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Revisi per 30 April 2023 17.39 sunting BurningHill (bicara \| kontrib) 4.838 suntingan kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 4 Oktober 2023 15.20 sunting balikkan P199 (bicara \| kontrib) 75 suntingan k (GR) Duplicate: File:A colourful bleaching event in the Philippines.jpg → File:Colorful Coral Bleaching.jpg Exact or scaled-down duplicate: c::File:Colorful Coral Bleaching.jpg
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Baris 13: \| caption2 = Karang yang sehat }} '''Pemutihan karang''' adalah proses [[Koral\|karang]] menjadi putih karena berbagai macam penyebab, seperti perubahan suhu, iklim, cahaya, dan nutrisi.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Pemutihan terjadi ketika ~~[[:~~{{interlanguage link\|Polyp (zoologi)\|en:\|Polyp (zoology)\|lt=polyp]]}} melepaskan ~~[[:en:~~{{interlanguage link\|Zooxanthellae\|en\|lt=zooxanthellae]]}} (sering juga disebut dengan [[algae]]) yang biasanya hidup di dalam tisu-tisu karang, menyebabkan karang memutih.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web \|last=US Department of Commerce \|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \|title=What is coral bleaching? \|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html \|access-date=2021-09-13 \|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov \|language=EN-US}}</ref> Zooxanthellae dapat [[Fotosintesis\|berfotosintesis]] dan menyebabkan suhu air meningkat, sehingga mereka dapat memproduksi [[spesi oksigen reaktif]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite web \|title=CORAL BLEACHING – A REVIEW OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES \|url=https://www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/reef_managers_guide/reef_managers_guide_ch4.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229043520/http://coris.noaa.gov:80/activities/reef_managers_guide/reef_managers_guide_ch4.pdf \|archive-date=29 Desember 2009 }}</ref> Hal ini beracun bagi koral, sehingga koral melepaskan zooxanthellae.<ref name=":19"~~>{{Cite web \|title=CORAL BLEACHING – A REVIEW OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES \|url=https:~~//www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/reef_managers_guide/reef_managers_guide_ch4.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229043520/http://coris.noaa.gov:80/activities/reef_managers_guide/reef_managers_guide_ch4.pdf \|archive-date=29 Desember 2009 }}</ref> Tisu koral menjadi transparan dan menampakkan warna tulang koral yang dibentuk oleh [[kalsium karbonat]] karena mereka melepaskan zooxanthellae yang dapat mewarnai koral.<ref name=":19" /> Karang yang memutih umumnya tampak berwarna putih, tetapi terkadang juga berwarna biru, kuning, atau merah muda karena ~~pigmen~~ protein pada pigmen di dalam koral.<ref name=":19" /> Faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah meningkatnya suhu laut akibat dari [[perubahan iklim]]..<ref name=":17">{{Cite web \|title=Corals and Coral Reefs \|url=http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018005724/https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs \|archive-date=18 Oktober 2020 \|access-date=2019-08-15 \|website=Smithsonian Ocean \|language=en}}</ref> Perubahan sebesar 1 °C dapat mengakibatkan fenomena pemutihan karang.<ref name=":17" /> Menurut Program Lingkungan PBB, antara tahun 2014 hingga 2016, pemutihan karang secara global membunuh koral dengan jumlah yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Pada tahun 2016, pemutihan karang di [[Great Barrier Reef]] membunuh sekitar 29 hingga 50 persen dari terumbu karang disana.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=29 Mei 2017 \|title=Coral bleaching on Great Barrier Reef worse than expected, surveys show \|work=[[The Guardian]] \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/29/coral-bleaching-on-great-barrier-reef-worse-than-expected-surveys-show \|url-status=live \|access-date=29 Mei 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529031448/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/29/coral-bleaching-on-great-barrier-reef-worse-than-expected-surveys-show \|archive-date=29 Mei 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Gilmour \|first1=J. P. \|last2=Smith \|first2=L. D. \|last3=Heyward \|first3=A. J. \|last4=Baird \|first4=A. H. \|last5=Pratchett \|first5=M. S. \|date=2013 \|title=Recovery of an Isolated Coral Reef System Following Severe Disturbance \|url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232310 \|journal=Science \|volume=340 \|issue=6128 \|pages=69–71 \|doi=10.1126/science.1232310 \|pmid=23559247 \|bibcode=2013Sci...340...69G \|s2cid=206546394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=3 Juni 2017 \|title=The United Nations just released a warning that the Great Barrier Reef is dying \|work=The Independent \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/great-barrier-reef-unesco-coral-bleaching-dead-dying-a7770531.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=11 Juni 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609064017/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/great-barrier-reef-unesco-coral-bleaching-dead-dying-a7770531.html \|archive-date=9 Juni 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|display-authors=6 \|vauthors=Hughes TP, Kerry JT, Álvarez-Noriega M, Álvarez-Romero JG, Anderson KD, Baird AH, Babcock RC, Beger M, Bellwood DR, Berkelmans R, Bridge TC, Butler IR, Byrne M, Cantin NE, Comeau S, Connolly SR, Cumming GS, Dalton SJ, Diaz-Pulido G, Eakin CM, Figueira WF, Gilmour JP, Harrison HB, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hobbs JA, Hoogenboom MO, Kennedy EV, Kuo CY, Lough JM, Lowe RJ, Liu G, McCulloch MT, Malcolm HA, McWilliam MJ, Pandolfi JM, Pears RJ, Pratchett MS, Schoepf V, Simpson T, Skirving WJ, Sommer B, Torda G, Wachenfeld DR, Willis BL, Wilson SK \|date=Maret 2017 \|title=Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals \|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/123989/1/Hughes%20et%20al.%20Bleaching%20ms%20Feb13.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=Nature \|volume=543 \|issue=7645 \|pages=373–377 \|bibcode=2017Natur.543..373H \|doi=10.1038/nature21707 \|pmid=28300113 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042445/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/123989/1/Hughes%20et%20al.%20Bleaching%20ms%20Feb13.pdf \|archive-date=12 November 2020 \|access-date=12 April 2020 \|hdl=20.500.11937/52828 \|s2cid=205254779}}</ref> Pada tahun 2017, pemutihan merambah hingga ke bagian tengah terumbu karang.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=13 Maret 2017 \|title=Mass coral bleaching hits the Great Barrier Reef for the second year in a row \|work=USA Today \|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/13/great-barrier-reef-mass-coral-bleaching-second-year-row/99116432/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=14 Maret 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313195317/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/13/great-barrier-reef-mass-coral-bleaching-second-year-row/99116432/ \|archive-date=13 Maret 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Galimberti \|first=Katy \|date=18 April 2017 \|title=Portion of Great Barrier Reef hit with back-to-back coral bleaching has 'zero prospect for recovery' \|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/portion-of-great-barrier-reef-hit-with-back-to-back-coral-bleaching-has-zero-prospect-for-recovery/70001423 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418124910/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/portion-of-great-barrier-reef-hit-with-back-to-back-coral-bleaching-has-zero-prospect-for-recovery/70001423 \|archive-date=18 April 2017 \|access-date=18 April 2017 \|website=AccuWeather.com \|quote=When coral experiences abnormal conditions, it releases an algae called zooxanthellae. The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.}}</ref> Rata-rata pemutihan telah berkurang setengah sejak 1980 hingga 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal \|display-authors=6 \|vauthors=Hughes TP, Anderson KD, Connolly SR, Heron SF, Kerry JT, Lough JM, Baird AH, Baum JK, Berumen ML, Bridge TC, Claar DC, Eakin CM, Gilmour JP, Graham NA, Harrison H, Hobbs JA, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom M, Lowe RJ, McCulloch MT, Pandolfi JM, Pratchett M, Schoepf V, Torda G, Wilson SK \|date=Januari 2018 \|title=Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene \|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/89736/1/Hughes_et_al._Science_2018_accepted.pdf \|url-status=live \|journal=Science \|volume=359 \|issue=6371 \|pages=80–83 \|bibcode=2018Sci...359...80H \|doi=10.1126/science.aan8048 \|pmid=29302011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428123905/http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/89736/1/Hughes_et_al._Science_2018_accepted.pdf \|archive-date=28 April 2019 \|access-date=25 November 2018 \|s2cid=206661455}}</ref> Terumbu karang yang paling tahan terhadap fenomena ini dapat dijumpai di bagian selatan Persia/Semenanjung Arab. Beberapa dari karang disana hanya akan memutih pada temperatur diatas ~35 °C.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Shuail \|first1=Dawood \|last2=Wiedenmann \|first2=Jörg \|last3=D'Angelo \|first3=Cecilia \|last4=Baird \|first4=Andrew H. \|last5=Pratchett \|first5=Morgan S. \|last6=Riegl \|first6=Bernhard \|last7=Burt \|first7=John A. \|last8=Petrov \|first8=Peter \|last9=Amos \|first9=Carl \|date=2016-04-30 \|title=Local bleaching thresholds established by remote sensing techniques vary among reefs with deviating bleaching patterns during the 2012 event in the Arabian/Persian Gulf \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X1630131X \|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin \|series=Coral Reefs of Arabia \|language=en \|volume=105 \|issue=2 \|pages=654–659 \|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.001 \|issn=0025-326X \|pmid=26971815 \|bibcode=2016MarPB.105..654S \|s2cid=37407032}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Hume \|first1=Benjamin C. C. \|last2=Voolstra \|first2=Christian R. \|last3=Arif \|first3=Chatchanit \|last4=D’Angelo \|first4=Cecilia \|last5=Burt \|first5=John A. \|last6=Eyal \|first6=Gal \|last7=Loya \|first7=Yossi \|last8=Wiedenmann \|first8=Jörg \|date=2016-04-19 \|title=Ancestral genetic diversity associated with the rapid spread of stress-tolerant coral symbionts in response to Holocene climate change \|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|language=en \|volume=113 \|issue=16 \|pages=4416–4421 \|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4416H \|doi=10.1073/pnas.1601910113 \|issn=0027-8424 \|pmc=4843444 \|pmid=27044109 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Karang yang terdampak pemutihan tetap bisa hidup, tetapi karang-karang tersebut lebih rentan terserang penyakit dan kekurangan makanan.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web \|title=What is Coral Bleaching and What Causes It – Fight For Our Reef \|url=https://www.marineconservation.org.au/coral-bleaching/ \|access-date=2021-09-13 \|website=Australian Marine Conservation Society \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Coral Bleaching \|url=https://www.barrierreef.org/the-reef/coral-bleaching \|access-date=2021-09-13 \|website=Great Barrier Reef Foundation \|language=en}}</ref> Zooxanthellae memberikan hingga 90 persen energi pada karang,<ref name=":19" /> sehingga karang akan kekurangan nutrisi ketika mereka melepaskan zooxanthellae.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Slezak \|first=Michael \|date=2016-06-06 \|title=The Great Barrier Reef: a catastrophe laid bare \|language=en-GB \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/07/the-great-barrier-reef-a-catastrophe-laid-bare \|access-date=2021-09-13 \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Beberapa karang akan kembali seperti semula (berwarna)<ref name=":18" /> ketika kondisi kembali normal,<ref name=":22" /> dan beberapa karang dapat berfotosintesis.<ref name=":22" /> Meskipun begitu, karang yang kekurangan zooxanthellae tidak dapat berfotosintesis.<ref name=":22" /> ==Pemicu== Pemutihan karang bisa terjadi karena berbagai faktor. Akibat dari meningkatnya konsentrasi [[karbon dioksida]], karang bisa saja menjadi lebih jarang ditemukan di sistem terumbu karang.<ref name="Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, et al. 2007 1737–42">{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME \|display-authors=6 \|title=Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification \|journal=Science \|volume=318 \|issue=5857 \|pages=1737–42 \|date=December 2007 \|pmid=18079392 \|doi=10.1126/science.1152509 \|bibcode=2007Sci...318.1737H \|citeseerx=10.1.1.702.1733 \|s2cid=12607336 }}</ref> Terumbu karang yang berada di perairan dangkal, suhu hangat, dan aliran air pelan lebih mudah terdampak dibandingkan dengan terumbu karang yang berada di kawasan dengan aliran air deras.<ref name="Baker">{{Cite journal \|last1=Baker \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Glynn \|first2=Peter \|last3=Riegl \|first3=Bernhard \|name-list-style=vanc \|year=2008 \|title=Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook \|journal=[[Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science]] \|volume=80 \|issue=4 \|pages=435–471 \|bibcode=2008ECSS...80..435B \|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.003}}</ref> [[Berkas:Colorful Coral Bleaching.jpg\|thumb\|Pemutihan dengan warna karang di Palawan, Filipina, pada tahun 2010. Warna-warna tersebut didapatkan dari pigmen tabir surya yang diproduksi oleh inang karang.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Bollati \|first1=Elena \|last2=D’Angelo \|first2=Cecilia \|last3=Alderdice \|first3=Rachel \|last4=Pratchett \|first4=Morgan \|last5=Ziegler \|first5=Maren \|last6=Wiedenmann \|first6=Jörg \|date=July 2020 \|title=Optical Feedback Loop Involving Dinoflagellate Symbiont and Scleractinian Host Drives Colorful Coral Bleaching \|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.055 \|journal=Current Biology \|volume=30 \|issue=13 \|pages=2433–2445.e3 \|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.055 \|pmid=32442463 \|s2cid=218762967 \|issn=0960-9822}}</ref>]] * Meningkatnya suhu air (sering terjadi akibat [[pemanasan global]]), atau menurunnya suhu air<ref>{{Cite press release \|title=Reef 'at risk in climate change' \|publisher=The University of Queensland \|date=6 April 2007 \|url=https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2007/04/reef-risk-climate-change \|access-date=2 August 2016 \|archive-date=13 September 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172127/https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2007/04/reef-risk-climate-change \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=KAnthony>Anthony, K. 2007; Berkelmans</ref><ref name=TSaxby2003>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Saxby T, Dennison WC, Hoegh-Guldberg O \|title=Photosynthetic responses of the coral Montipora digitata to cold temperature stress \|doi=10.3354/meps248085 \|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series \|volume=248 \|pages=85–97 \|year=2003 \|bibcode=2003MEPS..248...85S \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Marimuthu N, Jerald Wilson J, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R \|title=Coral reef recovery status in south Andaman Islands after the bleaching event 2010 \|journal=Journal of Ocean University of China \|date=9 November 2012 \|volume=12 \|issue=1 \|pages=91–96 \|doi=10.1007/s11802-013-2014-2 \|bibcode=2013JOUC...12...91M \|s2cid=89531419 }}</ref> * Meningkatnya [[Penyinaran surya\|sinar matahari]] (radiasi sinar matahari dan [[sinar ultraviolet]]) * Meningkatnya [[sedimentasi]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Rogers CS \| title=Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation \|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series \|volume=62 \|year=1990 \|pages=185–202 \|doi=10.3354/meps062185 \|bibcode=1990MEPS...62..185R \|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Infeksi bakteri<ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Kushmaro A, Rosenberg E, Fine M, Loya Y \|title=Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1 \|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series \|volume=147 \|year=1997 \|pages=159–65 \|doi=10.3354/meps147159 \|bibcode=1997MEPS..147..159K \|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Perubahan [[Salinitas\|kadar garam]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Hoegh-Guldberg \|first1=Ove \|author-link=Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist) \|last2=Smith \|first2=G.Jason \|name-list-style=vanc \|title=The effect of sudden changes in temperature, light and salinity on the population density and export of zooxanthellae from the reef corals Stylophora pistillata Esper and Seriatopora hystrix Dana \|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology \|volume=129 \|issue=3 \|year=1989 \|pages=279–303 \|doi=10.1016/0022-0981(89)90109-3 }}</ref> * Penggunaan [[herbisida]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Jones RJ, Muller J, Haynes D, Schreiber U \|title=Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia \|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series \|volume=251 \|year=2003 \|pages=153–167 \|doi=10.3354/meps251153 \|bibcode=2003MEPS..251..153J \|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Penggunaan [[natrium sianida]] untuk [[Metode penangkapan ikan\|menangkap ikan]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Jones \|first1=Ross J. \|last2=Hoegh-Guldberg \|first2=Ove \|author-link2=Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist) \|name-list-style=vanc \|title=Effects of cyanide on coral photosynthesis:implications for identifying the cause of coral bleaching and for assessing the environmental effects of cyanide fishing \|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series \|volume=177 \|year=1999 \|pages=83–91 \|doi=10.3354/meps177083 \|bibcode=1999MEPS..177...83J \|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Debu dari [[badai pasir]] Afrika<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Coral Mortality and African Dust \|url=http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502091350/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/ \|archive-date=2 May 2012 \|access-date=10 June 2007 \|website=[[U. S. Geological Survey]]}}</ref> * Polusi seperti [[oxybenzone]], [[butylparaben]], [[octyl methoxycinnamate]], atau [[enzacamene]]: empat bahan [[tabir surya]] yang tidak dapat terurai secara alami<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Protect Yourself, Protect The Reef! The impacts of sunscreens on our coral reefs \|url=http://cdhc.noaa.gov/_docs/Site%20Bulletin_Sunscreen_final.pdf \|publisher=U.S. National Park Service \|access-date=1 July 2013 \|archive-date=13 February 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213222809/http://cdhc.noaa.gov/_docs/Site%20Bulletin_Sunscreen_final.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.badgerbalm.com/s-35-coral-reef-safe-sunscreen.aspx\|title=Coral Reef Safe Sunscreen \|website=badgerbalm.com \|access-date=24 March 2014 \|archive-date=24 March 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324220654/http://www.badgerbalm.com/s-35-coral-reef-safe-sunscreen.aspx \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Danovaro R, Bongiorni L, Corinaldesi C, Giovannelli D, Damiani E, Astolfi P, Greci L, Pusceddu A \|title=Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections \|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives \|volume=116 \|issue=4 \|pages=441–7 \|date=April 2008 \|pmid=18414624 \|pmc=2291018 \|doi=10.1289/ehp.10966 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Fauth JE, Segal R, Bronstein O, Jeger R, Lichtenfeld Y, Woodley CM, Pennington P, Kushmaro A, Loya Y \|title=Toxicological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, benzophenone-2, on planulae and in vitro cells of the coral, Stylophora pistillata \|journal=Ecotoxicology \|volume=23 \|issue=2 \|pages=175–91 \|date=March 2014 \|pmid=24352829 \|doi=10.1007/s10646-013-1161-y \|s2cid=1505199 }}</ref> * [[Peningkatan keasaman air laut]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|vauthors=Anthony KR, Kline DI, Diaz-Pulido G, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O \|title=Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders \|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \|volume=105 \|issue=45 \|pages=17442–6 \|date=November 2008 \|pmid=18988740 \|pmc=2580748 \|doi=10.1073/pnas.0804478105 \|bibcode=2008PNAS..10517442A \|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Polusi dari tumpahan minyak atau bahan kimia lainnya<ref name=":16">{{Cite web \|url=https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html\|title=How Do Oil Spills Affect Coral Reefs? \|website=response.restoration.noaa.gov \|access-date=24 April 2018 \|archive-date=24 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135634/https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> * Perubahan struktur kimia air, khususnya ketidakseimbangan rasio makronutrien nitrat dan fosfat<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Wiedenmann \|first1=Jörg \|last2=D’Angelo \|first2=Cecilia \|last3=Smith \|first3=Edward G. \|last4=Hunt \|first4=Alan N. \|last5=Legiret \|first5=François-Eric \|last6=Postle \|first6=Anthony D. \|last7=Achterberg \|first7=Eric P. \|date=February 2013 \|title=Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1661 \|journal=Nature Climate Change \|language=en \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=160–164 \|doi=10.1038/nclimate1661 \|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..160W \|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> ==Referensi== Baris 24 ⟶ 41: ==Pranala luar== {{Commons category\|Coral bleaching}} [http://www.reefbase.org/ Sistem informasi global mengenai terumbu karang.] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831082206/http://www.reefbase.org/ \|date=2012-08-31 }} [https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/ocean/surface/currents/overlay=bleaching_alert_area/winkel3 Peta dunia peringatan pemutihan karang terkini.]