Parasetamol: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 456349142
| IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-
| image = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg
| image2 = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
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<!--Clinical data-->
| pronounce = Parasetamol: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}}<br />Asetaminofen: {{IPAc-en|audio=Acetaminophen.ogg|ə|ˌ|s|iː|t|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|f|ɨ|n}}
| tradename =
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|acetaminophen}}
| MedlinePlus = a681004
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| legal_UK = GSL
| legal_US = OTC
| routes_of_administration =
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
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| melting_point = 169
| boiling_point = 420
| melting_notes =<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ci0500132 | title = General Melting Point Prediction Based on a Diverse Compound Data Set and Artificial Neural Networks | year = 2005 | last1 = Karthikeyan | first1 = M. | last2 = Glen | first2 = R. C. | last3 = Bender | first3 = A. | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 581–590 | pmid = 15921448}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | title = melting point data for paracetamol | publisher = Lxsrv7.oru.edu | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | archive-date = 2012-06-30 | archive-url = https://archive.
| solubility = 7.21 g/kg (0 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/je990124v | title = Solubility of paracetamol in pure solvents |vauthors=Granberg RA, Rasmuson AC | journal = [[Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data]] | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 1391–95 | year = 1999}}</ref><br />
8.21 g/kg (5 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br />
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~14<!-- mg/ml (20 °C) is appended-->
}}
'''
Pada jangka waktu yang pendek, efek samping umum paracetamol mencakup [[mual]] dan nyeri perut.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=R. Andrew|last2=Moore|first2=Nicholas|date=2016-07-01|title=Paracetamol and pain: the kiloton problem|url=https://ejhp.bmj.com/content/23/4/187|journal=European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy|language=en|volume=23|issue=4|pages=187–188|doi=10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000952|issn=2047-9956|pmc=PMC6451482|pmid=31156845}}</ref><ref name="Conaghan 7–14">{{Cite journal|last=Conaghan|first=Philip G.|last2=Arden|first2=Nigel|last3=Avouac|first3=Bernard|last4=Migliore|first4=Alberto|last5=Rizzoli|first5=René|date=2019-04-01|title=Safety of Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|journal=Drugs & Aging|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9|issn=1179-1969|pmc=PMC6509082|pmid=31073920}}</ref> Penggunaan jangka panjang dapat mengakibatkan berkurangnya kadar [[hemoglobin]], salah satu ciri [[Pendarahan gastrointestinal|pendarahan saluran cerna]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Emmert|last2=Nunes|first2=Vanessa Delgado|last3=Buckner|first3=Sara|last4=Latchem|first4=Susan|last5=Constanti|first5=Margaret|last6=Miller|first6=Paul|last7=Doherty|first7=Michael|last8=Zhang|first8=Weiya|last9=Birrell|first9=Fraser|date=2016-03-01|title=Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies|url=https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/3/552|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|language=en|volume=75|issue=3|pages=552–559|doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914|issn=0003-4967|pmc=PMC4789700|pmid=25732175}}</ref> dan hasil uji [[fungsi hati]] yang abnormal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leopoldino|first=Amanda O|last2=Machado|first2=Gustavo C|last3=Ferreira|first3=Paulo H|last4=Pinheiro|first4=Marina B|last5=Day|first5=Richard|last6=McLachlan|first6=Andrew J|last7=Hunter|first7=David J|last8=Ferreira|first8=Manuela L|date=2019-02-25|title=Paracetamol versus placebo for knee and hip osteoarthritis|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013273|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=8|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd013273|issn=1465-1858|pmc=PMC6388567|pmid=30801133}}</ref> Terdapat hubungan antara dosis tinggi parasetamol dan peningkatan [[Mortalitas|kematian]] serta efek samping pada [[sistem peredaran darah]] ([[strok]], [[serangan jantung]]), saluran pencernaan ([[Ulkus peptikum|ulkus]], [[Pendarahan gastrointestinal|pendarahan]]),<ref name="
Dosis harian maksimum bagi orang dewasa adalah 3 - 4 gram.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title=Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/|website=nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the recommended maximum daily dosages of acetaminophen in adults and children?|url=https://www.medscape.com/answers/820200-27207/what-are-the-recommended-maximum-daily-dosages-of-acetaminophen-in-adults-and-children|website=www.medscape.com|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Machado|first=Gustavo C.|last2=Maher|first2=Chris G.|last3=Ferreira|first3=Paulo H.|last4=Pinheiro|first4=Marina B.|last5=Lin|first5=Chung-Wei Christine|last6=Day|first6=Richard O.|last7=McLachlan|first7=Andrew J.|last8=Ferreira|first8=Manuela L.|date=2015-03-31|title=Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1225|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=350|pages=h1225|doi=10.1136/bmj.h1225|issn=1756-1833|pmc=PMC4381278|pmid=25828856}}</ref> Dosis yang lebih tinggi dapat mengakibatkan efek racun, antara lain [[kegagalan fungsi hati]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref> [[Keracunan parasetamol|Keracunan paracetamol]] adalah penyebab utama [[kegagalan hati akut]] di [[Dunia Barat|Barat]] dan merupakan penyebab overdosis obat paling banyak di Amerika Serikat, Australia, dan Selandia Baru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daly|first=Frank F. S.|last2=Fountain|first2=John S.|last3=Murray|first3=Lindsay|last4=Graudins|first4=Andis|last5=Buckley|first5=Nicholas A.|date=2008|title=Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand — explanation and elaboration|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01625.x|journal=Medical Journal of Australia|language=en|volume=188|issue=5|pages=296–302|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01625.x|issn=1326-5377}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hawkins|first=Leonard C.|last2=Edwards|first2=John N.|last3=Dargan|first3=Paul I.|date=2007-06-01|title=Impact of Restricting Paracetamol Pack Sizes on Paracetamol Poisoning in the United Kingdom|url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002|journal=Drug Safety|language=en|volume=30|issue=6|pages=465–479|doi=10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002|issn=1179-1942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Anne M.|last2=Polson|first2=Julie|last3=Fontana|first3=Robert J.|last4=Davern|first4=Timothy J.|last5=Lalani|first5=Ezmina|last6=Hynan|first6=Linda S.|last7=Reisch|first7=Joan S.|last8=Schiødt|first8=Frank V.|last9=Ostapowicz|first9=George|date=2005|title=Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: Results of a United States multicenter, prospective study|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hep.20948|journal=Hepatology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=1364–1372|doi=10.1002/hep.20948|issn=1527-3350}}</ref>
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:Versi Amerika N-'''aset'''il-para-'''aminofen'''ol asetominofen
:Versi Inggris '''
== Sejarah ==
Sebelum penemuan asetaminofen, kulit
Karena pohon
Pada 1946, Lembaga Studi Analgesik dan Obat-obatan Sedatif telah memberi bantuan kepada Departemen Kesehatan New York untuk mengkaji masalah yang berkaitan dengan agen analgesik. [[Bernard Brodie]] dan [[Julius Axelrod]] telah ditugaskan untuk mengkaji mengapa agen bukan [[aspirin]] dikaitkan dengan adanya ''[[methemoglobinemia]]'', sejenis keadaan [[darah]] tidak berbahaya. Di dalam tulisan mereka pada 1948, Brodie dan Axelrod mengaitkan penggunaan asetanilida dengan ''methemoglobinemia'' dan mendapati pengaruh analgesik asetanilida adalah disebabkan metabolit parasetamol aktif. Mereka membela penggunaan parasetamol karena memandang bahan kimia ini tidak menghasilkan racun asetanilida.
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=== Demam ===
Parasetamol telah disetujui sebagai obat penurun demam untuk segala usia. [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|WHO]] hanya merekomendasikan penggunaan parasetamol sebagai penurun panas untuk anak-anak jika suhunya melebihi 38.5 C. Namun efektivitas parasetamol sendiri untuk demam anak masih dipertanyakan, jika dibandingkan dengan efektivitas [[ibuprofen]].
=== Nyeri ===
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== Referensi ==
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