Melbourne: Perbedaan antara revisi

Berbagai lembaga kebudayaan ternama di Australia bertempat di kota ini, termasuk [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[National Gallery of Victoria]], dan [[Royal Exhibition Building]] yang terdaftar sebagai [[Daftar Warisan Dunia|Warisan Dunia]]. Kota ini juga merupakan tempat lahirnya [[Mazhab Heidelberg|impresionisme Australia]], [[sepak bola Australia]], [[Sinema Australia|perfilman]], [[Televisi di Australia|industri televisi]], dan [[tarian di Australia|tarian kontemporer Australia]]. Melbourne diberi gelar [[Kota Sastra]] [[UNESCO]] dan pusat [[seni jalanan di Melbourne|seni jalanan]], [[musik di Melbourne|musik langsung]], dan teater global. Melbourne adalah tuan rumah sejumlah kegiatan internasional tahunan seperti [[Australian Grand Prix]], [[Australian Open]], dan [[Melbourne Cup]]. Kota ini juga pernah menyelenggarakan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956]] dan [[Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2006]]. Berkat kemajuan sektor hiburan, pariwisata, olahraga,<ref name=langmaid>Langmaid, Aaron (28 April 2010). [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/were-sports-champion-city-again/story-e6frf9if-1225859380654 We're sport's champion city again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319065636/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/were-sports-champion-city-again/story-e6frf9if-1225859380654 |date=2011-03-19 }}. ''[[Herald Sun]]''. News Limited. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</ref> pendidikan, layanan kesehatan, penelitian dan pengembangan, Melbourne mendapat gelar [[Most livable cities|kota ternyaman kedua di dunia]] dari [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref name=ABC_20170816>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196|title=World's most liveable city: Melbourne takes top spot for seventh year running|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 August 2017|author=Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816220821/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196|dead-url=no}}</ref>

 

 

== Sejarah ==

|publisher= Caslon |accessdate= 29 September 2008

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Tahun 1888, Exhibition Building menjadi tuan rumah kegiatan kedua yang lebih besar daripada sebelumnya, Melbourne Centennial Exhibition. Dampaknya, banyak hotel baru dibangun, termasuk [[Federal Hotel, Melbourne|Federal Hotel]] berkapasitas 500 kamar, The Palace Hotel di Bourke Street (dua-duanya sudah dihancurkan), dan perluasan [[Hotel Windsor (Melbourne)|Grand (Windsor)]].

 

 

=== Ibu kota ''de facto'' ===

 

[[Berkas:Orica House.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|[[ICI House]], simbol kemajuan dan modernitas Melbourne pada masa pascaperang]]

 

Untuk melawan arus pertumbuhan pinggiran kota yang kepadatannya rendah, pemerintah melalui [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] mencanangkan proyek perumahan umum kontroversial di pusat kota. Kawasan permukiman yang sudah ada dihancurkan dan menara-menara hunian dibangun di atasnya.<ref>{{cite book | first = William | last= Logan | title = The Gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing | publisher = University of Queensland Press | year = 1985 | location = Brisbane, Australia | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga/page/148 148]–160 |url=https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga| id = | isbn = 0-7022-1729-8 }}</ref> Beberapa tahun kemudian, seiring meningkatnya jumlah pemilik kendaraan bermotor, pembangunan jalan tol dan jalan bebas hambatan mempercepat perkembangan pinggiran kota dan menyusutkan populasi pusat kota. Pemerintahan [[Henry Bolte|Bolte]] ingin mempercepat modernisasi Melbourne. Proyek-proyek jalan besar seperti penataan ulang [[St Kilda Junction]], pelebaran [[Hoddle Street]], dan [[Rencana Transportasi Melbourne 1969]] mengubah Melbourne menjadi kota yang ramah mobil.<ref>{{cite web | last = Millar | first = Royce | title = Road to ... where? | work = Age | publisher = Fairfax | date = 7 November 2005 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | accessdate = 11 December 2012 | archive-date = 2012-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110308/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>

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}}</ref> dan [[sampah sembarang|sampah]]. Hampir 350.000 puntung rokok dibuang ke saluran pipa air hujan setiap hari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |title=AIUS Indicators |work=Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne |author=Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne |publisher=Australian Institute of Urban Studies |accessdate=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113175957/http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |archivedate=13 November 2007 }}</ref> Pemerintah mencanangkan sejumlah program untuk meminimalkan polusi pantai dan sungai.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref name="litter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |format=PDF |title=Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy |publisher=State Government of Victoria |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722054406/http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> Pada Februari 2010, pemerintah meluncurkan ''[[The Transition Decade]]'', program keberlanjutan masyarakat, ekonomi, dan lingkungan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |title=Transition decade launch |publisher=Beyond Zero Emissions |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212131005/http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |archivedate=12 February 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Pada tahun 2018, kota ini memiliki 667 bangunan tinggi, 187 pencakar langit, 28 proyek dan 60 rencana pencakar langit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/city/melbourne-australia |title=Emporis Skyline Ranking |publisher=Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved |accessdate=2 December 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051703/http://www.emporis.com/city/melbourne-australia |dead-url=no }}</ref> making the city's skyline the tallest in Australia. CBD didominasi oleh gedung-gedung perkantoran modern, termasuk [[Rialto Towers]] (1986) yang dibangun di atas tanah beberapa bangunan klasik bergaya Victoria, dua di antaranya—Rialto Building (1889) karya [[William Pitt (arsitek)|William Pitt]] dan Winfield Building (1890) karya Charles D'Ebro dan Richard Speight—masih berdiri smapai saat ini. Salah satu gedung apartemen tinggi di kota ini adalah [[Eureka Tower]] (2006), [[daftar bangunan hunian tertinggi di dunia|bangunan hunian tertinggi ke-13 di dunia]] per Januari 2014.<ref name=TallestRes>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/List/tallest-residential-100-buildings |title=100 Tallest Residential Buildings in the World |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |access-date=3 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210210241/http://skyscrapercenter.com/List/tallest-residential-100-buildings |archivedate=10 December 2012 }}</ref>

 

 

== Budaya ==

{{Main|Budaya Melbourne}}

Melbourne adalah pusat budaya internasional dan ibu kota budaya Australia karena sering menjadi tuan rumah kegiatan dan festival besar. Kota ini memiliki industri drama, musikal, komedi, musik, seni, arsitektur, sastra, film, dan televisi yang mapan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/|title=What makes Melbourne the cultural capital of Australia?|date=2016-07-12|work=Meld Magazine - Australia's international student news website|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-AU|archive-date=2020-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312075049/https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Iklim, lokasi pinggir laut, dan kehidupan malamnya menjadikan Melbourne salah satu kota paling meriah di Australia. Selama tujuh tahun berturut-turut (2011 sampai 2017), kota ini memuncaki survei [[kota ternyaman di dunia]] versi ''[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]'' berkat kekayaan budayanya.<ref name=ABC_20170816/> Kota ini menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan dan festival budaya setiap tahunnya, termasuk [[Moomba]] (festival masyarakat terbesar di Australia), [[Melbourne International Arts Festival]], [[Melbourne International Film Festival]], [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]], dan [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]]. Budaya kota ini menjadi daya tarik wisata; 2,7 juta pelancong internasional dan 8,9 juta pelancong domestik datang ke Melbourne pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/international-research|title=International research|last=sector=Government|first=; corporateName=Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; address=121 Exhibition St, MELBOURNE 3000;|website=www.business.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408002748/https://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/international-research|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/domestic-and-regional-research|title=Domestic and regional research|last=sector=Government|first=; corporateName=Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; address=121 Exhibition St, MELBOURNE 3000;|website=www.business.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084709/http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/domestic-and-regional-research|dead-url=no}}</ref>

 

== Ekonomi ==

{{See also|Kategori:Perusahaan yang berpusat di Melbourne|Pariwisata di Melbourne}}

Melbourne memiliki ekonomi yang sangat beragam dengan fokus utama di sektor keuangan, manufaktur, riset, TI, pendidikan, logistik, transportasi, dan pariwisata. Melbourne adalah tempat berdirinya markas perusahaan-perusahaan terbesar Australia, termasuk lima dari sepuluh perusahaan terbesar (berdasarkan pendapatan) dan lima dari tujuh perusahaan terbesar (berdasarkan [[kapitalisasi pasar]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/rich-list|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829143027/http://www.brw.com.au/lists/detail/?listId=5|deadurl=y|title=Topic &#124; Rich List|archivedate=29 Agt 2007|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> yaitu [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], [[BHP Billiton]], [[National Australia Bank]], [[CSL Limited|CSL]], dan [[Telstra]]. Badan perwakilan dan wadah pemikir seperti [[Business Council of Australia]] dan [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] berpusat di kota ini. Kantor pusat anak-anak perusahaan [[Wesfarmers]] seperti [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]] (termasuk [[Liquorland]]), [[Bunnings]], [[Target Australia|Target]], [[Kmart Australia|K-Mart]], dan [[Officeworks]] berdiri di pinggiran Melbourne. Kota ini memiliki [[Port of Melbourne|pelabuhan]] tersibuk kedua di Australia setelah [[Port Botany]] di Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164457/https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Bandar Udara Melbourne]] menjadi gerbang bagi wisatawan domestik dan internasional dan merupakan bandara tersibuk kedua di Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145547/http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf|deadurl=y|title=planmelbourne.vic.gov.au|archivedate=9 Okt 2016}}</ref>

 

[[Berkas:Bolte bridge dusk.jpg|jmpl|[[Bolte Bridge]] adalah bagian dari sistem jalan tol [[CityLink]].]]

 

| date = 14 February 2004

| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html