Islam dan LGBT: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sikap umat Muslim terhadap kelompok [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[Biseksualitas|biseksual]], dan [[transgender]]''' ([[LGBT]]) dan kehidupan mereka di [[Dunia Islam|dunia Muslim]] telah dipengaruhi oleh sejarah agama, hukum, sosial, politik, dan budaya.<ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu">{{Cite journal|last=Rehman|first=Javaid|last2=Polymenopoulou|first2=Eleni|date=2013|title=Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? ''Sharia'', Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World|url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2322&context=ilj|format=PDF|journal=[[Fordham International Law Journal]]|publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]]|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–53|issn=0747-9395|oclc=52769025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721220600/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2322&context=ilj|archive-date=21 July 2018|access-date=30 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schmidtke 1999">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidtke|first=Sabine|author-link=Sabine Schmidtke|date=June 1999|title=Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article|journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] ([[University of London]])|volume=62|issue=2|pages=260–266|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00016700|issn=0041-977X|jstor=3107489}}</ref><ref name="Murray 1997">{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Stephen O.|year=1997|title=[[Islamic Homosexualities|Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature]]|location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]]|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=9780814774687|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=Stephen O.|pages=14–54|chapter=The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality|doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004|jstor=j.ctt9qfmm4|oclc=35526232|author-link=Stephen O. Murray|access-date=2021-11-06|editor-last2=Roscoe|editor-first2=Will|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034024/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|archive-date=2023-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=18 May 2020|title=Forum: LGBTQ+ Issues in International Relations, Human Rights & Development – Same-Sex Narratives and LGBTI Activism in the Muslim World|url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/18/same-sex-narratives-and-lgbti-activism-in-muslim-world/|journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=[[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at the [[Georgetown University]]|issn=1526-0054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020121756/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/18/same-sex-narratives-and-lgbti-activism-in-muslim-world/|archive-date=20 October 2020|access-date=7 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al-Qur'an]] menceritakan kisah "kaum nabi [[Lut]]" yang dihancurkan oleh [[Kemarahan|azab]] [[Allah (Islam)|Allah]] karena [[Nafsu|hawa nafsu]], yakni [[lelaki seks lelaki]],<ref name="EoQ">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2006|editor-first1=Jane Dammen|editor2-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]|volume=2|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00085|isbn=90-04-14743-8}}</ref><ref name="QL1">{{qref|7|80-84}}; {{qref|11|77-83}}; {{qref|21|74}}; {{qref|22|43}}; {{qref|26|165–175}}; {{qref|27|56–59}}; and {{qref|29|27–33}}.</ref><ref name="dr">Duran (1993) p. 179</ref><ref name="MC">Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54</ref> tetapi sejarawan [[Dunia Barat|Barat]] modern menganggap bahwa [[Nabi dan rasul dalam Islam|nabi Islam]] [[Muhammad]] tidak pernah secara langsung mencegah sesoerangseseorang melakukan [[Hubungan sesama jenis|homoseks]], meskipun ia lebih menyatakan tidak setuju bersama dengan orang-orang sezamannya.<ref name="Islamic Homosexualities">{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Stephen O.|last2=Roscoe|first2=Will|last3=Allyn|first3=Eric|last4=Crompton|first4=Louis|last5=Dickemann|first5=Mildred|last6=Khan|first6=Badruddin|last7=Mujtaba|first7=Hasan|last8=Naqvi|first8=Nauman|last9=Wafer|first9=Jim|year=1997|title=[[Islamic Homosexualities|Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature]]|location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]]|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=9780814774687|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=Stephen O.|editor-link=Stephen O. Murray|pages=307–310|chapter=Conclusion|doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004|jstor=j.ctt9qfmm4|oclc=35526232|access-date=2021-04-20|editor-last2=Roscoe|editor-first2=Will|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034025/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|archive-date=2023-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada saat yang sama, "baik Al-Qur'an dan [[hadis]] sangat mengutuk aktivitas [[Homoseksualitas|homoseksual]]";<ref name="TEOEM">{{Cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K.|author-link=Everett K. Rowson|date=October 1991|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|publisher=[[American Oriental Society]]|volume=111|issue=4|pages=671–693|doi=10.2307/603399|issn=0003-0279|jstor=603399|lccn=12032032|oclc=47785421|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195534/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|access-date=7 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EoQ" /><ref name="autogenerated1983">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1986|editor4-last=Bosworth|editor1-first=C. E.|editor4-first=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor2-last=van Donzel|editor2-first=E. J.|editor-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor3-last=Heinrichs|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=B.|editor1-last=Pellat|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=5|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name="hmy">{{Cite web|last=Mohd Izwan bin Md Yusof|last2=Muhd. Najib bin Abdul Kadir|title=Hadith Sahih on Behaviour of LGBT|url=http://www.islam.gov.my/images/ePenerbitan/Hadis-hadis_Sahih_Berkaitan_Perlakuan_LGBT_BI.pdf|website=islam.gov.my|publisher=[[Government of Malaysia]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024202538/http://www.islam.gov.my/images/ePenerbitan/Hadis-hadis_Sahih_Berkaitan_Perlakuan_LGBT_BI.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2018|access-date=26 July 2019|last3=Mazlan bin Ibrahim|last4=Khader bin Ahmad|last5=Murshidi bin Mohd Noor|last6=Saiful Azhar bin Saadon|url-status=live}}</ref> dengan beberapa hadis yang menetapkan hukuman mati bagi mereka yang melakukan hubungan homoseksual atau [[lesbian]] di muka umum.<ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu" /><ref name="Schmidtke 1999" /><ref name="iranica-law">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Rowson|volume=XII/4|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037|access-date=13 April 2021|archivedate=17 May 2013}}</ref>

Terdapat sedikit bukti sejarah tentang praktik homoseksual di antara masyarakat Muslim pada abad pertama dan paruh awal [[sejarah Islam]] (abad ke-7 M),<ref name="iranica-law"/> meskipun hubungan homoseks laki-laki dikenal<ref name="autogenerated1983"/> dan didiskriminasi, tetapi jarang dihukumi, di [[Jazirah Arab]].<ref name="Islamic Homosexualities"/> Homoseks [[Haram|diharamkan]] dalam [[Fikih|fikih Islam]] tradisional dan dihukum, umumnya [[Pencambukan|cambuk]], rajam, dan hukuman mati,<ref name="Ibrahim 2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=58|issue=4|pages=955–981|doi=10.1017/S0010417516000499|issn=1475-2999|jstor=26293235}}</ref> bergantung pada situasi dan [[mazhab]].<ref name="Ibrahim 2016" /> Pada saat yang sama, hubungan homoseksual dalam praktik umumnya ditoleransi dalam [[Islam|masyarakat Islam pra-modern]],<ref name="Schmidtke 1999"/><ref name="Islamic Homosexualities" /><ref name="autogenerated1983" /><ref name="iranica-law" /><ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org">{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Richard C. Martin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|year=2004}}</ref> dan catatan sejarah menunjukkan bahwa undang-undang pelarangan homoseksualitas jarang diterapkan, dan cenderung mengutamakan kasus-kasus pemerkosaan atau "pelanggaran yang sangat mencolok terhadap moral publik" lainnya.<ref name="iranica-law" /> Tema-tema [[Homoerotisisme|homoerotisme]] dan [[Perjantanan|pederastisme]] banyak muncul dalam puisi dan [[Sastra Islam|genre sastra]] lain yang ditulis dalam bahasa-bahasa utama [[Dunia Islam|dunia Muslim]] dari abad ke-8 M hingga [[Zaman modern|era modern]].<ref name="Islamic Homosexualities" /><ref name="iranica-law" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500–1800|pages=12 ff}}</ref><ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org" /> Konsepsi homoseks yang ditemukan dalam naskah klasik Islam lebih mirip dengan tradisi [[Homoseksualitas di Yunani Kuno|Yunani]]-Romawi [[Zaman Klasik|kuno]] daripada pemahaman modern tentang [[orientasi seksual]].<ref name="Islamic Homosexualities" /><ref name="iranica-law" /><ref name="ali-105">{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Kecia|year=2016|title=Sexual Ethics And Islam|publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|page=105|author-link=Kecia Ali}}</ref>