Gaya van der Waals: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gaya van der Waals''' dalam ilmu [[kimia]] merujuk pada jenis gaya antara [[molekul]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=van der Waals forces {{!}} chemistry and physics {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/van-der-Waals-forces|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727054052/https://www.britannica.com/science/van-der-Waals-forces|dead-url=no}}</ref> Istilah ini pada awalnya merujuk pada jenis gaya antarmolekul, dan hingga saat ini masih digunakan dalam pengertian tersebut, tetapi saat ini lebih umum merujuk pada gaya-gaya yang timbul dari [[polarisasi]] molekul menjadi [[dipol]].

Gaya ini dikemukakan pertama kali oleh [[Johannes van der Waals]] (1837-1923).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1910/waals/biographical/|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604025941/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1910/waals/biographical/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Gaya Van der Waals merupakan gaya tarik menarik listrik yang relatif lemah akibat kepolaran molekul yang permanen atau terinduksi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Van-der-Waals Attraction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_67891|journal=SpringerReference|location=Berlin/Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag}}</ref> Kepolaran permanen terjadi akibat kepolaran di dalam molekul, sedangkan kepolaran tidak permanen terjadi akibat molekul terinduksi oleh partikel lain yang bermuatan sehingga molekul bersifat polar sesaat secara spontan.

Konsep gaya tarik menarik antar molekul ini digunakan untuk menurunkan persamaan zat-zat yang berada dalam fase gas. Gaya ini terjadi karena adanya gaya tarik menarik antara inti atom dengan elektron atom lain yang disebut gaya tarik menarik elektrostatis ([[Hukum Coulomb|gaya coulomb]]) yang umumnya terdapat pada senyawa polar. Pada molekul non polar gaya Van Der Waals timbul karena adanya dipol-dipol sesaat atau gaya London.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vollbrecht|first=Cecilia|date=2021-12-21|title=London Dispersion and Van der Waals Forces|url=https://chemistrytalk.org/london-dispersion-van-der-waals/|website=ChemTalk|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322232915/https://chemistrytalk.org/london-dispersion-van-der-waals/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

'''Interaksi van der Waals''' teramati pada gas mulia, yang amat stabil dan cenderung tak berinteraksi. Hal ini menjelaskan sulitnya gas mulia untuk mengembun. Tetapi, makin besar ukuran atom gas mulia (makin banyak elektronnya) makin mudah gas tersebut berubah menjadi cairan.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2019-04-12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2-SDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|title=Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-813082-7|pages=280|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213195922/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2-SDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Ciri-ciri utama gaya van der Waals adalah:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Helmenstine|first=Anne Marie|date=30 November 2019|title=Van der Waals Forces: Properties and Components|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-van-der-waals-forces-604681|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2023-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308183751/https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-van-der-waals-forces-604681|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sethi|first=M. S.|last2=Satake|first2=M.|date=1992|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/912437861|title=Chemical bonding.|location=New Delhi|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=9788171411634|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2023-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709195251/https://www.worldcat.org/title/912437861|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* {{cite journal | first1 = I. D. | last1 = Dzyaloshinskii | first2 = E. M. | last2 = Lifshitz | first3 = Lev P. | last3 = Pitaevskii | title = Общая теория ван-дер-ваальсовых сил | url = http://ufn.ru/ufn61/ufn61_3/Russian/r613b.pdf | trans-title = Teori umum gaya van der Waals | journal = Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk | language = ru | volume = 73 | issue = 381 | date = 1961 | access-date = 2020-01-06 | archive-date = 2017-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809091100/http://ufn.ru/ufn61/ufn61_3/Russian/r613b.pdf | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Dieter Langbein | last = Langbein | first = Dieter | title = Theory of van der Waals Attraction | url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Theory_of_Van_der_Waals_Attraction/pJl0DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = New York, Heidelberg | date = 1974 | series = Springer Tracts in Modern Physics | volume = 72 | access-date = 2022-12-13 | archive-date = 2023-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230729164743/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Theory_of_Van_der_Waals_Attraction/pJl0DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 | dead-url = no }}

** terjemahan Inggris: {{cite journal | first = E. M. | last = Lifshitz | title = The Theory of Molecular Attractive Forces between Solids | url = https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/LifshitzTheory.pdf | journal = Soviet Phys. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | page = 73 | date = January 1956 | access-date = 2022-12-13 | archive-date = 2022-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221213200457/https://www.mit.edu/~kardar/research/seminars/Casimir/LifshitzTheory.pdf | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite web | publisher = Western Oregon University | url = http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch334/lecture/intermol/london.htm | title = London force animation | work = Intermolecular Forces | access-date = 2020-01-06 | archive-date = 2018-10-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181018002156/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch334/lecture/intermol/london.htm | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite book | first = J. | last = Lyklema | title = Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science | url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Interface_and_Colloid_Sc/roFTFahmLC4C?hl=en&gbpv=1 | page = 4.43 | access-date = 2022-12-13 | archive-date = 2023-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230729164726/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Interface_and_Colloid_Sc/roFTFahmLC4C?hl=en&gbpv=1 | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite book | last = Israelachvili | first = Jacob N. | title = Intermolecular and Surface Forces | url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Intermolecular_and_Surface_Forces/MVbWBhubrgIC?hl=en&gbpv=1 | publisher = [[Academic Press]] | date = 1992 | isbn = 9780123751812 | access-date = 2022-12-13 | archive-date = 2023-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230729164743/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Intermolecular_and_Surface_Forces/MVbWBhubrgIC?hl=en&gbpv=1 | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite web |url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml |title=What are van der Waals forces? |first=Fred |last=Senese |publisher=Frostburg State University |year=1999 |accessdate=1 March 2010 |archive-date=2000-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000425142019/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml |dead-url=no }} An introductory description of the van der Waals force (as a sum of attractive components only)

* {{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_full_learning_from_the_gecko_s_tail?language=en |title=Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail |date=1 February 2009 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |accessdate=5 October 2016 |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324134155/https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_full_learning_from_the_gecko_s_tail?language=en |dead-url=no }} TED Talk on biomimicry, including applications of van der Waals force.