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{{untuk|Kantor sebagai sebutan untuk penyanyi di gereja|Kantor (gereja)}}
[[Berkas:Typicalbusyoffice20050109.jpg|
'''Kantor''' (serapan dari [[bahasa Belanda]] ''kantoor'', yang diturunkan dari [[bahasa Prancis]] ''comptoir'') adalah sebutan untuk tempat yang digunakan untuk [[perniagaan]] atau [[perusahaan]] yang dijalankan secara rutin. Kantor bisa hanya berupa suatu [[kamar]] atau [[ruangan]] kecil maupun [[bangunan]] bertingkat tinggi.<ref name=Long>{{cite book|last=Long|first=Kim|pages=14–16|title=User Effective Buildings|location=Denver|publisher=Aardex Corporation|year=2004|isbn=0975552406}}</ref> Kantor sering dibagi kepada dua jenis; kantor yang terbesar dan terpenting biasanya dijadikan '''kantor pusat''', sedangkan kantor-kantor lainnya dinamakan '''kantor cabang'''.
== Ruangan kantor ==
Tujuan utama lingkungan perkantoran adalah untuk mendukung penghuninya dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan, dengan biaya serendah mungkin dan tingkat kepuasan setinggi mungkin. Mengingat beragamnya pekerja dan tugas yang dikerjakan, tidaklah selalu mudah untuk memilih ruang kantor yang cocok. Guna membantu pengambilan keputusan desain ruang kerja dan kantor, dapat dibedakan tiga jenis ruang kantor:
* ruangan kerja (''work spaces'')
* ruangan pertemuan (''meeting spaces'')
* ruangan pendukung (''support spaces'').
Perusahaan-perusahaan baru atau berkembang, kantor cabang jarak jauh, ruang-ruang proyek, dapat dilayani oleh "Serviced Offices" (kantor yang mempunyai fasilitas pelayanan) sebagai pemecahan sederhana dan dapat menyediakan semua jenis-jenis ruangan.
=== Ruangan kerja ===
Ruangan kerja dalam suatu kantor biasanya digunakan untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan kantor yang lazim, seperti membaca, menulis dan pekerjaan dengan komputer. Ada sembilan jenis generik ruangan kerja, masing-masing mendukung aktivitas-aktivitas yang berbeda.
<gallery>
File:open office.png|Kantor terbuka (''open office'')
File:team space.png|Ruangan tim (''team space'')
File:cubicle.png|Kubikel (''cubicle'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Open office''': An open work space for more than ten people, suitable for activities which demand frequent communication or routine activities which need relatively little concentration
'''Team space''': A semi-enclosed work space for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level of concentration
'''Cubicle''': A semi-enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which demand medium concentration and medium interaction
-->
<gallery>
File:private office.png|Ruangan privat (''private office'')
File:shared office.png|Kantor berbagi (''shared office'')
File:team room.png|Kamar tim (''team room'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Private office''': An enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which are confidential, demand a lot of concentration or include many small meetings
'''Shared office''': An enclosed work space for two or three people, suitable for semi-concentrated work and collaborative work in small groups
'''Team room''': An enclosed work space for four to ten people; suitable for teamwork which may be confidential and demands frequent internal communication
-->
<gallery>
File:study booth.png|Booth belajar (''study booth'')
File:work lounge.png|''work lounge''
File:touch down.png|''touch down''
</gallery>
<!--
'''Study booth''': An enclosed work space for one person; suitable for short-term activities which demand concentration or confidentiality
'''Work lounge''': A lounge-like work space for two to six people; suitable for short-term activities which demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction
'''Touch down''': An open work space for one person; suitable for short-term activities which require little concentration and low interaction
-->
=== Ruangan pertemuan ===
Ruangan pertemuan dalam sebuah kantor biasanya digunakan untuk proses interaktif, dapat berupa percakapan singkat atau pertukaran pendapat ''brainstorm'' intensif. Ada enam jenis generik ruangan pertemuan, masing-masing mendukung aktivitas-aktivitas yang berbeda.
<gallery>
File:small meeting room.png|Kamar pertemuan kecil (''small meeting room'')
File:large meeting room.png|Kamar pertemuan besar (''large meeting room'')
File:small meeting space.png|Ruang pertemuan kecil (''Small meeting space'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Small meeting room''': An enclosed meeting space for two to four persons, suitable for both formal and informal interaction
'''Large meeting room''': An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people, suitable for formal interaction
'''Small meeting space''': An open or semi-open meeting space for two to four persons; suitable for short, informal interaction
-->
<gallery>
File:large meeting space.png|Ruang pertemuan besar (''''large meeting space'')
File:brainstorm room.png|''brainstorm room''
File:meeting point.png|''meeting point''
</gallery>
<!--
'''Large meeting space''': An open or semi-open meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for short, informal interaction
'''Brainstorm room''': An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops
'''Meeting point''': An open meeting point for two to four persons; suitable for ad hoc, informal meetings
-->
=== Ruangan pendukung ===
Ruangan pendukung dalam suatu kantor biasanya digunakan untuk aktivitas sekunder seperti pengarsipan dokumen atau beristirahat. Ada dua belas jenis generik ruangan pendukung, masing-masing mendukung aktivitas-aktivitas yang berbeda.
<gallery>
File:filing space.png|Ruang arsip (''filing space'')
File:storage sapce.png|Ruang simpanan (gudang; ''storage space'')
File:print and copy area.png|Ruang printer dan fotokopi (''print and copy area'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Filing space''': An open or enclosed support space for the storage of frequently used files and documents
'''Storage space''': An open or enclosed support space for the storage of commonly used office supplies
'''Print and copy area''': An open or enclosed support space with facilities for printing, scanning and copying
-->
<gallery>
File:mail area.png|Ruang surat (''mail area'')
File:pantry area.png|Dapur (''pantry area'')
File:break area.png|Ruang istirahat (''break area'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Mail area''': An open or semi-open support space where employees can pick up or deliver their personal mail
'''Pantry area''': An open or enclosed support space where people can get coffee and tea as well as soft drinks and snacks
'''Break area''': A semi-open or enclosed support space where employees can take a break from their work
-->
<gallery>
File:locker area.png|Ruang ganti (''locker area'')
File:smoking room.png|Ruang merokok (''smoking room'')
File:office library.png|Perpustakaan (''library'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Locker area''': An open or semi-open support space where employees can store their personal belongings
'''Smoking room''': An enclosed support space where employees can smoke a cigarette
'''Library''': A semi-open or enclosed support space for reading of books, journals and magazines
-->
<gallery>
File:games room.png|Ruang bermain (''games room'')
File:waiting area.png|Ruang tunggu (''waiting area'')
File:circulation space.png|Ruang sirkulasi (''circulation space'')
</gallery>
<!--
'''Games room''': An enclosed support space where employees can play games (e.g.computer games, pool, darts)
'''Waiting area''': An open or semi-open support space where visitors can be received and can wait for their appointment
'''Circulation space''': Support space which is required for circulation on office floors, linking all major functions
==Struktur kantor==-->
[[Berkas:TradeMe offices.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Perkantoran [[:en:TradeMe|TradeMe]] dengan ''open plan'', di atas [[NZX]], [[Wellington]], [[Selandia Baru]].]]
<!--
There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial [[fashion]]s and the culture of specific companies can be even more important. Choices include, how many people will work within the same room. At one extreme, each individual worker will have their own room; at the other extreme a large '''[[open plan]]''' office can be made up of one main room with tens or hundreds of people working in the same space. Open plan offices put multiple workers together in the same space, and some studies have shown that they can improve short term productivity, i.e. within a single [[software]] [[project]]. At the same time, the loss of privacy and security can increase the incidence of theft and loss of company secrets. A type of compromise between open plan and individual rooms is provided by the [[Cubicle]] [[desk]], possibly made most famous by the [[Dilbert]] cartoon series, which solves visual privacy to some extent, but often fails on acoustic separation and security. Most [[cubicle]]s also require the occupant to sit with their back towards anyone who might be approaching; workers in walled offices almost always try to position their normal work seats and desks so that they can see someone entering, and in some instances, install tiny mirrors on things such as computer monitors.
-->
==Gedung kantor==<!-- This section is linked from the redirect page "Office building", linked from many articles -->
[[Berkas:Salinas Office.jpg|jmpl|Sebuah gedung kantor kecil di [[Salinas, California]], [[Amerika Serikat]]]]
[[Berkas:Sears Tower ss.jpg|jmpl|[[Willis Tower]] di [[Chicago]] adalah gedung kantor pencakar langit, paling tinggi dari jenisnya di Amerika Serikat.]]
Kantor dapat dibangun hampir di lokasi manapun dan dalam bangunan apapun, tetapi sejumlah persyaratan modern untuk perkantoran membuat hal ini lebih pelik. Persyaratan-persyaratan ini dapat berlandaskan hukum (misalnya, ''tingkat penerangan harus memadai'') atau teknis (misalnya, ''persyaratan untuk network komputer''). Di samping itu, persyaratan lain seperti keamanan dan fleksibilitas tataruang (''layout''), mengakibatkan pembuatan bangunan-bangunan khusus yang hanya atau terutama dikhususkan untuk perkantoran. Suatu "gedung perkantoran" (''office building'', juga disebut ''office block'' atau "business center" merupakan suatu bentuk bangunan komersial dengan ruang-ruang yang khusus didesain untuk perkantoran.
<!--
The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy set areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipment they may need within these areas.
An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, as well as toilets.
-->
Banyak gedung kantor juga mempunyai fasilitas dapur dan kamar staf, di mana para pekerja dapat makan atau beristirahat sejenak. Banyak ruang kantor sekarang juga merupakan ruang ''[[:en:serviced office|serviced office]]'', yang berarti para penghuninya dapat berbagi ruangan dan fasilitas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.searchofficespace.com/service/office-solutions/serviced-offices/ |title=Serviced Offices, Office Space for Rent |publisher=Search Office Space |date= |accessdate=2011-12-23 |archive-date=2013-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219012234/http://www.searchofficespace.com/service/office-solutions/serviced-offices/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
== Sewa kantor dan toko ==
Harga sewa kantor dan toko biasanya dikutip dalam nilai uang per ruangan-lantai-waktu. Misalnya, harga sewa suatu ruangan dapat bernilai $290 per square-meter–year ($290/m<sup>2</sup>·a) (atau $29/ft<sup>2</sup>·a), dan harga sewa di daerah itu dapat berkisar antara $200/m<sup>2</sup>·a–$500/m<sup>2</sup>·a.
Di banyak negara, uang sewa biasanya dibayar per bulan meskipun umumnya dirundingkan dalam jangka waktu tahunan.
<!--
Example: A particular 200 m<sup>2</sup> space is priced at $150/m<sup>2</sup>·a: (200 m<sup>2</sup>) × ($150/m<sup>2</sup>·a) / (12 mo/a) = $2500/month
In a ''gross lease'', the rate quoted is an all-inclusive rate. One pays a set amount of rent per time and the landlord is responsible for all other expenses such as costs of utilities, taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs.
The ''triple net'' lease is one in which the tenant is liable for a share of various expenses such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, climate control, repairs, janitorial services and landscaping.
-->
Harga sewa kantor di Amerika Serikat masih dalam taraf pemulihan dari tingkat kekurangan penyewa yang parah selama resesi tahun 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/realestate/pdf/This-Recovery%20-Explained.pdf |title=This Recovery Explained |publisher=The Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute |date=Spring 2011 |access-date=2015-03-11 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517045600/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/realestate/pdf/This-Recovery%20-Explained.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
== Grading ==
[[:en:Building Owners and Managers Association|Building Owners and Managers Association]] (BOMA) mengklasifikasi ruangan kantor ke dalam tiga kategori: Class A, Class B, dan Class C.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kennedy Smith|title=Categorization of office space is flexible|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4185/is_20060630/ai_n16516895/|work=St. Louis Daily Record & St. Louis Countian|date=30 June 2006 |accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref> Menurut BOMA, bangunan kantor Class A mempunyai "bangunan-bangunan yang paling bergengsi untuk pengguna kantor kelas premier (kelas utama) dengan harga sewa di atas rata-rata di daerah itu".<!--BOMA states that Class A facilities have "high quality standard finishes, state of the art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence". -->BOMA mendefinisikan bangunan kantor Class B sebagai bangunan yang bersaing "untuk pengguna dalam jangkauan luas dengan kisaran harga sewa rata-rata di daerah itu".<!--BOMA states that Class B buildings have "adequate systems" and finishes that "are fair to good for the area", but that the buildings do not compete with Class A buildings for the same prices. -->Menurut BOMA bangunan kantor Class C ditujukan terhadap "para ''tenant'' (penyewa) yang membutuhkan ruang fungsional dengan harga sewa di bawah rata-rata untuk daerah itu".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boma.org/research/Pages/building-class-definitions.aspx|accessdate=18 July 2013|title=Building Class Definitions|archive-date=2013-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827220305/http://www.boma.org/research/Pages/building-class-definitions.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <!-- The lack of specifics allows considerable room for "fudging" the boundaries of the categories.-->
== Lihat pula ==
<!--{{Portal|Business|Architecture}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Physical'''-->
* [[Business park]]
* [[Corner office]]
* [[Executive suite]]
* [[Factory]]
* [[Office supplies]]
* [[Over-illumination]]
* [[Steel building]]s
* [[Warehouse]]
<!--*[[Office space planning]]
{{col-break}}
'''Soft issues'''
*[[Office management]]
*[[Workplace politics|Office politics]]
*[[Sick building syndrome]]
{{col-end}}-->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Adams, Scott. ''What do you call a sociopath in a cubicle? (answer, a coworker)'' Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2002.
* Duffy, Francis. Colin Cave. John Worthington, editors. ''Planning Office Space''. London: The Architectural Press Ltd., 1976.
* Klein, Judy Graf. ''The Office Book.'' New York: Facts on File Inc., 1982.
* Juriaan van Meel, Yuri Martens, Hermen Jan van Ree. ''Planning Office Spaces: a practical guide for manager and designers''. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2010.
* Saval, Nikil. ''Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace'', Doubleday, 2014.
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Offices}}
* [http://www.officemuseum.com/ Early Office Museum]
[[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur]]
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