Teori bencana Toba: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.2 |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
||
| (4 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 7:
|volcano = [[Danau Toba|Gunung berapi super Toba]]
|type = [[Ultra Plinian]]
|location = [[
|coordinates = {{Coord|2.6845|98.8756|region:ID_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title}}
|VEI = 8.3
Baris 14:
|map-size =
|map-caption = [[Danau Toba]] adalah [[danau kawah]] yang terbentuk pasca-letusan.
|impact = [[gunung berapi super#letusan super yang diketahui|Letusan super]] terkini; mengakibatkan [[musim dingin vulkanik]] di [[Bumi]] selama 6 tahun, mungkin menyebabkan [[penyusutan populasi|penyusutan]] evolusi manusia dan perubahan besar terhadap [[topografi]] daerah.<ref name="SavinoJones2007">{{cite book|author1=John Savino|author2=Marie D. Jones|title=Supervolcano: The Catastrophic Event That Changed the Course of Human History: Could Yellowstone Be Next|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tSIa0VQn1NQC&pg=PA140|year=2007|publisher=Career Press|isbn=978-1-56414-953-4|page=140}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2013|6|9}}
}}
{{Sejarah Indonesia|Prasejarah}}
Letusan super (''supereruption'') Toba adalah [[jenis letusan gunung berapi|letusan]] [[Gunung Toba]], sebuah [[gunung berapi super]], yang terjadi antara 69.000 dan
Peristiwa Toba merupakan letusan super yang paling sering diteliti.<ref><!-- name="T1" --> {{Harvnb|Chesner|others|1991}}, p. 200; {{Harvnb|Jones|2007}}, p. 174; {{Harvnb|Oppenheimer|2002}}, pp. 1593–1594; {{Harvnb|Ninkovich|others|1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://toba.arch.ox.ac.uk/index.htm |title=The Toba Supervolcano And Human Evolution |publisher=Toba.arch.ox.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-08-05 |archive-date=2012-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212021704/http://toba.arch.ox.ac.uk/index.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/VBigIdeas/Supereruptions_files/Super-eruptionsGeolSocLon.pdf</ref> pada tahun 1993, jurnalis sains Ann Gibbons memaparkan adanya hubungan antara letusan Toba dan penyusutan populasi manusia. Michael R. Rampino dari [[New York University]] dan Stephen Self dari [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]] mendukung ide tersebut. Tahun 1998, [[penyusutan penduduk|teori penyusutan]] dikembangkan lebih jauh oleh Stanley H. Ambrose dari [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]].
Baris 237:
|chapter= The Toba Supervolcanic Eruption: Tephra-Fall Deposits in India and Paleoanthropological Implications
|isbn= 1-4020-5561-7
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |last1=Ingman |first1=M |last2= Kaessmann|first2= H|last3= Pääbo|first3=S |last4=Gyllensten |first4= U|title=Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans |journal=Nature |volume=408 |issue=6813 |pages=708–13 |date=December 2000 |pmid=11130070 |doi=10.1038/35047064}}
* {{Citation |last1=Kaessmann |first1=H |last2=Pääbo |first2=S |title=The genetical history of humans and the great apes |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=251 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11851860 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0954-6820&date=2002&volume=251&issue=1&spage=1 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00907.x |accessdate=2014-03-19 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209034914/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0954-6820&date=2002&volume=251&issue=1&spage=1 |dead-url=yes }}
Baris 279:
|chapter= The GGE Threat: Facing and Coping with Global Geophysical Events
|isbn= 3-540-32709-6
|url= http://books.google.com/?id=
}}
* {{Citation |last1=Nielsen |first1 =R |last2= Beaumont |first2= MA |title=Statistical inferences in phylogeography |journal=Mol. Ecol. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1034–47 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19207258 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04059.x |url=}}
| |||