.5772/57287}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Selain itu, penggunaan pestisida secara berlebihan lebih berbahaya bagi hewan-hewan yang menguntungkan bagi tanaman, seperti serangga [[penyerbuk]], dan musuh alami dari hama (serangga yang memangsa hama) dibandingkan terhadap hama yang ingin kita basmi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/|title=Pollinators|website=www.fs.fed.us|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pollinator.org/pollinators|title=About Pollinators|website=Pollinator.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref name="Less Toxic Insecticides--UC IPM">{{Cite web|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/QT/lesstoxicinsecticidescard.html|title=Less Toxic Insecticides--UC IPM|website=ipm.ucanr.edu|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref>

[[Pelindian]] pestisida dapat terjadi ketika pestisida bercampur dengan [[air]] dan bergerak melalui tanah, sehingga berpotensi mencemari [[kualitas air]] tanah. Proses pelindian tersebut berkorelasi dengan karakteristik tanah dan pestisida tertentu serta tingkat curah hujan dan [[irigasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://water.unl.edu/article/crop-production/pesticide-leaching-runoff-management|title=Pesticide Leaching & Runoff Management {{!}} UNL Water|website=water.unl.edu|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Pelindian dapat terjadi apabila pestisida yang digunakan larut ke dalam air; apabila kondisi tanahnya cenderung berpasir; dan apabila kemampuan adsorpsi pestisida ke tanah rendah.<ref name="Less Toxic Insecticides--UC IPM"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pesticidestewardship.org/water/leaching/|title=The Problem of Leaching – Pesticide Environmental Stewardship|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/QT/lesstoxicinsecticidescard.html|title=Less Toxic Insecticides--UC IPM|website=ipm.ucanr.edu|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref>

Pupuk merupakan material yang ditambahkan pada [[media tanam]] atau [[tanaman]] untuk mencukupi kebutuhan [[hara]] yang diperlukan tanaman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soilsmatter.wordpress.com/2015/03/18/why-do-farmers-use-fertilizers/|title=Why do farmers use fertilizers?|last=soilsmatter2011|date=2015-03-18|website=Soils Matter, Get the Scoop!|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Pupuk biasanya digunakan sebagai sumber [[nutrisi]] tambahan, seperti [[nitrogen]], [[fosfor]], dan [[kalium]] yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman dan meningkatkan produksi hasil panen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/agriculture/agriculture-nutrient-management-and-fertilizer|title=Agriculture Nutrient Management and Fertilizer|last=US EPA|first=OECA|date=2015-08-11|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref> Material pupuk biasanya dapat berupa bahan [[Senyawa organik|organik]] ataupun non-organik ([[mineral]]). Meskipun demikian, penggunaan pupuk untuk tanaman yang tidak sesuai prosedur dapat mengakibatkan beberapa dampak buruk bagi lingkungan. Penggunaan pupuk yang berlebih dapat mengganggu siklus [[daur biogeokimia]] nutrisi dan mineral alami, serta dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia dan [[ekologi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_adverse_effects_of_fertilizer_application_on_crop_utilization|title=What are the adverse effects of fertilizer application on crop utilization?|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Weiwei|last2=Lin|first2=Manhong|last3=Zhou|first3=Hongyan|last4=Wu|first4=Hongmiao|last5=Li|first5=Zhaowei|last6=Lin|first6=Wenxiong|date=2019 Mei 28|title=The effects of chemical and organic fertilizer usage on rhizosphere soil in tea orchards|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217018|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e0217018|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217018|issn=1932-6203}}</ref>

[[Biogeokimia|Proses biogeokimia]] yang terjadi pada tanah dapat menghasilkan berbagai [[emisi gas rumah kaca]], termasuk [[Nitro oksida|Nitro Oksida]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freney|first=J.R.|date=1997-07-01|title=Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agriculture|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009702832489|journal=Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1023/A:1009702832489|issn=1573-0867}}</ref> Terlebih lagi, praktik dalam manajemen pertanian juga dapat mempengaruhi tingkat [[emisi]]. Sebagai contoh, tingkat persiapan lahan juga telah terbukti dapat mempengaruhi emisi Nitro Oksida<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacKenzie|first=A. F.|last2=Fan|first2=M. X.|last3=Cadrin|first3=F.|date=1998|title=Nitrous Oxide Emission in Three Years as Affected by Tillage, Corn-Soybean-Alfalfa Rotations, and Nitrogen Fertilization|url=https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=698–703|doi=10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x|issn=1537-2537|access-date=2020-08-01|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525181630/https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x|dead-url=yes}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7754e.pdf|title=Water pollution from agriculture:a global review|last=|first=|date=|website=www.fao.org|access-date=02-08-2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatri|first=Nitasha|last2=Tyagi|first2=Sanjiv|date=2015-01-02|title=Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2014.933716|journal=Frontiers in Life Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=23–39|doi=10.1080/21553769.2014.933716|issn=2155-3769}}</ref>

[[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian]] (Food and Agriculture Organizatio) [[PBB]] memperkirakan bahwa 18% gas rumah kaca antropogenik berasal dari sektor peternakan dunia. Laporan tersebut juga menyarankan bahwa emisi dari sektor peternakan lebih besar daripada emisi dari sektor transportasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sejian|first=Veerasamy|last2=Bhatta|first2=Raghavendra|last3=Malik|first3=Pradeep Kumar|last4=Madiajagan|first4=Bagath|last5=Al-Hosni|first5=Yaqoub Ali Saif|last6=Gaughan|first6=Megan Sullivan and John B.|date=2016-03-30|title=Livestock as Sources of Greenhouse Gases and Its Significance to Climate Change|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/greenhouse-gases/livestock-as-sources-of-greenhouse-gases-and-its-significance-to-climate-change|journal=Greenhouse Gases|language=en|doi=10.5772/62135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0701e.pdf|title=livestock's long shadow|last=|first=|date=|website=www.fao.org|access-date=02-08-2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Sektor peternakan dunia saat ini dipandang sebagai salah satu sumber penghasil emisi gas rumah kaca, namun perkiraan tersebut dianggap sebagai representasi yang keliru. Sementara di sisi lain, [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian|FAO]] menggunakan penilaian siklus hidup peternakan hewan (semua aspek termasuk emisi dari tanaman pakan, transportasi ke proses pemotongan, dan lain sebagainya), namun mereka tidak menerapkan penilaian tersebut untuk sektor transportasi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211309030016|title=Advances in Agronomy|last=Pitesky|first=Maurice E.|last2=Stackhouse|first2=Kimberly R.|last3=Mitloehner|first3=Frank M.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Academic Press|editor-last=Sparks|editor-first=Donald L.|series=Advances in Agronomy|volume=103|pages=1–40|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-2113(09)03001-6}}</ref>

[[Biopestisida]] merupakan [[pestisida]] yang berasal dari bahan alami (hewan, tumbuhan, [[mikroorganisme]], atau [[mineral]] tertentu). Biopestisida digunakan sebagai alternatif dari pestisida tradisional. Penggunaan biopestisida dapat mengurangi polusi pertanian karena aman untuk digunakan selama dalam penggunaan yang tepat sasaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/agriculture-and-climate/agricultural-practices/agricultural-pest-management/biopesticides/?id=1531920003497#:~:text=Biopesticides%20are%20pest%20management%20agents,,%20plants,%20animals%20and%20minerals.&text=Pests%20include%20diseases,%20insects,%20mites,reduce%20crop%20yield%20and%20quality.|title=Biopesticides|last=Canada|first=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;Government of|date=2018-07-20|website=www.agr.gc.ca|access-date=2020-08-05}}</ref> Selain itu, biopestisida biasanya tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap [[invertebrata]] atau [[vertebrata]] yang menguntungkan bagi tanaman, dan lebih mudah hilang setelah digunakan dibandingkan dengan pestisida biasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montesinos|first=Emilio|date=2003-12-01|title=Development, registration and commercialization of microbial pesticides for plant protection|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-003-0144-x|journal=International Microbiology|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=245–252|doi=10.1007/s10123-003-0144-x|issn=1618-1905}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Adisoemarto|last2=M|first2=Amir|last3=A|first3=Rahayu|last4=W|first4=Anggraitoningsih|last5=Y|first5=Rahayuningsih|date=1976|title=[Side effect of pesticides on non-target animal species (invertebrates)]. [Indonesian]|url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ID19770130342|language=Indonesian}}</ref>