The Ocean Cleanup: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Sedang ditulis}}
{{Short description|Organisasi nirlaba lingkungan Belanda yang menciptakan teknologi bersih untuk membersihkan lautan dan sungai dari plastik}}
{{Infobox organization
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'''The Ocean Cleanup''' adalah [[organisasi]] [[Organisasi nirlaba|nirlaba]] rekayasa lingkungan yang berbasis di [[Belanda]], yang mengembangkan teknologi untuk mengekstraksi [[polusi plastik]] dari lautan dan mencegatnya di sungai sebelum dapat mencapai laut. Setelah pengujian awal dan pembuatan prototipe di [[Laut Utara]], Cleanup menerapkan prototipe skala penuh pertama mereka di [[Pusat sampah Pasifik Besar|Pusat Sampah Pasifik Besar]]. Namun mengalami kesulitan setelah dua bulan dan ditarik ke Hawaii untuk diperiksa dan diperbaiki. Pada Juni 2019, sistem prototipe kedua mulai digunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1071|title=Tackling the Great Pacific Garbage Patch with The Ocean Cleanup Project|date=March 10, 2020|website=AZoCleantech.com|access-date=April 1, 2021|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302200500/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1071|url-status=live}}</ref> Cleanup juga menerapkan teknologi rekayasa sungai bernama Interceptor, di dua lokasi pada 2019. Cleanup mengumumkan proyek tersebut ke publik pada Oktober 2019. Selanjut alat yang sama dininstall pada 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-river-vessel|title=The Ocean Cleanup Unveils River Vessel|website=The Maritime Executive|access-date=2021-04-01|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055237/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-river-vessel|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada tahun 2021, mereka mengumumkan bahwa pengujian prototipe Sistem 002 berhasil.<ref name="cohen">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Li|date=2021-10-16|title=Nearly 20,000 pounds of trash removed from one of the biggest accumulations of ocean plastic in the world|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trash-removed-from-great-pacific-garbage-patch/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref> Pada tahun 2022, Interceptor Original pertama yang digunakan di [[Amerika Serikat]] dipasang di [[Ballona Creek]] dekat [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://theoceancleanup.com/dashboard/#interceptorforlacounty|title=Interceptor for LA County|website=www.theoceancleanup.com}}</ref>
 
Organisasi ini melakukan penelitian ilmiah tentang polusi plastik di lautan. Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 2013 oleh [[Boyan Slat]], seorang penemu kelahiran Belanda-[[pengusaha]] dari [[Kroasia]] dan asal Belanda<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/life/znanost/hrvat-koji-cisti-oceane-moj-tata-zivi-u-istri-a-ja-sam-s-ustedevinom-od-200-%E2%82%AC-ostvario-san/4632887/|title=Hrvat Koji Čisti Oceane – Moj tata živi u Istri, a ja sam s ušteđevinom od 200 € ostvario san|work=jutarnji.hr|access-date=2017-04-13|language=en|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071704/https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/znanost/hrvat-koji-cisti-oceane-moj-tata-zivi-u-istri-a-ja-sam-s-ustedevinom-od-200-%E2%82%AC-ostvario-san/4632887/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.hr/vijesti/nizozemac-hrvatskog-podrijetla-izumio-sustav-koji-elimira-plasticni-otpad-iz-mora/346501/|title=Nizozemac hrvatskog podrijetla izumio sustav koji elimira plastični otpad iz mora|website=www.monitor.hr|access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153647/http://www.monitor.hr/vijesti/nizozemac-hrvatskog-podrijetla-izumio-sustav-koji-elimira-plasticni-otpad-iz-mora/346501/|url-status=dead}}</ref> yang menjabat sebagai CEO-nya. Cleanup telah melakukan dua ekspedisi ke [[North Pacific Gyre]], Ekspedisi Mega dan Ekspedisi Udara, dan terus menerbitkan karya ilmiah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cleanup|first=The Ocean|title=The Ocean Cleanup Launches Mega Expedition, Largest Research Expedition In History|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-launches-mega-expedition-largest-research-expedition-in-history-300068351.html|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312013202/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-launches-mega-expedition-largest-research-expedition-in-history-300068351.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=jason|date=2018-07-27|title=The Ocean Cleanup Aerial Expedition [All You Need To Know]|url=https://internationalairresponse.com/the-ocean-cleanup-aerial-expedition-all-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2020-08-10|website=International Air Response|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032032/https://internationalairresponse.com/the-ocean-cleanup-aerial-expedition-all-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Qiqing|date=November 2017|title=Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=446–456|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b04682|pmid=29185716|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lebreton|first=L.|date=March 2018|title=Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=4666|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w|pmid=29568057|pmc=5864935|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.4666L}}</ref> Sistem samudra mereka terdiri dari penghalang terapung di permukaan air di [[pilin samudra|pilin samudra]], yang mengumpulkan [[|puing|puing-puing di laut]] saat sistem didorong oleh angin, ombak, dan arus, dan diperlambat dengan jangkar laut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-16|title=Into the Twilight Zone|url=https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/into-the-twilight-zone/|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Ocean Cleanup|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928012618/https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/into-the-twilight-zone/|url-status=live}}</ref> The project aims to launch a total of 60 such systems, and they predict this capability could clean up 50% of the debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years from full scale deployment.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/08/scientists-get-ready-to-begin-great-pacific-garbage-patch-cleanup|title=Scientists get ready to begin Great Pacific Garbage Patch cleanup|last=Summers|first=Hannah|date=2018-09-08|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=2018-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102040708/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/08/scientists-get-ready-to-begin-great-pacific-garbage-patch-cleanup|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=CNET|title=The Ocean Cleanup launches to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch|date=2018-09-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYC4Q-0wcAc&t=247s|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107143047/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYC4Q-0wcAc&t=247s|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Pada akhir Oktober 2019, organisasi ini mengumumkan inisiatif baru, Interceptor, yang bertujuan untuk secara signifikan mengurangi jumlah plastik yang mengalir ke lautan dari sungai, Slat menjelaskan bagaimana "1% sungai bertanggung jawab atas 80% polusi di lautan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/dutch-foundation-launches-project-tackle-184500487.html|title=Dutch foundation launches project to tackle river plastic pollution|date=2019-10-26|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-26|ref=Yahoo Interceptor 2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026191549/https://news.yahoo.com/dutch-foundation-launches-project-tackle-184500487.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Rivers {{!}} The Interceptor, Explained {{!}} The Ocean Cleanup|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm1rH70wfJo|language=en|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030094018/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm1rH70wfJo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation|title=Boyan Slat talks up his latest invention, The Interceptor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMenLxORN6M|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMenLxORN6M|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Ocean system ===
[[File:Floating barrier side view.svg|thumb|right|Diagram tampak samping:<br/>A: Angin<br/>B: Gelombang<br/>C: Arus<br/>D: Penghalang mengambang]]
Desain Jenny terbaru menggunakan struktur yang ditarik dan mengambang. Struktur berfungsi sebagai [[Boom (containment)|boom penahanan]]. Layar permeabel di bawah pelampung menangkap serpihan sampah di bawah permukaan air.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Lavars|first=Nick|date=2021-08-13|title=Ocean Cleanup's biggest system sweeps into Great Pacific Garbage Patch|url=https://newatlas.com/environment/ocean-cleanup-pacific-garbage-patch-jenny-active-propulsion/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-14|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813222626/https://newatlas.com/environment/ocean-cleanup-pacific-garbage-patch-jenny-active-propulsion/}}</ref> Layar dengan ukuran {{Convert|800|m|abbr=on}} menjadi penghalang dan menambahkan propulsi aktif untuk memungkinkan sistem beroperasi pada kecepatan yang lebih tinggi. Kapal berawak menarik penghalang berbentuk U melalui air dengan kecepatan 1,5 knot. Kapal juga dapat dikemudikan ke daerah dengan kepadatan sampah yang lebih tinggi.<ref name=":12" /> Pada Juli 2022, sistem terapung telah menangkap 100.000&nbsp;kg plastik dari Great Pacific Garbage Patch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TheOceanCleanup/status/1551599038402805761|title=Today we reached an exciting milestone: over 100,000kg of plastic removed from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch|website=twitter.com}}</ref>
 
=== River system ===
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=== Temuan khusus ===
Pada bulan Februari 2015, tim peneliti menerbitkan sebuah studi di ''[[Biogeosciences]]'' tentang distribusi vertikal plastik, berdasarkan sampel yang dikumpulkan di [[Gyre Atlantik Utara]]. Mereka menemukan bahwa konsentrasi plastik berkurang [[Distribusi eksponensial|secara eksponensial]] dengan kedalaman, dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di permukaan, dan mendekati nol hanya beberapa meter lebih dalam.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-into-pacific-on-september-8-2018-7|title=A 24-year-old is going ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Some experts are worried.|last=Loria|first=Kevin|date=Sep 7, 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=November 7, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821235658/https://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-into-pacific-on-september-8-2018-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reisser|first1=J.|last2=Slat|first2=B.|last3=Noble|first3=K.|last4=du Plessis|first4=K.|last5=Epp|first5=M.|last6=Proietti|first6=M.|last7=de Sonneville|first7=J.|last8=Becker|first8=T.|last9=Pattiaratchi|first9=C.|date=2015-02-26|title=The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre|journal=Biogeosciences|volume=12|issue=4|pages=1249–1256|doi=10.5194/bg-12-1249-2015|issn=1726-4189|bibcode=2015BGeo...12.1249R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Makalah tindak lanjut diterbitkan di ''[[Laporan Ilmiah]]'' pada bulan Oktober 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kooi|first1=Merel|last2=Reisser|first2=Julia|last3=Slat|first3=Boyan|last4=Ferrari|first4=Francesco F.|last5=Schmid|first5=Moritz S.|last6=Cunsolo|first6=Serena|last7=Brambini|first7=Roberto|last8=Noble|first8=Kimberly|last9=Sirks|first9=Lys-Anne|date=2016-10-10|title=The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=6|issue=1|pages=33882|doi=10.1038/srep33882|pmid=27721460|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5056413|bibcode=2016NatSR...633882K}}</ref>
[[File:Mass of river plastic flowing into oceans.webp|thumb|356x356px|Berat plastik sungai yang mengalir ke lautan dalam ton per tahun.]]
Pada Juni 2017, para peneliti menerbitkan sebuah makalah di ''[[Nature Communications]]'', dengan model input plastik sungai ke laut. Model mereka memperkirakan bahwa antara 1,15 dan 2,41 juta metrik ton plastik masuk ke lautan dunia setiap tahun, dengan 86% berasal dari sungai-sungai di Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lebreton|first1=Laurent C. M.|last2=van der Zwet|first2=Joost|last3=Damsteeg|first3=Jan-Willem|last4=Slat|first4=Boyan|last5=Andrady|first5=Anthony|last6=Reisser|first6=Julia|date=2017-06-07|title=River plastic emissions to the world's oceans|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|pages=15611|doi=10.1038/ncomms15611|pmid=28589961|pmc=5467230|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2017NatCo...815611L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/where-is-the-plastic-in-the-ocean-coming-from-try-asia|title=Where Is the Plastic in the Ocean Coming From? Try Asia.|last=Berman|first=Robby|date=June 17, 2017|website=Big Think|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110205937/https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/where-is-the-plastic-in-the-ocean-coming-from-try-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Lihat juga ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hari Bumi|Hari Bumi (Earth Day)]]
* [[4Ocean]]
* [[Earth Day]]
* [[Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup]]
* [[Junk raft]]
* [[Kamilo Beach]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine debris]]
* [[National Cleanup Day]]
* [[Ocean Conservancy]]
* [[Plastic recycling]]
* ''[[Plastiki]]''
* [[Project Kaisei]]
* [[SUPER HI-CAT]]
* [[World Cleanup Day]]
}}