Gejala Covid-19: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gejala COVID-19''' bervariasi, mulai dari gejala ringan hingga berat.<ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{Cite web|date=22 Februari 2021|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=28 Februari 2021|rev=22 Februari 2021|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617081119/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Gejala yang umum ditemukan meliputi [[sakit kepala]], [[Anosmia|kehilangan indera penciuman]] dan [[Ageusia|indera perasa]], hidung tersumbat yang disertai [[pilek]], batuk, nyeri otot, [[sakit tenggorokan]], [[demam]], [[diare]], dan sesak nafas.<ref name="ECDC-CLINICAL">{{Cite web|title=Clinical characteristics of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/clinical|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=28 Februari 2021|archive-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229233605/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/clinical|dead-url=no}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, penderita yang terinfeksi mungkin saja mendapati gejala yang berbeda.

Terdapat tiga kelompok gejala yang telah teridentifikasi. Kelompok gejala pertama meliputi gejala-gejala pernapasan, seperti batuk, [[dahak]], napas pendek, dan demam. Kelompok gejala kedua meliputi gejala-gejala muskuloskeletal, seperti nyeri pada otot dan [[sendi]], sakit kepala, dan kelelahan. Kelompok gejala ketiga meliputi gejala-gejala pencernaan, seperti sakit pada bagian perut, muntah, dan diare.<ref name="ECDC-CLINICAL" /> Pada orang-orang yang sebelumnya tidak mengalami gejala, hilangnya indera penciuman dan perasa bisa menjadi gejala pertama penyakit [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Niazkar|first=Hamid Reza|last2=Zibaee|first2=Behdad|last3=Nasimi|first3=Ali|last4=Bahri|first4=Narjes|date=2020-07-01|title=The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|journal=Neurological Sciences|language=en|volume=41|issue=7|pages=1667–1671|doi=10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|issn=1590-3478|pmc=PMC7262683|pmid=32483687|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2023-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729204358/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Kebanyakan penderita (81%) mengalami gejala ringan hingga sedang (seperti [[pneumonia]] ringan), sementara 14% lainnya mendapati gejala berat (seperti [[dispnea]] dan [[hipoksia]]) dan 5% sisanya mendapati gejala kritis (seperti [[Kegagalan pernapasan|kegagalan sistem pernapasan]], [[syok]], dan disfungsi organ).<ref name="CDC Interim Guidance">{{cite web|date=6 April 2020|title=Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201644/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=19 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Setidaknya sepertiga penderita yang terinfeksi virus ini tidak menunjukkan gejala dalam selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut [[asimtomatik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oran|first=Daniel P.|last2=Topol|first2=Eric J.|date=2021-01-22|title=The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6976|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|doi=10.7326/M20-6976|issn=0003-4819|pmc=7839426|access-date=2021-02-27|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511113220/https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6976|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penderita asimtomatik seperti ini memiliki kemungkinan untuk tidak menjalani tes COVID-19,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hao|first=Xingjie|last2=Cheng|first2=Shanshan|last3=Wu|first3=Degang|last4=Wu|first4=Tangchun|last5=Lin|first5=Xihong|last6=Wang|first6=Chaolong|date=2020-08|title=Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2554-8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=584|issue=7821|pages=420–424|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2554-8|issn=1476-4687|quote=We estimate 87% (lower bound, 53%) of the infections before 8 March 2020 were unascertained (potentially including asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic individuals); and a basic reproduction number (R0) of 3.54 (95% credible interval 3.40–3.67) in the early outbreak, much higher than that of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2022-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211085241/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2554-8|dead-url=no}}</ref> tetapi tetap dapat menyebarkan virus.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=June 2020|title=Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=53|issue=3|pages=404–412|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012|pmc=7128959|pmid=32173241|vauthors=Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR}}</ref> Beberapa penderita COVID-19 juga baru menunjukkan gejala setelah selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut "presimtomatik".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Furukawa|first1=Nathan W.|last2=Brooks|first2=John T.|last3=Sobel|first3=Jeremy|date=4 May 2020|title=Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-1595_article|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.3201/eid2607.201595|pmc=7323549|pmid=32364890|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001081109/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-1595_article|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Sama seperti infeksi pada umumnya, terdapat [[Masa inkubasi|jeda waktu]] antara terpaparnya penderita dengan virus hingga munculnya gejala. [[Median]] dari jeda waktu ini berkisar antara empat hingga lima hari.<ref name="pmid32329974">{{cite journal|last=Gandhi|first=Rajesh T.|last2=Lynch|first2=John B.|last3=Rio|first3=Carlos del|date=April 2020|title=Mild or Moderate Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=18|pages=1758|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp2009249|pmid=32329974|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104035829/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sebagian besar penderita bergejala mulai mengalami gejala antara dua hingga tujuh hari setelah terpapar virus<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wiersinga|first=W. Joost|last2=Rhodes|first2=Andrew|last3=Cheng|first3=Allen C.|last4=Peacock|first4=Sharon J.|last5=Prescott|first5=Hallie C.|date=August 2020|title=Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391|journal=JAMA|volume=324|issue=8|pages=782–793|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.12839|pmid=32648899|quote=The mean (interquartile range) incubation period (the time from exposure to symptom onset) for COVID-19 is approximately 5 (2-7) days.|s2cid=220465311|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-02-27|archive-date=2023-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714075746/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan hampir semuanya pernah mengalami setidaknya satu gejala dalam selang waktu 11,5 hari.<ref name="pmid32329974" />

Kebanyakan penderita dapat sembuh dari fase akut penyakit. Meskipun demikian, beberapa penderita lainnya tetap menderita efek yang bervariasi hingga beberapa bulan setelah sembuh,<ref name="UniWashingtonSep20" /> atau disebut [[long COVID]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baig|first=Abdul Mannan|date=2020-10-23|title=Chronic COVID Syndrome: Need for an appropriate medical terminology for Long‐COVID and COVID Long‐Haulers|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.26624|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|language=en|pages=jmv.26624|doi=10.1002/jmv.26624|issn=0146-6615|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072345/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.26624|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penelitian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengetahui efek jangka panjang dari penyakit ini.

Meskipun organisasi kesehatan merekomendasikan isolasi selama 14 hari untuk mengawasi gejala yang mungkin timbul,<ref>{{cite web|date=19 Agustus 2020|title=Considerations for quarantine of contacts of COVID-19 cases|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1296389/retrieve|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=28 Februari 2021|quote=WHO recommends that all contacts of individuals with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 be quarantined in a designated facility or at home for 14 days from their last exposure.|archive-date=2023-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127085416/http://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1296389/retrieve|dead-url=no}}</ref> terdapat bukti terbatas yang membuktikan bahwa beberapa pasien baru menunjukkan gejala setelah lebih dari 14 hari sejak terpapar virus.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bikbov|first1=Boris|last2=Bikbov|first2=Alexander|date=2021|title=Maximum incubation period for COVID-19 infection: Do we need to rethink the 14-day quarantine policy?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7816956/|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=40|pages=101976|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101976|issn=1477-8939|pmid=33476809|access-date=25 Februari 2021|quote=Notably, these incubation periods longer than 14 days were registered not only in sporadic cases, but in a substantial proportion reaching... 5.0% out of 339, 7.7% out of 104... patients with traced contacts|archive-date=2021-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915091532/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7816956/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[Demam]] adalah salah satu gejala paling umum yang dialami oleh penderita. Sebuah penelitian di [[Tiongkok]] membuktikan bahwa 88,7% penderita COVID-19 menunjukkan gejala berupa demam selama dirawat di rumah sakit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guan|first=Wei-jie|last2=Ni|first2=Zheng-yi|last3=Hu|first3=Yu|last4=Liang|first4=Wen-hua|last5=Ou|first5=Chun-quan|last6=He|first6=Jian-xing|last7=Liu|first7=Lei|last8=Shan|first8=Hong|last9=Lei|first9=Chun-liang|date=2020-02-28|title=Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=382|pages=1710|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2002032|pmc=PMC7092819|pmid=32109013|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084542/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penelitian lain yang dilakukan oleh para ilmuwan di Inggris dan Belgia juga mendapati bahwa mayoritas (77%) pasien COVID-19 mengalami gejala demam.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal|last=Grant|first=Michael C.|last2=Geoghegan|first2=Luke|last3=Arbyn|first3=Marc|last4=Mohammed|first4=Zakaria|last5=McGuinness|first5=Luke|last6=Clarke|first6=Emily L.|last7=Wade|first7=Ryckie G.|date=23 Juni 2020|title=The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234765|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234765|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC7310678|pmid=32574165|access-date=2021-02-28|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132418/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234765|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{Refpage|4}}

Penderita COVID-19 dapat mengalami gejala neurologis yang melibatkan [[sistem saraf pusat]] (seperti [[sakit kepala]], [[pusing]], penurunan kesadaran, dan disorientasi) dan [[sistem saraf tepi]] (seperti [[anosmia]] dan [[dysgeusia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Payus|first1=Alvin Oliver|last2=Lin|first2=Constance Liew Sat|last3=Noh|first3=Malehah Mohd|last4=Jeffree|first4=Mohammad Saffree|last5=Ali|first5=Raymond Azman|date=2020-08-03|title=SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nervous system: A review of the literature on neurological involvement in novel coronavirus disease-(COVID-19)|url=https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/4860|journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=283|doi=10.17305/bjbms.2020.4860|issn=1840-4812|pmc=7416180|pmid=32530389|access-date=2021-02-27|archive-date=2020-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210181922/http://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/4860|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beberapa penderita juga mengalami gejala berupa kehilangan ingatan, kehilangan konsentrasi, kehilangan fokus, dan disorientasi yang biasa disebut sebagai "{{vanchor|COVID fog}}" atau "COVID brain fog".<ref>{{citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=How Brain Fog Plagues Covid-19 Survivors|date=11 Oktober 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/11/health/covid-survivors.html|first=Belluck, Pam|access-date=25 Maret 2021|archive-date=2021-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130053656/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/11/health/covid-survivors.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Beberapa gejala lain hanya terjadi pada sebagian kecil penderita COVID-19. Beberapa penderita dapat mengalami [[Penyakit pencernaan|gejala pencernaan]] seperti [[Anoreksia (gejala)|kehilangan selera makan]], [[diare]], [[mual]], atau [[muntah]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berlin|first=David A|last2=Gulick|first2=Roy M.|last3=Martinez|first3=Fernando J.|date=Mei 2020|title=Severe Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=25|pages=2453|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp2009575|pmid=32412710|doi-access=free|s2cid=218649520|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144856/https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beberapa orang lainnya mangalami [[sakit tenggorokan]], [[pusing]], dan [[vertigo]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />{{Rp|6-8}} Gejala lain yang lebih jarang ditemukan seperti [[menggigil]],<ref name="CDC2020Sym2" /> [[Konjungtivitis|peradangan selaput mata]],<ref name="who-faq">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222130030/https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[diare]], dan ruam kulit<ref>{{Cite web|last=Apollonia|first=Yan Ling|date=Maret 2020|title=COVID-19 {{!}} DermNet NZ|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/covid-19/|website=dermnetnz.org|language=en|access-date=2021-02-27|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218153042/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/covid-19/|dead-url=no}}</ref> juga ditemukan pada penderita COVID-19.

Komplikasi dapat berupa [[pneumonia]], [[sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut]] (ARDS), [[sindrom disfungsi multiorgan]], [[syok septik]], hingga kematian.<ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book|last=Cascella|first=Marco|last2=Rajnik|first2=Michael|last3=Cuomo|first3=Arturo|last4=Dulebohn|first4=Scott C.|last5=Di Napoli|first5=Raffaela|date=2020|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pages=14|chapter=Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)|pmid=32150360|access-date=25 Maret 2021|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/|url-status=live|archive-date=2020-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406135818/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kompilkasi pada sistem kardiovaskular dapat meliputi [[gagal jantung]],<ref name=":03">{{cite journal|date=July 2020|title=Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=38|issue=7|pages=1506|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048|pmc=7165109|pmid=32317203|vauthors=Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M}}</ref> [[aritmia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siripanthong|first=Bhurint|year=2020|title=Recognizing COVID-19–related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management|journal=Heart Rhythm|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1463–1471|doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001|pmc=7199677|pmid=32387246}}</ref> dan [[Miokarditis|inflamasi jantung]].<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, Shchendrygina A, Escher F, Vasa-Nicotera M, Zeiher AM, Vehreschild M, Nagel E|date=July 2020|title=Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1265–1273|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557|pmc=7385689|pmid=32730619|lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/covid19-concerns-about-lasting-heart-damage/|doi-access=free}}</ref> Komplikasi neurologis dapat berupa [[Sindrom Guillain–Barré]] yang dapat disertai hilangnya fungsi motorik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toscano|first=Gianpaolo|year=2020|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=26|pages=2574–2576|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2009191|pmc=7182017|pmid=32302082}}</ref> Anak-anak yang terinfeksi penyakit ini dapat mengalami komplikasi berupa [[Sindrom peradangan multisistem pada anak-anak|sindrom peradangan multisistem]] dengan gejala mirip seperti [[penyakit Kawasaki]] yang dapat berakibat fatal.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp|title=HAN Archive&nbsp;– 00432|date=14 Mei 2020|access-date=25 Maret 2021|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref>

Beberapa penelitian mendapati bahwa 10-20% penderita COVID-19 masih mengalami gejala penyakit tersebut selama lebih dari satu bulan.<ref name="NIHRreportSep20">{{cite document|last=Maxwell|first=Elaine|date=15 Oktober 2020|title=Living with Covid19|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19/|publisher=National Institute for Health Research|pages=6|doi=10.3310/themedreview_41169|access-date=28 Februari 2021|periodical=NIH Themed Review|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018164508/https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Living-with-Covid-Themed-Review.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kebanyakan penderita yang harus mendapatkan perawatan di rumah sakit akibat gejala berat COVID-19 melaporkan bahwa mereka mengalami masalah jangka panjang, seperti mudah lelah dan napas pendek.<ref name="UniWashingtonSep20">{{cite web|last=Ross|first=Jennifer M. et al.|date=1 September 2020|title=Summary of COVID-19 Long Term Health Effects: Emerging evidence and Ongoing Investigation|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/COVID-19%20Long%20Term%20Effects%20Summary.pdf|publisher=[[University of Washington]]|access-date=28 Februari 2021|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108224305/https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/COVID-19%20Long%20Term%20Effects%20Summary.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sementara itu, sekitar 29% pasien yang mendapat penanganan di rumah sakit Wuhan juga mengaku mengalami kegagalan sistem pernapasan akut setelah terpapar COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=C|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Li|first3=X|last4=Ren|first4=L|last5=Zhao|first5=J|last6=Hu|first6=Y|last7=Zhang|first7=L|last8=Fan|first8=G|last9=Xu|first9=J|date=15 February 2020|title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.|journal=Lancet|volume=395|issue=10223|pages=501|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5|pmc=7159299|pmid=31986264|first22=L|first23=J|last24=Wang|first24=G|last25=Jiang|first25=R|last26=Gao|first26=Z|last27=Jin|first27=Q|last28=Wang|first28=J|last29=Cao|first29=B|last23=Xie|last18=Li|last22=Guo|last15=Wu|last10=Gu|first10=X|last11=Cheng|first11=Z|last12=Yu|first12=T|last13=Xia|first13=J|last14=Wei|first14=Y|first15=W|first21=H|last16=Xie|first16=X|last17=Yin|first17=W|first18=H|last19=Liu|first19=M|last20=Xiao|first20=Y|last21=Gao|doi-access=free}}</ref>