Nepal: Perbedaan antara revisi

Partai politik yang ada gagal menciptakan konstitusi dalam jangka waktu yang ditentukan.<ref name="Jagaran Nepal">{{cite news|title=CA dissolved without promulgating constitution|url=http://www.jagarannepal.org/ca-dissolved-without-promulgating-constitution-|newspaper=Jagaran Nepal|access-date=2018-07-02|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702205522/http://www.jagarannepal.org/ca-dissolved-without-promulgating-constitution-|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Hal ini berujugnberujung pada pembubaran Majelis Konstituen, untuk menciptakan pemilihan-pemilihan baru agar terjadi mandat politik baru. Berlawanan dengan teori [[pemisahan kekuasaan]], Hakim Agung waktu itu, Khil Raj Ragmi, dinyatakan sebagai pimpinan pemerintahan sementara. Di bawah kepemimpinan Regmi, terjadi pemilihan umum majelis konstituen yang damai. Kekuatan-kekuatan utama di Majelis Konstituen yang sebelumnya, yaitu (PKN Maois dan partai-partai Madhesi) pun terpuruk hingga posisi 3 dan lebih rendah.<ref name="Official page of Constituent Assembly of Nepal">{{cite web|website=Official Page of Constituent Assembly of Nepal|title=Home Page|url=http://www.can.gov.np/en|publisher=Government of Nepal|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121202141/http://www.can.gov.np/en|archivedate=21 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Carter Center publication on Nepal Peace Reports">{{cite web|title=Nepal Peace Reports|url=http://www.cartercenter.org/news/publications/peace/democracy_publications/nepal-peace-reports.html|publisher=The Carter Center|accessdate=14 February 2014|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233247/https://www.cartercenter.org/news/publications/peace/democracy_publications/nepal-peace-reports.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Nepal nyaris berbentuk segi empat, dengan panjang 650&nbsp;km dan lebar 200&nbsp;km, dengan luas wilayah 147.181 &nbsp;km². Itu terletak di antara garis lintang 26° dan 31°LU, dan garis bujur 80° dan 89°BT. Proses geologis yang membentuk Nepal dimulai 75 juta tahun yang lalu ketika [[lempeng India]], yang saat itu merupakan bagian dari benua super selatan [[Gondwana]], mulai bergeser ke arah timur laut yang disebabkan oleh dasar laut yang menyebar ke barat daya, dan kemudian, ke selatan dan tenggara. Bersamaan dengan itu, kerak [[Samudra Tethys]] yang luas, di sebelah timur lautnya, mulai tenggelam di bawah [[lempeng Eurasia]]. Proses ganda ini, didorong oleh konveksi di [[Mantel (geologi)|mantel]] Bumi, keduanya menciptakan [[Samudra Hindia]] dan menyebabkan kerak benua India akhirnya mendorong Eurasia dan mengangkat [[Pegunungan Himalaya|Himalaya]].<ref name=ali>{{cite journal |last1=Ali|first1=J. R.|last2=Aitchison|first2=J. C.|year=2005|title=Greater India|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=170–173|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005|bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A}}</ref> Rintangan yang meninggi menghalangi jalur sungai sehingga menciptakan danau besar, yang baru tembus 100.000 tahun yang lalu, menciptakan lembah subur di perbukitan tengah seperti [[Lembah Kathmandu]]. Di wilayah barat, sungai-sungai yang terlalu kuat untuk dihalangi memotong beberapa ngarai terdalam di dunia.<ref name=Jwhelpton>{{Cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnepal00whel }}</ref> Tepat di selatan pegunungan Himalaya yang muncul, pergerakan lempeng menciptakan palung besar yang dengan cepat terisi oleh sedimen yang terbawa sungai<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dikshit|first1=K. R.|last2=Schwartzberg|first2=Joseph E.|author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|title=India: Land|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=1–29|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084916/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India|archive-date=8 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> dan sekarang menjadi [[Dataran Rendah Indo-Gangga|Dataran Indo-Gangga]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prakash|first1=B.|last2=Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Rao|first3=M. S.|last4=Giri|first4=S. C.|year=2000|title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains|journal=Current Science|volume=79|issue=4|pages=438–449|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504075319/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal terletak hampir sepenuhnya dalam zona tabrakan ini, menempati sektor tengah busur Himalaya, hampir sepertiga dari Himalaya sepanjang 2.400 &nbsp;km (1.500 mil),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Beek |first1=Peter |first2=Xavier |last2=Robert |first3=Jean-Louis |last3=Mugnier |first4=Matthias |last4=Bernet |first5=Pascale |last5=Huyghe |first6=Erika |last6=Labrin |title=Late Miocene- Recent Exhumation of the Central Himalaya and Recycling in the Foreland Basin Assessed by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology of Siwalik Sediments, Nepal |journal=Basin Research |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=413–434 |year=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00305.x |bibcode=2006BasR...18..413V |s2cid=10446424 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00137089/file/vdbeek_et_al_BR_2006.pdf }}</ref> dengan jalur kecil Nepal paling selatan yang membentang ke dataran Indo-Gangga dan dua distrik di barat laut yang membentang hingga [[dataran tinggi Tibet]].<ref name=Jwhelpton/>

Nepal memiliki tujuh partai politik nasional yang diakui di parlemen federal: [[Partai Komunis Nepal (Marxis–Leninis Bersatu)]], [[Kongres Nepal]], [[Partai Komunis Bersatu Nepal (Maois)|Partai Komunis Nepal (Pusat Maois)]], [[Partai Rastriya Swatantra]], [[Partai Rastriya Prajatantra]], [[Partai Sosialis Nepal|Partai Sosialis Rakyat]], dan [[Partai Janamat]].<ref name="Al Jazeera elections explained" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रतिनिधिसभामा १२ दल, राष्ट्रिय पार्टी ७ मात्रै |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/12/06/167034242099737230.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera elections explained" />

Nepal memiliki hubungan diplomatik bilateral dengan 167 negara dan [[Uni Eropa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/foreign-policy/bilateral-relation/ |title=Bilateral Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |language=en-US |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925203632/https://mofa.gov.np/foreign-policy/bilateral-relation/ |archive-date=25 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> memiliki kedutaan besar di 30 negara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/embassy-of-nepal/ |title=Embassy of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |language=en-US |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717045107/https://mofa.gov.np/embassy-of-nepal/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> dan enam [[Konsul|konsulatkonsul]]at,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/consulates-general-of-nepal/ |title=Consulates General of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |language=en-US |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724133315/https://mofa.gov.np/consulates-general-of-nepal/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> sementara 25 negara memiliki kedutaan besar di Nepal, dan lebih dari 80 lainnya memiliki misi diplomatik non-tetap.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/non-residential-diplomatic-missions/ |title=NON-RESIDENTIAL DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |language=en-US |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717010017/https://mofa.gov.np/non-residential-diplomatic-missions/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Utama|Pembagian administratif Nepal|Daftar distrik di Nepal}}

! [[Daftar provinsi Nepal menurut jumlah penduduk|Populasi]]<br />Sensus<br />2011

! [[Daftar provinsi Nepal menurut jumlah penduduk|Populasi]]<br />Sensus<br />2021

! PersebaranKepadatan<br />(orang/km²)<br />2021

! [[Daftar provinsi Nepal menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia|Indeks<br>Pembangunan<br>ManusiaIPM]]

|[[Bagmati Pradesh|Provinsi Bagmati]]||[[Hetauda]] || align="center" |13|| align="right" |20.300|| align="right" |5.529.452|| align="right" |6.084.042|| align="center" |300|| align="center" |0,560||[[File:Nepal Province 3.svg|100px]]

Pada tahun 2022, Nepal membatasi impor barang-barang non-esensial setelah [[Cadangancadangan devisa|cadangan devisanya]]nya turun. [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Nepal|Pandemi COVID-19]] menyebabkan penurunan pengeluaran pariwisata dan uang yang dikirim pulang oleh orang Nepal yang bekerja di luar negeri, yang pada gilirannya menurunkan cadangan devisa negara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61076089 | title=Nepal limits imports as foreign currency reserves slide | date=12 April 2022 | publisher =BBC News |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Sadus at Pashupatinath temple.JPG|thumb|220px|ki|[[Sadhu]] di [[Kuil Pashupatinath]]|left]]

Sastra Nepal terkait erat dengan sastra Asia Selatan lainnya hingga penyatuannya menjadi kerajaan modern. Karya sastra, yang ditulis dalam bahasa [[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sansekerta]] oleh para pendeta [[Brahmana]] yang berpendidikan dan kadang-kadang juga berbasis di [[Benares|Varanasi]], mencakup teks-teks religius dan fantasi lain yang melibatkan raja, dewa, dan setan.<ref name=bba>{{Cite journal|last=Maitra|first=Kiran Shankar|year=1982|title=The First Poet of Nepali Literature|journal=Indian Literature|volume=25|issue=5|pages=63–71|issn=0019-5804|jstor=23331113}}</ref> Teks bahasa Nepal tertua yang masih ada berasal dari abad ke-13. Sastra Newar sudah ada sejak hampir 500 tahun yang lalu.<ref name=Hutt1991/> Sejarah modern kesusastraan Nepal dimulai dengan [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] (1814–1868), yang untuk pertama kalinya menggubah karya-karya besar dan berpengaruh dalam bahasa Nepal, bahasa yang dapat diakses oleh massa, yang paling menonjol, ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana]]'', terjemahan dari epik Hindu kuno.<ref name=bba/> Pada akhir abad ke-19, [[Motiram Bhatta]] telah menerbitkan edisi cetak dari karya-karya Acharya, dan melalui usahanya, seorang diri mempopulerkan dan mendorong kesusastraan berbahasa Nepal ke dalam modernitas.<ref name=Hutt1991/> Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, sastra Nepal tidak lagi terbatas pada tradisi sastra Hindu. Dipengaruhi oleh tradisi sastra barat, penulis pada periode ini mulai memproduksi karya sastra yang membahas masalah sosial kontemporer,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=V.|year=1992|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume=27|issue=2|pages=209–218|issn=0091-5637|jstor=40874126|title=B. P. Koirala: A Major Figure in Modern Nepali Literature}}</ref> sementara banyak penulis lainnya terus memperkaya tradisi puitis Nepal dengan puisi asli Nepal. Sastra Newar juga muncul sebagai tradisi sastra utama. Setelah munculnya demokrasi pada tahun 1951, sastra Nepal berkembang pesat. Karya sastra dalam banyak bahasa lain mulai diproduksi. Sastra Nepal terus mengalami modernisasi, dan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, sangat dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman Nepal pascaperang saudara serta tradisi sastra global.<ref name=Hutt1991>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IwDwAAQBAJ|title=Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature|last=Hutt|first=Michael J.|date=29 July 1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07048-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature|title=Nepali literature|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therisingnepal.org.np/index/news/34119|title=Conflict-period Nepali literature holds importance for awareness |website=The Rising Nepal |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riccardi|first=Theodore|year=1993|title=Review of Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=56|issue=1|pages=157–158|issn=0041-977X|jstor=620321|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00002007|s2cid=162890099}}</ref><ref name=Hutt1991>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IwDwAAQBAJ|title=Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature|last=Hutt|first=Michael J.|date=29 July 1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07048-6|language=en}}</ref>

[[Sepak bola]] dan [[kriket]] adalah olahraga profesional yang populer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football at the heart of the Himalayas |url=https://www.fifa.com/theclub/news/newsid=93201/ |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=5 March 2009 |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141351/http://www.fifa.com/theclub/news/newsid=93201/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nepal bersaing dalam sepak bola di kawasan Asia Selatan tetapi belum pernah memenangkan kejuaraan [[Federasi Sepak Bola Asia Selatan|SAFF]], turnamen regional tersebut.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2018/09/12/nepal-eye-historic-final|title=Saff Championship: Nepal eye historic final|newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722102020/https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2018/09/12/nepal-eye-historic-final|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-crash-out-of-saff-cship-after-3-0-defeat-to-maldives/|title=Nepal crash out of SAFF C'ship after 3–0 defeat to Maldives|date=12 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722102013/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-crash-out-of-saff-cship-after-3-0-defeat-to-maldives/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Biasanya berada di peringkat kuarter terbawah dalam [[Peringkat Dunia FIFA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Ranking Table |publisher=[[FIFA]]|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907060006/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/|archive-date=7 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal telah sukses dalam kriket dan memegang status elite [[One Day International|ODI]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/cricket/92328/nepal-cricket-odi-status?amp|title=Nepal make cricket history after securing ODI status|newspaper=[[The Week|The Week (UK)]]|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202049/http://www.theweek.co.uk/cricket/92328/nepal-cricket-odi-status?amp|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22777050/biggest-day-nepal-cricket-history-khadka |title='Biggest day in Nepal cricket history' – Khadka |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024753/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22777050/biggest-day-nepal-cricket-history-khadka |archive-date=16 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> secara konsisten menempati peringkat 20 Besar di peringkat [[Dewan Kriket Internasional|ICC]] ODI dan T20I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi|title=ICC Ranking for ODI teams International Cricket Council|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324175838/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/t20i|title=ICC Ranking for T20 teams International Cricket Council|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324175834/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/t20i|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal cukup sukses dalam atletik dan seni bela diri, memenangkan banyak medali di [[Pesta Olahraga Asia Selatan]] dan beberapa di [[Pesta Olahraga Asia]].<ref name=trn>{{Cite news |url=http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/33198|title=Current priorities of sports: Hosting SAG, winning medals|newspaper=[[The Rising Nepal]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722085510/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/33198|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal tidak pernah memenangkan medali olimpiade.<ref name=gauri/> Olahraga seperti bola basket, bola voli, futsal, gulat, binaraga kompetitif<ref name=gauri/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/malik-overall-winner-afghanistan-bag-team-cship/|title=Malik overall winner, Afghanistan bag team c'ship|date=21 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722085506/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/malik-overall-winner-afghanistan-bag-team-cship/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> dan bulu tangkis juga semakin populer.<ref name="Himalayan Times More than child's play" /> Bola voli dinyatakan sebagai olahraga nasional Nepal pada tahun 2017.<ref name=voll/> Wanita dalam sepak bola, kriket, atletik, seni bela diri, bulu tangkis, dan renang telah menemukan beberapa keberhasilan.<ref name=awardgauri>{{Cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimesmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/sportsnews/cricket-football-dominate-nominations67830/|title=Cricket,Will footballshe dominatequench nominations|date=26Nepal's Junethirst 2019for Olympic medals?|first=Rajan|last=Shah|newspaper=[[TheRepublica Himalayan Times(newspaper)|Republica]]|access-date=2229 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2019072210201120190722091043/https://thehimalayantimesmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/sportsnews/cricket-football-dominate-nominations67830/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gauriaward>{{Cite news |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetworkthehimalayantimes.com/newssports/67830cricket-football-dominate-nominations/|title=WillCricket, shefootball quenchdominate Nepal'snominations|date=26 thirst forJune Olympic medals?|first=Rajan|last=Shah2019|newspaper=[[RepublicaThe (newspaper)|RepublicaHimalayan Times]]|access-date=2922 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2019072209104320190722102011/https://myrepublica.nagariknetworkthehimalayantimes.com/newssports/67830cricket-football-dominate-nominations/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Nepal juga menurunkan pemain dan tim nasional dalam beberapa turnamen untuk penyandang [[disabilitas]], terutama di kriket [[tunanetra]] putra<ref name=menb>{{Cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/blind-cricketers-horrible-journey-to-world-cup/|title=Blind cricketers' horrible journey to WC|date=22 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721201344/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/blind-cricketers-horrible-journey-to-world-cup/|archive-date=21 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> dan kriket [[Kebutaan|buta]] putri.<ref name=wmenb>{{Cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-defeat-pakistan-seal-womens-blind-cricket-series/|title=Nepal defeat Pakistan, seal women's blind cricket series|date=4 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721201351/https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-defeat-pakistan-seal-womens-blind-cricket-series/|archive-date=21 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>