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'''Gilgamesh''' adalah seorang pahlawan dalam [[Mitologi Mesopotamia|mitologi Mesopotamia kuno]] dan protagonis dalam [[Wiracarita Gilgamesh]], sebuah puisi epik yang ditulis pada akhir milenium ketiga SM dalam [[bahasa AkkadiaSumeria]], padadan akhirkemudian [[mileniumbahasa Akkadia]] kedua SM. Dia kemungkinan adalah raja yang perhahpernah benar-benar ada yangdan berkuasa di [[negara kota]] [[Uruk]], [[Sumeria]], yang secara anumerta [[Apoteosis|didewakan]]. Masa pemerintahannya mungkin berlangsung pada awal [[Periode Dinasti Awal (Mesopotamia)]], sekitar 2900 – 2350 SM, dan kemudian menjadi tokoh utama dalam legenda Sumeria pada masa [[Dinasti Ketiga Ur]] (sekitar 2112 – 2004 SM).
 
Kisah-Catatan tertua yang berhasil ditemukan yang menceritakan tentang kisah petualangan legendaris Gilgamesh diceritakanterdapat dalampada lima [[Wiracarita Gilgamesh#Puisi-puisi Sumeria|puisi Sumeria]], yangdengan berhasil ditemukan. Yangyang terawal kemungkinan yang berjudul ''[[Gilgamesh, Enkidu, dan Dunia Bawah]],''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world: translation|url=https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm|website=etcsl|publisher=Oxford|access-date=2021-03-18|archive-date=2019-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715004822/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> di mana Gilgamesh membantu dewi [[Inanna]] dan mengusir makhluk-makhluk yang menyerang pohon huluppu miliknya. Dewi Inanna memberinya dua benda yang tidak dikenal, mikku dan pikku, yang lantas hilang. Setelah kematian [[Enkidu]], bayangannya memberi tahu Gilgamesh tentang kondisi suram di Dunia Bawah. Puisi ''Gilgamesh dan Aga'' mendeskripsikan pemberontakan Gilgamesh terhadap tuannya, [[Aga dari Kiš|Aga dari Kish]]. Puisi-puisi Sumeria lainnya menceritakanmenjabarkan penaklukan yang kekalahandilakukan Gilgamesh atas raksasa [[Huwawa]] dan [[Banteng Surgawi]], sementara puisi kelima yang kondisinya kurang utuh menceritakan kematian dan pemakamannya.
 
PadaSelanjutnya pada masa [[Babilonia]], puisikisah-puisikisah ini mulaidijalin menjadi suatusebuah narasi yang saling terhubungberhubungan. ''Epos Gilgamesh'' dicatatdalam bahasa Akkadia standar disusun oleh seorang juru tulis yang bernama [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]], kemungkinandiperkirakan pada [[Bangsa Kass|Periodeperiode Babilonia Pertengahan]] (sekitar 1600 – 1155 SM), danyang didasarkan pada sumber yang jauh lebih kunotua. Dalam epos initersebut, Gilgamesh digambarkanadalah sebagaiseorang sosok[[Manusia duaSetengah perDewa|manusia tigasetengah dewa]] yangdengan sangatkekuatan kuat.super Iayang berpetualangberteman bersamadengan Enkidumanusia (yangliar dikisahkan[[Enkidu]]. sebagaiBersama-sama, sahabatmereka Gilgameshmelakukan dalambanyak epospetualangan, ini)yang danpaling mengalahkanterkenal Humbabaadalah (namasaat Huwawamereka dalam bahasamenaklukkan [[RumpunHumbaba]] (bahasa Semit|SemitSumeria: Timur]]Huwawa). Mereka juga membunuhdan [[Banteng Surgawi]], yang dikirim oleh dewi [[Ishtar]] (nama Inanna dalam bahasa SemitSumeria: TimurInanna) untuk menyerang mereka karenasetelah Gilgamesh menolak permintaan sang dewitawarannya untuk menjadi pasangannyapendampingnya. Setelah Enkidu meninggal akibat penyakit yang dikirim sebagai hukuman dari para dewa karena telah membunuh sang banteng, Gilgamesh menjadipun takutmelakukan akanperjalanan kematianuntuk danmenemui mendatangitokoh bijak [[Utnapishtim]] (satu-satunya, orang yang selamat dari [[mitosMitos air bah GilgameshGilgames|Airbanjir Bahglobal]]) untukyang mendapatkanjuga kehidupanmerupakan abadileluhurnya, dengan harapan dapat menemukan [[keabadian]]. Gilgamesh berulang kali gagal menjalanidalam percobaanujian yang diberikan kepadanya oleh Utnapishtim dan ia pun kembali pulang ke Uruk, menyadari bahwa keabadian berada di luar jangkauannya.
 
Sebagian besar sejarawan sepakat bahwa ''EposWiracarita Gilgamesh'' memengaruhiberpengaruh besar terhadap ''[[Iliad]]'' dan ''[[Odisseia]]'', dua epos yang ditulis dalam [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] pada abad kedelapan SM. Kisah kelahiran Gilgamesh digambarkan dalam sebuah anekdot daridalam ''[[Claudius Aelianus|De Natura Animalium]]'' karya penulis Yunani [[Claudius Aelianus]] pada abad kedua M. Aelianus bercerita bahwa kakek Gilgamesh menjaga anak perempuannya agar tidak hamil, karena ia mendapatkan nubuat dari seorang peramal bahwa cucunya akan menjatuhkannya. Anak perempuanperempuannya pada ituakhirnya hamil dan para penjaga melempar anaknya dari sebuah menara, tetapi seekor elang menyelamatkannya di tengah musim gugur dan membawanya ke sebuah kebun buah. Ia lalu dibesarkan oleh seorang tukang kebun.
 
''EposWiracarita Gilgamesh'' sendiri ditemukan kembali di [[Perpustakaan Asyurbanipal|Perpustakaan Ashurbanipal]] pada tahun 1849. Setelah isi dari epos ini selesai diterjemahkan pada awal dasawarsa 1870-an, epostimbul tersebutkontroversi memicuyang perdebatanmeluas akibat kemiripan sebagian isinya dengan [[Alkitab Ibrani]]. Gilgamesh tetap menjadimerupakan sosok yang tidak dikenal oleh umum hinggasebelum pertengahan abad ke-20, tetapinamun setelah itu, ia mulaimenjadi tokoh yang makin dan makin digambarkanterkemuka dalam kebudayaanbudaya modern.
 
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