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'''Kulit putih''' (seringkali masih dirujuk sebagai [[Ras Kaukasia|Kaukasia]]) adalah [[Ras manusia|klasifikasi ras]] manusia yang pada umumnya digunakan pada orang-orang mayoritas [[Kelompok etnik di Eropa|keturunan Eropa]]. Ini juga merupakan penentu [[Warna kulit manusia|warna kulit]], meskipun definisinya bisa beragam tergantung konteks, kebangsaan, [[etnisitas]] dan sudut pandang.
{{untuk|klasifikasi warna kulit manusia|Warna kulit terang}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Orang kulit putih
| region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop1 = 197.181.177
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=united%20states&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP1Y2018.DP05&vintage=2018&cid=DP05_0001E|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Unit Estimates|date=December 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 13, 2020}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop2 = 141.668.567
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14598/RS|title=Russian in Russia|publisher=Joshua Project|accessdate=August 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>Out of the total 129,297,527 million Europeans, 117,319,000 are ethnic [[Russians]], and the other 11,978,527 million people are other [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European minorities]] within the territory of the Russian Federation, however an enlarged European population of 141,668,567 million people include the [[Russian Jews]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Azerbaijanis|Azeris]], [[Armenians]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus]], and [[Tatars]].</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop3 = 91.051.646
| ref3 = <ref name="ibge.gov.br 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|date=8 November 2011|title=Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo|accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop4 = 67.119.000
| ref4 = <ref name="Démographie">{{cite web|title=Démographie – Population au début du mois – France|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607|website=Insee.fr|publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop5 = 62.482.000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-sex.html|date=2017|title=Population|accessdate=23 February 2020|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730075342/https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-sex.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop6 = 55.551.000
| ref6 = <ref name="Instat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici Istat (Italian)}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop7 = 51.736.290
| ref7 = <ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales], Accessed 13 June 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls Table 2 - Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011 Scotlands Census published 30 September 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095905/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls |date=2015-09-24 }}, Accessed 13 June 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-key-statistics-northern-ireland|title=2011 Census - Key Statistics for Northern Ireland|date=11 January 2017|website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop8 = 41.539.400
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/padron_prensa.htm|title=Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on 1 January 2013|publisher=INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| pop9 = 38.080.000
| ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|title=The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf|accessdate=6 March 2013|author=Central Statistical Office|page=1|language=pl| date=January 2013 |author-link=Central Statistical Office (Poland)}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<!-- Empty references <ref name="gudaszewski"/><ref name="NSP 2011"/><ref name="Ludność"/-->
| region10= {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| pop10 = 33.000.000
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185}}</ref>
|region11={{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| pop11= 31.800.000
|ref11= <ref>{{cite web|url=https://encolombia.com/educacion-cultura/geografia-colombiana/grupos-humanos-en-colombia/caucasicos-en-colombia/#:~:text=Los%20cauc%C3%A1sicos%20en%20Colombia%20vienen,45%25%20y%20el%2050%25.|author=encolombia|title=Caucásicos en Colombia
|website=pdf|date=2 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4670080 | year=2015 | last1=Homburger | first1=J. R. | last2=Moreno-Estrada | first2=A. | last3=Gignoux | first3=C. R. | last4=Nelson | first4=D. | last5=Sanchez | first5=E. | last6=Ortiz-Tello | first6=P. | last7=Pons-Estel | first7=B. A. | last8=Acevedo-Vasquez | first8=E. | last9=Miranda | first9=P. | last10=Langefeld | first10=C. D. | last11=Gravel | first11=S. | last12=Alarcón-Riquelme | first12=M. E. | last13=Bustamante | first13=C. D. | title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America | journal=PLOS Genetics | volume=11 | issue=12 | pages=e1005602 | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 | pmid=26636962 }}</ref>
|region12={{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop12= 25.000.000
|ref12= <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0#fnb95-ref}}</ref>
|region13= {{flagcountry|Australia}}
|pop13=17.000.000
|ref13=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf}}</ref>}}
Pendeskripsian populasi sebagai "Kulit putih" yang dihubungkan dengan warna kulitnya kadang-kadang dapat ditemukan dalam etnografi Yunani-Romawi dan sumber kuno lain atau sumber dari Abad Pertengahan, namun masyarakat ini tidak memiliki gagasan apapun mengenai ras Kulit putih atau identitas pan-Eropa. Istilah "ras Kulit putih" atau "orang Kulit putih", didefinisikan dengan [[warna kulit terang|kulit terang]]nya di antara ciri-ciri fisik lain, istilah ini memasuki [[Bahasa di Eropa|bahasa-bahasa besar dari Eropa]] pada akhir abad ketujuh belas, di saat konsep "Kulit putih yang bersatu" memperoleh pengakuan lebih luas di [[Eropa]], dalam konteks [[perbudakan]] [[rasialisasi|ras]] dan [[status sosial]] di koloni-koloni Eropa. Ahli di bidang [[Ras manusia|ras]] membedakan konsep modern dari deskripsi pra-modern, yang berfokus pada ciri fisik daripada gagasan ras. Sebelum [[era modern]], tidak ada orang Eropa yang mengakui dirinya sebagai "Kulit putih", namun sebagai gantinya mendefinisikan rasnya berdasarkan garis keturunan, etnisitas, atau [[kebangsaan]].<ref>{{Cite book |quote=On both sides of the chronological divide between the modern and the pre-modern (wherever it may lie), there is today a remarkable consensus that the earlier vocabularies of difference are innocent of race. |last=Nirenberg |first=David |author-link=David Nirenberg|title=The Origins of Racism in the West |chapter=Was there race before modernity? The example of 'Jewish' blood in late medieval Spain |pages=232–264 |editor1-first=Miriam |editor1-last=Eliav-Feldon |editor2-first=Benjamin H. |editor2-last=Isaac |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Ziegler |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=2009 |chapter-url=http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227110913/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''Orang kulit putih''' atau '''orang Kaukasia''' merupakan istilah yang biasanya merujuk pada [[manusia]] yang memiliki ciri, setidaknya sebagian, dengan [[warna kulit manusia|pigmentasi kulit]] putih. Namun, daripada deskripsi terus terang tentang [[warna kulit]], istilah ''[[kulit putih]]'' lebih mengacu kepada [[kelompok etnis]] tertentu dan lebih berfungsi sebagai [[metafor]] untuk suatu "[[ras manusia]]". "Orang Kulit Putih" juga kadang-kadang disebut "[[ras Kaukasoid|orang Kaukasia]]".
Ahli [[antropologi]] kontemporer dan ilmuwan lainnya, sembari mengakui variasi nyata biologi manusia antara populasi manusia yang berbeda, mengakui konsep "ras Kulit putih" yang bersatu dan dapat dibedakan sebagai [[Konstruksionisme sosial|konstruksi sosial]] tanpa basis ilmiah.
Definisi "orang kulit putih" yang paling sering digunakan adalah orang yang memiliki tampang keturunan Eropa yang jelas. Namun, definisi "orang kulit putih" berbeda-beda menurut konteks geografis dan historis, dan sejumlah konsep ''warna putih'' berdampak pada identitas nasional, [[konsanguitas]], [[doktrin kebijakan publik (konflik hukum)|kebijakan publik]], [[agama]], [[sensus|statistik populasi]], [[pemisahan ras]]/[[tindakan persetujuan]], [[egenika]], [[marginalisasi]] [[ras]], dan [[pembagian kuota|kuota rasial]]. Konsep ini telah diterapkan dengan sekian derajat formalitas dan konsistensi internal dalam berbagai [[bidang ilmu]], seperti [[sosiologi]], [[politik]], [[genetika]], [[biologi]], [[kedokteran]], [[biomedik]], [[bahasa]], [[budaya]], dan [[hukum]].
== Sejarah istilah ==
Paham "orang Kulit putih" atau "ras Kulit putih" sebagai kelompok [[populasi]] yang dibedakan dari "orang Kulit berwarna" muncul pada abad ke-17.{{fact}} Namun deskripsi [[pragmatis]] yang mengatakan kelompok manusia sebagai "putih" dengan mengacu pada warna kulitnya adalah lebih dini dan ditemukan dalam naskah [[etnografi]]s Yunani dan Romawi kuno dan juga sumber-sumber kuno lain.
=== Abad ke-19 dan 20: munculnya istilah "ras Kaukasia" ===
{{Main|ras Kaukasoid}}
Dalam periode pertengahan abad ke-19 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20,<ref>Baum (2006), p. 120, gives the range 1840 to 1935.</ref> beberapa anthropologis mengklasifikasi penduduk dunia ke dalam [[Definisi ras historis|tiga, empat, atau lima ras manusia]], yang, tergantung dari siapa yang mengutarakan, dibagi lebih lanjut menjadi beberapa sub-ras.
Pada periode ini muncullah istilah [[ras Kaukasoid]] (orang Kaukasia), yang dinamai menurut [[Pegunungan Kaukasus]] di [[Eropa Timur]], namun meliputi seluruh Eropa Timur dan Eropa Barat, sebagai salah satu dari ras utama, dan istilah tersebut masuk ke dalam kosakata baik dalam riset ilmiah, maupun di negara-negara seperti [[Amerika Serikat]], dalam kosakata klasifikasi/strata sosial.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpObO9a05p0C&q=caucasian+United+States+social+classification&pg=PA109|title=Culturally Alert Counseling: A Comprehensive Introduction|first=Garrett|last=McAuliffe|date=30 May 2018|publisher=SAGE|via=Google Books|isbn=9781412910064}}</ref>
Tidak pernah ada konsensus ilmiah tentang batas-batas ras Kaukasoid, termasuk populasi di Eropa, dan ras Mongoloid, termasuk populasi di Asia Timur. Oleh karena itu, [[Carleton S. Coon]] (1939) memasukkan semua populasi asli [[Asia Tengah]] dan [[Asia Timur|Timur]] ke dalam ras Kaukasoid, sementara [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] (1870) mengklasifikasikan mereka sebagai ras Mongoloid, dan [[Lothrop Stoddard]] (1920) mengklasifikasikan mereka sebagai "[[orang kulit coklat]]", sebagaimana populasi asli [[Timur Tengah]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Asia Selatan]] dan [[Asia Tenggara]], dan hanya memasukkan orang Eropa ke dalam kategori ras Kaukasoid, dan beberapa populasi masyarakat di [[Anatolia]], [[Maroko]] utara, [[Aljazair]], dan [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOaoAwAAQBAJ&q=Caucasian+race+Morocco,+Algeria+And+Tunisia&pg=PA59|title=Race and America's Immigrant Press: How the Slovaks were Taught to Think Like White People|first=Robert M.|last=Zecker|date=30 June 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|via=Google Books|isbn=9781441161994}}</ref>
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Although modern neo-nazis often invoke Nazi iconography on behalf of white nationalism, [[Nazi Germany]] repudiated the idea of a unified white race, instead promoting [[Nordicism]]. In Nazi propaganda, Eastern European Slavs were often referred to as [[Untermensch]] (subhuman in English), and the relatively under-developed economic status of Eastern European countries such as Poland and the USSR was attributed to the racial inferiority of their inhabitants.<ref>Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007 ''A concise history of Nazi Germany'' Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp.161-62.</ref> Fascist Italy took the same view, and both of these nations justified their colonial ambitions in Eastern Europe on racist, anti-Slavic grounds.<ref>Benito Mussolini, Richard Washburn Child, Max Ascoli, Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press, 1998. pp. 105–106.</ref> These nations were not alone in their view; there are numerous cases in the 20th century where some European ethnic groups labeled or treated other Europeans as members of another, inferior race.
-->
== Lihat pula ==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Warna kulit terang]]
* [[Monyet putihKaukasoid]]
* [[Orang Criollo]]
* [[Demografi Eropa]]
* [[Kelompok etnik di Eropa]]
* [[Kelompok etnik di Asia Barat]]
* [[Diaspora Eropa]]
* [[Nasionalisme kulit putih]]
* [[Kebanggaan kulit putih]]
* [[Hak istimewa kulit putih]]
* [[Penurunan demografi kulit putih]]
* [[Teori konspirasi genosida kulit putih]]
* [[Supremasi kulit putih]]
* [[White flight]]
* [[Rasa bersalah orang kulit putih]]
* [[Identitas kulit putih]]
{{Div col end}}
==Pranala Referensi luar==
*{{Commons category-inline|White (human racial classification)}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliografi ==
* Allen, Theodore, ''The Invention of the White Race'', 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
* Bonnett, Alastair ''White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives'' (Harlow, Pearson, 2000)
* Brodkin, Karen, ''How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America'', Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
* Foley, Neil, ''The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
* Gossett, Thomas F., ''Race: The History of an Idea in America,'' New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
* Guglielmo, Thomas A., ''White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago'', 1890-1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
* Hannaford, Ivan, ''Race: The History of an Idea in the West'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
* Ignatiev, Noel, ''How the Irish Became White'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
* Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: ''[http://cshd.tamu.edu/pdfFiles/jackson.pdf Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015155/http://cshd.tamu.edu/pdfFiles/jackson.pdf |date=2008-02-16 }}'' ''British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–235'' DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
* Jacobson, Matthew Frye, ''Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race'', Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
* Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). ''The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story''. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. ISBN 978-1-84529-185-7.
* Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, et al. (2005) ''Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure. PLoS Genet'' ''1(6):'' e70 {{doi|10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070}}
* Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, et al. (2002) ''Genetic structure of human populations. Science'' ''298:'' [tel:2381–2385 2381–2385].[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381 Abstract]
* Segal, Daniel A., ''[http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470 review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' [[American Ethnological Society|American Ethnologist]] May 2002, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 470-473 doi:10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470
* Smedley, Audrey, ''Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview,'' 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
* Sweet, Frank W., ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme, 2005, ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
* Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown,7 James S. Pankow,8 Michael A. Province,9 Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) ''Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' '''76:'''268–275.
* "The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept" A textbook/workbook for thought, speech and/or action for victims of racism (White supremacy) Neely Fuller Jr. 1984
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Ras manusia|Kulit]]
[[Kategori:Sosiologi]]
[[Category:Ras manusia]]
[[cs:Europoidní rasa]]
[[Category:Warna kulit manusia|Kulit putih]]
[[de:Europide]]
[[Category:Kulit putih| ]]
[[et:Europiidne rass]]
[[ro:Rasa europoidă]]
[[sk:Europoidná rasa]]
[[sl:Bela (kavkazijska) rasa]]
[[vi:Đại chủng Âu]]
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