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{{rapikan|date=Oktober 2012}}
[[Berkas:Karl Ernst von Baer Types Principaux des Differents Race Humaines.jpg|jmpl|Jenis utama ras manusia yang berbeda di lima belahan dunia dari Karl Ernst von Baer ]]
'''Ras''' (dari [[bahasa Prancis]] ''[[:fr:race|race]]'', yang sendirinya dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''radix'', "akar") adalah suatu sistem [[klasifikasi]] yang digunakan untuk mengkategorikan [[manusia]] dalam [[Populasi (biologi)|populasi]] atau [[kelompok sosial|kelompok]] besar dan berbeda melalui ciri [[fenotipe]], asal-usul geografis, tampang jasmani dan [[suku|kesukuan]] yang terwarisi. Di awal abad ke-20 istilah ini sering digunakan dalam arti [[biologis]] untuk menunjuk populasi manusia yang beraneka ragam dari segi [[genetik]] dengan anggota yang memiliki [[fenotipe]] (tampang luar) yang sama.<ref name="lie"/> Arti "ras" ini masih digunakan dalam [[antropologi]] [[forensik]] (dalam menganalisis sisa tulang), penelitian [[biomedis]] dan [[kedokteran]] berdasarkan asal-usul.<ref name="gill"/>
Di samping itu, di [[Amerika Serikat]] misalnya, penegak [[hukum]] menggunakan istilah "[[Rasionalisme|ras]]" untuk menentukan profil tersangka dan penggambaran kembali tampang para pelaku kriminal berdasarkan informasi visual dari korban. Pada sistem di masyarakat, pengelompokan berdasarkan "ras" mengikuti pola pelapisan [[sosial]], bagi ilmuwan sosial yang meneliti kesenjangan sosial, "ras" dapat menjadi [[variabel]] yang berarti. Sebagai faktor [[sosiologi]]s, kategori "ras" dapat secara terbatas mencerminkan penjelasan yang subjektif, mengenai jati diri dan lembaga sosial.<ref name="King_workforce2"/><ref name="schaefer"/>
Oleh karena itu, [[paradigma]] "ras" yang digunakan dalam berbagai [[disiplin]] menekan dengan cara yang beraneka pada sifat [[biologi]]s atau pada segi konstruk sosial.
Baris 18 ⟶ 19:
Sementara ilmuwan Eropa sebagian besar telah meninggalkan klasifikasi rasial, konsep tersebut menjadi arus utama oleh ilmuwan non-Eropa. Baru-baru ini, beberapa penelitian pada tahun 2019 dan 2020 dari "Central South University" (CSU; 中南 大学), telah menyajikan bukti kuat untuk asal muasal multiregional manusia. Bukti genetik menunjukkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (orang Asia Timur, orang Siberia, orang Asia Tengah, orang Asia Tenggara, orang Polinesia, dan orang Amerika Pribumi) secara genetik berbeda dari orang Eropa atau Afrika. Mereka selanjutnya menyarankan bahwa bukti ini bertentangan dengan migrasi keluar dari Afrika. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (juga dikenal sebagai ras Mongoloid) berasal dari suatu tempat di Asia Timur (Tiongkok selatan).<ref name="Yuan 101410">{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Dejian|last2=Lei|first2=Xiaoyun|last3=Gui|first3=Yuanyuan|last4=Wang|first4=Mingrui|last5=Zhang|first5=Ye|last6=Zhu|first6=Zuobin|last7=Wang|first7=Dapeng|last8=Yu|first8=Jun|last9=Huang|first9=Shi|date=2019-06-09|title=Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101410v6|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=101410|doi=10.1101/101410}}</ref><ref name="Chen 2020.03.10.986042">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Hongyao|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Huang|first3=Shi|date=2020-03-11|title=Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986042v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.03.10.986042|doi=10.1101/2020.03.10.986042}}</ref>
Rata-rata jarak genetik Fst antara populasi manusia adalah sekitar 0,125. Lewontin berargumen bahwa ini mewakili variasi ras yang kecil.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14</ref> Harpending, di sisi lain, berargumen bahwa jarak tersebut mengimplikasikan hubungan kekerabatan antara individu dari populasi yang sama setara dengan hubungan kekerabatan antara saudara tiri dalam populasi yang kawin secara acak, dan bahwa seseorang dari populasi tertentu secara genetik lebih dekat dengan individu yang tidak terkait dari populasi yang sama daripada dengan saudara tiri dari ras campuran.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/27503827</ref>
== Paham modern pertama tentang "ras" ==
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<ref name="New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian">{{Cite web |url=http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |title=New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian |publisher=FORA.tv |date=2008-11-03 |accessdate=2009-04-18 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122071534/http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="Palmie2007">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.205 |title=Genomics, divination, 'racecraft' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_2007-05_34_2/page/205 |date=May 2007 |last1=Palmié |first1=Stephan |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=34 |pages=205–22 |issue=2}}</ref>
<ref name="Mevorach07">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.238 |title=Race, racism, and academic complicity |year=2007 |last1=Mevorach |first1=Katya Gibel |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=34 |pages=238–241 |issue=2}}</ref>
Baris 217 ⟶ 220:
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1364805 | last1 = Amadon | first1 = D. | year = 1949 | title = The seventy-five percent rule for subspecies | journal = Condor | volume = 51 | issue = 6| pages = 250–258 |ref=harv | jstor=1364805}}
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Baris 232 ⟶ 235:
<!--Bamshad 2005 ??? -->
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* {{cite book|last=Baum|first=Bruce|title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum/page/218 218]|isbn=0-8147-9892-6|ref=harv}}
Baris 308 ⟶ 311:
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Keita | first1 = SOY | last2 = Kittles | first2 = RA | last3 = Royal | first3 = CDM | last4 = Bonney | first4 = GM | last5 = Furbert-Harris | first5 = P | last6 = Dunston | first6 = GM | last7 = Rotimi | first7 = CM | year = 2004 | title = Conceptualizing human variation | url = http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1455.html | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 36 | issue = S17–S20 | pmid = 15507998 | doi = 10.1038/ng1455 | ref = harv }}
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Baris 374 ⟶ 377:
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Baris 382 ⟶ 385:
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* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.205 |title=Genomics, divination, 'racecraft' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_2007-05_34_2/page/205 |year=2007 |last1=Palmié |first1=Stephan |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=34 |pages=205–22 |month=May |ref=harv}}
<!--Parra et al 2004-->
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Baris 442 ⟶ 445:
* {{cite journal |last=Smedley |first=Audrey |title=The History of the Idea of Race... and Why It Matters |publisher=presented at the conference “Race, Human Variation and Disease: Consensus and Frontiers” sponsored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) |date=2007-March-14-17 |url=http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2012-01-02 |archive-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113030614/http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
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* {{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=W|origyear=1960|year = 1982|title = The leopard's spots: scientific attitudes toward race in America, 1815–1859|url=https://archive.org/details/leopardsspots0000unse|isbn = 0226771229|publisher=University of Chicago Press }}
<!--Stocking 1968-->
* {{cite book|last=Stocking|first=George W.|title=Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology|url=https://archive.org/details/racecultureevolu0000stoc|year=1968|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racecultureevolu0000stoc/page/380 380]|isbn=9780226774947|publisher=University of Chicago Press|ref=harv}}
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* {{en}} [http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html Racial & Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types] - bloodbook.com
{{Rasmanusia}}{{Sejarah definisi ras}}
[[Kategori:Ras manusia| ]]
[[Kategori:Genetika populasi]]
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