Kuwait: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Emir telah menangguhkan konstitusi dua kali: pada tahun 1976 di bawah Sheikh [[Amir Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah|Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] dan 1986 di bawah Sheikh [[Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah|Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah]].<ref name=loc>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Crystal|first=Jill|title=Kuwait: Constitution|editor-last=Metz|editor-first=Helen Chapin|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0|encyclopedia=Persian Gulf states : country studies|date=1994|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=0-8444-0793-3|edition=3rd|pages=84–86|oclc=29548413|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}}}</ref> Kuwait secara teratur dicirikan sebagai "negara penyewa" di mana keluarga penguasa menggunakan pendapatan minyak untuk membeli persetujuan politik warga negara; lebih dari 70% pengeluaran pemerintah terdiri dari gaji dan subsidi sektor publik.<ref name="fitch">{{cite web|title=Fitch Revises Kuwait's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'AA'|work=[[Fitch Ratings]]|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-kuwait-outlook-to-negative-affirms-at-aa-02-02-2021|date=2 February 2021}}</ref> Kuwait memiliki tagihan upah sektor publik tertinggi di wilayah GCC karena upah sektor publik mencapai 12,4% dari PDB.<ref name="undermine_reforms">{{cite web|url=https://mei.edu/publications/kuwaits-fractious-politics-undermine-much-needed-fiscal-measures|title=Kuwait's fractious politics undermine much-needed fiscal measures|date=11 March 2021|website=MEI}}</ref>
Meskipun [[Perempuan di Kuwait|perempuan Kuwait]] melebihi jumlah laki-laki dalam angkatan kerja,<ref name="gnw">{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-leads-gulf-states-in-women-in-workforce-1.1705940|title=Kuwait leads Gulf states in women in workforce|work=Gulf News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103256/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-leads-gulf-states-in-women-in-workforce-1.1705940|archive-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> partisipasi politik perempuan Kuwait terbatas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/1271909|publisher=Academia.edu|title=Women and the Malleability of the Kuwaiti Diwaniyya|first=Lindsey|last=Stephenson|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806162420/http://www.academia.edu/1271909/Women_and_the_Malleability_of_the_Kuwaiti_Diwaniyya|archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref> Wanita Kuwait dianggap sebagai wanita paling emansipasi di Timur Tengah. Pada tahun 2014 dan 2015, Kuwait menduduki peringkat pertama di antara negara-negara Arab dalam [[Laporan Kesenjangan Gender Global]].<ref name="hgh">{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2405039&language=en|title=Kuwait highest in closing gender gap: WEF|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="wid">{{cite web|url=http://widgets.weforum.org/gender-gap-report-2014/#mena|title=The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 – World Economic Forum|publisher=World Economic Forum|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414040242/http://widgets.weforum.org/gender-gap-report-2014/#mena|archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="wef">{{cite web|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-global-gender-gap-index-results-in-2015/|title=Global Gender Gap Index Results in 2015|publisher=World Economic Forum|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605193255/http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-global-gender-gap-index-results-in-2015/|archive-date=5 June 2016}}</ref> Pada tahun 2013, 53% wanita Kuwait berpartisipasi dalam angkatan kerja.<ref name="gend">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13337.pdf|title=Kuwait: Selected Issues|page=17|quote=Kuwait has higher female labor market participation than other GCC countries; further improvements in labor force participation can support future growth prospects. Kuwait's labor force participation rate for Kuwaiti women (53 percent) is slightly above the world average (51 percent) and much higher than the [[MENA]] average (21 percent).|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030072718/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13337.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> Kuwait memiliki partisipasi warga negara perempuan yang lebih tinggi dalam angkatan kerja dibandingkan negara-negara GCC lainnya.<ref name=gnw/><ref name=gend/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfZR8SNg0bwC&pg=PA43|title=Kuwait: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix|work=[[International Monetary Fund]] |year=2012|pages=43|isbn=978-1-4755-2741-4|last1=Fund|first1=International Monetary}}</ref> Menurut [[Indeks Kemajuan Sosial]], Kuwait menempati urutan pertama dalam kemajuan sosial di dunia Arab dan dunia Muslim dan tertinggi kedua di Timur Tengah setelah Israel.<ref name="socialprogress">{{cite web|title=Social Progress Index|url=https://www.socialprogress.org/index/global/results|publisher=The Social Progress Imperative}}</ref> Kuwait menempati peringkat di antara negara-negara top dunia berdasarkan [[Daftar negara menurut angka harapan hidup|harapan hidup]],<ref name="expectancy">{{cite web|title=Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country|language=en|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688|date=2020}}</ref> [[Wanita dalam angkatan kerja|partisipasi tenaga kerja wanita]],<ref name=gnw/><ref name=gend/> [[Indeks Keamanan Pangan Global|ketahanan pangan global]],<ref name="foodindex">{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Global Food Security Index 2021|url=https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#Kuwait|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=2021-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012202030/https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#Kuwait|dead-url=yes}}</ref> serta ketertiban dan keamanan sekolah.<ref name="schoolsecurity">{{cite web|title=Kuwait first worldwide in school order plus safety index|url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2952282&Language=en|date=12 January 2021|work=[[Kuwait News Agency]]}}</ref>
=== Hubungan luar negeri ===
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[[File:Kuwait Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.0|thumb|300px|right|Representasi proporsional ekspor Kuwait, 2019]]
Kuwait memiliki ekonomi berbasis minyak yang kaya.<ref name="diver">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#ku|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA Factbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152239/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#ku|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> Itu menjadi salah satu negara terkaya di dunia.<ref name="usatoday"/><ref name=worldbank>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194132/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc |date=28 February 2017}}, World Bank. Database updated on 14 April 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP – per capita (PPP)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html |date=13 June 2007}}, [[The World Factbook]], Central Intelligence Agency.</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129191700/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=World |date=29 January 2016}}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund]. Database updated on 6 October 2015.</ref> [[Dinar Kuwait]] menjadi satuan mata uang dengan nilai tertinggi di dunia.<ref name="curr">{{cite web|date=21 March 2012|title=10 Most Valuable Currencies in the World|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/030216/6-strongest-currencies-vs-us-dollar-2016.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314192024/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/030216/6-strongest-currencies-vs-us-dollar-2016.asp|archive-date=14 March 2021|website=Investopedia}}</ref> Menurut [[Bank Dunia]], Kuwait adalah negara terkaya kelima di dunia berdasarkan [[Pendapatan nasional bruto|pendapatan nasional bruto per kapita]], dan salah satu dari lima negara dengan GNI per kapita di atas $70.000.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite web|first=Grant|last=Suneson|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/07/07/richest-countries-in-the-world/39630693/|title=These are the 25 richest countries in the world|website=[[USA Today]]|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Sebagai hasil dari berbagai kebijakan diversifikasi, minyak bumi kini menyumbang 43% dari total PDB dan 70% dari pendapatan ekspor.<ref name=newes>{{cite web|url=https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/kuwait/foreign-trade-figures|title=Foreign Trade in Figures}}</ref> Industri nonmigas terbesar adalah manufaktur baja.<ref name="
Dalam lima tahun terakhir, telah terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan dalam kewirausahaan dan usaha kecil yang baru dimulai di Kuwait.<ref>{{cite news |first=Naeimah |last=Al-Kharafi |url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/encouraging-social-entrepreneurship-kuwait-special-report/ |title=Encouraging social entrepreneurship in Kuwait – Special report |newspaper=Kuwait Times |date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082746/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/encouraging-social-entrepreneurship-kuwait-special-report/ |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Saltzman |first=Jason |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/240022 |title=Keeping Up With Kuwaiti Connection: The Startup Circuit In Kuwait Is Up And At 'Em |magazine=Entrepreneur Middle East |date=11 November 2014}}</ref> [[Sektor informal]] juga meningkat,<ref>{{cite news |first=Jamie |last=Etheridge |url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/whats-behind-growth-kuwaits-informal-economy/ |title=What's behind the growth of Kuwait's informal economy |newspaper=Kuwait Times |date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083014/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/whats-behind-growth-kuwaits-informal-economy/ |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> terutama karena popularitas bisnis [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Rebecca |url=http://www.thewire.com/technology/2013/07/kuwait-instagram-accounts-are-big-business/67127/|title=In Kuwait, Instagram Accounts Are Big Business |newspaper=The Wire: News for the Atlantic |date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145729/http://www.thewire.com/technology/2013/07/kuwait-instagram-accounts-are-big-business/67127/ |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |last2=Foxman |first2=Simone |url=http://qz.com/104499/a-rising-class-of-instagram-entrepreneurs-in-kuwait-is-selling-comics-make-up-and-sheep/ |title=A rising class of Instagram entrepreneurs in Kuwait is selling comics, makeup and sheep |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=16 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123114438/http://qz.com/104499/a-rising-class-of-instagram-entrepreneurs-in-kuwait-is-selling-comics-make-up-and-sheep/ |archive-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kottke.org/13/07/kuwaits-booming-instagram-economy |title=Kuwait's booming Instagram economy |website=kottke.org |date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129171815/http://kottke.org/13/07/kuwaits-booming-instagram-economy |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Pada tahun 2020, Kuwait menduduki peringkat keempat di wilayah MENA dalam pendanaan awal setelah [[Uni Emirat Arab|UEA]], [[Mesir]], dan [[Arab Saudi]].<ref name=crisis3>{{Cite web|title=Kuwait: Crisis Complicates Reform|work=[[Global Finance (magazine)|Global Finance]]|first=Chloe|last=Domat|date=February 2021|url=https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/february-2021/kuwait-crisis-complicates-reform}}</ref>
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[[Sepak bola]] adalah olahraga paling populer di Kuwait. [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Kuwait]] (KFA) adalah badan pengatur sepak bola di Kuwait. KFA mengatur [[Tim nasional sepak bola Kuwait|tim nasional]] pria, wanita, dan futsal. [[Liga Utama Kuwait]] adalah liga teratas sepak bola Kuwait, menampilkan delapan belas tim.
[[Bola basket]] menjadi salah satu olahraga paling populer di negara ini. [[Tim nasional bola basket Kuwait]] diatur oleh Asosiasi Bola Basket Kuwait (KBA). Kuwait melakukan debut internasionalnya pada tahun 1959. Tim nasional telah mengikuti [[Piala Asia FIBA|Kejuaraan Bola Basket FIBA
[[Hoki es]] di Kuwait diatur oleh Asosiasi Hoki Es Kuwait. Kuwait pertama kali bergabung dengan [[Federasi Hoki Es Internasional]] pada tahun 1985, tetapi dikeluarkan pada tahun 1992 karena kurangnya aktivitas hoki es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html|title=Story #42;Breakup of old Europe creates a new hockey world|website=International Ice Hockey Federation|access-date=9 June 2009|year=2008|author1=Szemberg, Szymon |author2=Podnieks, Andrew|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615155631/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html|archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> Kuwait diterima kembali di IIHF pada Mei 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/welcome-georgia-kuwait.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2912&cHash=397959c9ce |title=Welcome, Georgia & Kuwait |date=13 May 2009 |website=International Ice Hockey Federation |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228102759/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/welcome-georgia-kuwait.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2912&cHash=397959c9ce |archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref> Pada 2015, Kuwait memenangkan [[Kejuaraan IIHF Asia dan Oseania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2437767&language=en|title=Kuwait wins IIHF Ice Hockey Challenge Cup of Asia|date=12 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204193348/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2437767&language=en|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwait-top-ice-hockey-challenge-cup/|title=Kuwait top ice hockey Challenge Cup|date=12 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204123012/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwait-top-ice-hockey-challenge-cup/|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref>
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan tambahan ==
{{refbegin}}
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* {{cite book | url={{google books|v_FtAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=History of Eastern Arabia, 1750–1800: The rise and development of Bahrain and Kuwait |year=1965 |editor-first=Ahmad Mustafa |editor-last=Abu-Hakima |publisher=Khayats |location=Bahrain}}
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* Guzansky, Y., & Segal, E. (2020). All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf. INSS Insight No. 1378, August 30, 2020. Tersedia di: https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/gulf-royal-families/?offset=1&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky
* Guzansky, Y., & Winter, O. (2020). Apolitical Normalization: A New Approach to Jews in Arab States. INSS Insight No. 1332, June 8, 2020. Tersedia di: https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/judaism-in-the-arab-world/?offset=5&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky.
* {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world |last2=Heshmati |first2=Almas |last3=Karoui |first3=Hichem |publisher=Nova Science |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62948-899-8 |edition=1st |location=New York }} Tersedia di: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218_The_political_algebra_of_global_value_change_General_models_and_implications_for_the_Muslim_world
* {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title= The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University |publisher=Springer|year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-78298-6|edition=1st |location=Cham, Switzerland }}
* Woertz, Eckart. "Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19." Food Security 12.4 (2020): 757-760.
* Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Vol. 3. Springer Nature, 2020.
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 142 ⟶ 162:
[[Kategori:Kuwait| ]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Timur Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Asia]]
[[Kategori:Negara mayoritas Muslim]]
[[Kategori:Negara berbahasa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
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