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| imageR = Methamphetamine,dextro.png
| altR = Citra 3d senyawa dekstro-metamfetamina
 
 
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| metabolism = [[CYP2D6]]<ref name="Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review">{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}</ref><ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics">{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> dan [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]<ref name="FMO">{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="FMO3-Primary">{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = Maret 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}</ref>
| onset = [[Pemberian oral|Oral]]: 3{{nbsp}}jam (puncak)<ref name="pmid19426289" /><br />[[Intranasal]]: <15{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" /><br />[[Pemberian inhalasi|Inhalasi]]: <18{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" /><ref name="Schep" /><br />[[Intravena]]: <15{{nbsp}}menit<ref name="pmid19426289" />
| elimination_half-life = 9–12{{nbsp}}jam (rentang 5–30{{nbsp}}jam) (terlepas dari rute yang digunakan)<ref name="Scheppmid19426289">{{cite journal | vauthors = SchepCruickshank LJCC, SlaughterDyer RJ, BeasleyKR DM| |title = TheA review of the clinical toxicologypharmacology of metamfetaminemethamphetamine | journal = Clinical ToxicologyAddiction | volume = 48104 | issue = 7 | pages = 675–6941085–99 | date = AgustusJuli 20102009 | pmid = 2084932719426289 | doi = 10.31091111/15563650j.20101360-0443.5167522009.02564.x | s2cid = 4258872237079117 |issn =url 1556=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-3650 journal-of-addiction_2009-07_104_7/page/1085}}</ref><ref name="pmid19426289Schep">{{cite journal | vauthors = CruickshankSchep CCLJ, DyerSlaughter KRRJ, Beasley DM | title = A review of theThe clinical pharmacologytoxicology of methamphetaminemetamfetamine | journal = AddictionClinical Toxicology | volume = 10448 | issue = 7 | pages = 1085–99675–694 | date = JuliAgustus 20092010 | pmid = 1942628920849327 | doi = 10.11113109/j15563650.1360-04432010.2009.02564.x516752 | s2cid = 3707911742588722 |issn url= =https://archive.org/details/sim_british1556-journal-of-addiction_2009-07_104_7/page/10853650 }}</ref>
| duration_of_action = 8–12{{nbsp}}jam<ref name="pmid25176528" />
| excretion = Utamanya [[ginjal]]
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'''Metamfetamina''' ('''metil[[amfetamina]]''' atau '''desoksiefedrin'''), disingkat '''metmeth''', dan dikenal di [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Jepang]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] sebagai '''sabu-sabu''' atau '''shabu-shabu''',<ref>{{cite news
|last =Harsanto
|first =Damar
Baris 115 ⟶ 114:
Amfetamina, ditemukan sebelum metamfetamina, pertama kali disintesis pada tahun 1887 di Jerman oleh ahli kimia Rumania [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] yang menamainya ''fenilisopropilamina''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rassool GH |title = Alcohol and Drug Misuse: A Handbook for Students and Health Professionals | url = https://archive.org/details/alcoholdrugmisus0000rass |year = 2009 |publisher = Routledge |location = London |isbn = 978-0-203-87117-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/alcoholdrugmisus0000rass/page/113 113] }}</ref><ref name="Vermont">{{cite web |url = http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |title = Historical overview of methamphetamine |website = Vermont Department of Health |publisher = Government of Vermont |access-date = 29 Januari 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620083221/http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-date = 20 Juni 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> Tak lama kemudian, metamfetamina disintesis dari [[efedrina]] pada tahun 1893 oleh [[kimia]]wan [[Nagai Nagayoshi]] dari Jepang.<ref name="Grobler et al 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors = Grobler SR, Chikte U, Westraat J |title = The pH Levels of Different Methamphetamine Drug Samples on the Street Market in Cape Town |journal = ISRN Dentistry |volume = 2011 |pages = 1–4 |year = 2011 |pmid = 21991491 |pmc = 3189445 |doi = 10.5402/2011/974768 }}</ref> Tiga dekade kemudian, pada tahun 1919, metamfetamina hidroklorida disintesis oleh farmakolog [[Akira Ogata]] melalui [[redoks|reduksi]] efedrina menggunakan [[fosfor]] merah dan [[iodin]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url = http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |title = Historical overview of methamphetamine |publisher = Vermont Department of Health |access-date = 15 Januari 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620083221/http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-date = 20 Juni 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>
 
Sejak tahun 1938, metamfetamina dipasarkan secara besar-besaran di Jerman sebagai obat bebas dengan merek dagang ''Pervitin'', diproduksi oleh perusahaan farmasi [[Temmler]] yang berbasis di Berlin.<ref name="CISP">{{Citation|title=Pervitin|url=http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Pervitin.html|publisher=CHEMIE.DE Information Service GmbH|location=Berlin|language=de|access-date= 16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Freye E |title= Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs | url = https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |location=University Düsseldorf, Germany |isbn=978-90-481-2447-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey/page/110 110] }}</ref> Senyawa ini digunakan oleh semua cabang gabungan [[Wehrmacht|angkatan bersenjata]] dari [[Reich Ketiga]], untuk efek stimulannya dan kemampuannya untuk terjaga dalam waktu lama.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers |url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html |publisher = Der Spiegel, 6 May 2005 |newspaper = Spiegel Online |date = 6 Mei 2005 | vauthors = Ulrich A |access-date = 12 August 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171219062055/http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html |archive-date = 19 December 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="pmid22849208">{{cite journal |vauthors = Defalque RJ, Wright AJ |title = Methamphetamine for Hitler's Germany: 1937 to 1945 |journal = Bull. Anesth. Hist. |volume = 29 |issue = 2 |pages = 21–24, 32 |date = April 2011 |pmid = 22849208 |doi = 10.1016/s1522-8649(11)50016-2 }}</ref> Pervitin menjadi bahasa sehari-hari dikenal di kalangan pasukan Jerman sebagai "[[Stuka]]-Tablets" (''Stuka-Tabletten'') dan "[[Hermann Göring|Herman-Göring]]-Pills" (''Hermann-Göring-Pillen''), sebagai sindiran sinis terhadap kecanduan Göring yang terkenal terhadap obat-obatan. Namun, efek sampingnya, terutama gejala penarikan[[putus obat]], begitu serius sehingga tentara secara tajam mengurangi penggunaannya pada tahun 1940.<ref name="shooting up">{{cite book | vauthors = Kamieński Ł |title = Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NAVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year = 2016 |publisher = Oxford University Press |pages = 111–13 |isbn = 9780190263478 |access-date = 23 Oktober 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323182238/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |archive-date = 23 Maret 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Pada tahun 1941, penggunaannya dibatasi hanya dengan resep dokter, dan militer mengontrol dengan ketat distribusinya. Prajurit hanya akan menerima beberapa tablet sekaligus, dan tidak disarankan untuk menggunakannya dalam pertempuran. kata sejarawan Łukasz Kamieński, {{blockquote|"Seorang prajurit yang akan berperang di Pervitin biasanya mendapati dirinya tidak dapat bekerja secara efektif untuk satu atau dua hari berikutnya. Menderita mabuk narkoba dan lebih terlihat seperti zombie daripada pejuang hebat, dia harus pulih dari efek samping."}} Beberapa tentara berubah menjadi lebih kejam, melakukan kejahatan perang terhadap warga sipil; yang lain menyerang petugas mereka sendiri.<ref name="shooting up" /> Di akhir perang, senyawa ini digunakan sebagai bagian dari obat baru: [[D-IX]].
 
[[Obetrol]], dipatenkan oleh Obetrol Pharmaceuticals pada tahun 1950-an dan diindikasikan untuk pengobatan [[obesitas]], adalah salah satu merek pertama produk metamfetamina farmasi.<ref name="Real_Obetrol_Ad">{{cite book | vauthors = Rasmussen N |title = On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamine | url = https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm_b4u7 |date = Maret 2008 |publisher = New York University Press |edition = 1 |isbn = 978-0-8147-7601-8 |page = [https://archive.org/details/onspeedmanylives0000rasm_b4u7/page/148 148] }}</ref> Karena efek psikologis dan stimulan metamfetamina, Obetrol menjadi pil diet yang populer di Amerika pada 1950-an dan 1960-an.<ref name="Real_Obetrol_Ad" /> Akhirnya, ketika sifat adiktif obat tersebut diketahui, pemerintah mulai mengatur secara ketat produksi dan distribusi metamfetamina.<ref name="Vermont" />
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[[Kategori:Narkotika]]
[[Kategori:Amfetamina tersubstitusi]]
[[Kategori:Penghambat transpor monoamina vesikular]]
[[Kategori:Anorektik]]
[[Kategori:Antiobesitas]]
[[Kategori:aktivator anhidrase karbonat]]
[[Kategori:Afrodisiak]]
[[Kategori:Stimulan jantung]]
[[Kategori:Euforian]]
[[Kategori:Fenetilamina]]
[[Kategori:Agonis sigma]]
[[Kategori:Agonis TAAR1]]
[[Kategori:Simpatomimetik]]
[[Kategori:Pelepas norepinefrin-dopamin]]
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