Kurkumin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:CurcuminKeto.svg|jmpl|Bentuk [[keton]] dari kurkumin]]
'''Kurkumin''' ({{lang-en|diferuloylmethane}} adalah [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] aktif yang ditemukan pada [[kunir|kunyit]], berupa [[polifenol]] dengan rumus kimia C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. Kurkumin memiliki dua bentuk [[tautomer]]: [[keton]] dan [[enol]]. Struktur keton lebih dominan dalam bentuk [[padat]], sedangkan struktur enol ditemukan dalam bentuk [[cairan]]. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa yang berinteraksi dengan [[asam borat]] menghasilkan senyawa berwarna [[merah]] yang disebut [[rososiania]].
Senyawa turunan kurkumin disebut '''kurkuminoid''', yang hanya terdapat dua macam, yaitu [[desmetoksikurkumin]] dan [[bis-desmetoksikurkumin|bis-desmetoksikurkumin.]] Secara ''in vivo'', kurkumin berubah menjadi [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] [[metabolit]] berupa [[dihidrokurkumin]] atau [[tetrahidrokurkumin]] sebelum dikonversi menjadi senyawa [[konjugasi]] [[monoglusuronida]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10101144
| title = Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice
| accessdate = 2011-08-23
| work = Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Pan MH, Huang TM, Lin JK.
}}</ref>
Kurkumin dikenal karena sifat [[antitumor]] dan [[antioksidan]] yang dimilikinya, selain banyak kegunaan medis seperti;
* melindungi [[saraf]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553189
| title = Curcumin Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against Homocysteine Intracerebroventricular Injection-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain.
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Neuroscience Research Center; Ataie A, Sabetkasaei M, Haghparast A, Moghaddam AH, Ataee R, Moghaddam SN.
}}</ref> mengurangi risiko [[radang otak]] [[vasospasma]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752423
| title = Curcumin attenuates vascular inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice.
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia; Wakade C, King MD, Laird MD, Alleyne CH Jr, Dhandapani KM.
}}</ref> dan mengembalikan [[homeostasis]] energi pada sistem otak yang terganggu akibat terluka atau [[trauma]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393301
| title = Dietary curcumin supplementation counteracts reduction in levels of molecules involved in energy homeostasis after brain trauma
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Department of Physiological Science, UCLA; Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Ying Z, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F.
}}</ref>
* menghambat dan mengurangi penumpukan plak amiloid-beta pada penderita [[Alzheimer]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590663
| title = Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo
| accessdate = 2010-06-27
| work = Department of Medicine, UCLA; Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo
}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930076
| title = Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia may explain medicinal use of turmeric in Alzheimer's disease
| accessdate = 2010-06-27
| work = Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College; Ahmed T, Gilani AH.
}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19715544
| title = Optimized turmeric extracts have potent anti-amyloidogenic effects
| accessdate = 2010-06-27
| work = Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Shytle RD, Bickford PC, Rezai-zadeh K, Hou L, Zeng J, Tan J, Sanberg PR, Sanberg CD, Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, Alberte RS.
}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19090986
| title = Immune defects in Alzheimer's disease: new medications development
| accessdate = 2010-06-27
| work = Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego; Cashman JR, Ghirmai S, Abel KJ, Fiala M.
}}</ref>
* melindungi [[hati]] , antara lain dari [[hemangioendotelioma]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582974
| title = Potential response to curcumin in infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver.
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Hassell LA, Roanh LD.
}}</ref> [[hepatokarsinoma]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450049
| title = [Anticancer activities of curcumin on human hepatocarcinoma cell line Sk-hep-1]
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Wang W, Zhang B, Chen H, Zhang L.
}}</ref> [[Hepatitis]] B.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434445
| title = Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down-regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC-1alpha.
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = The Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease; Rechtman MM, Har-Noy O, Bar-Yishay I, Fishman S, Adamovich Y, Shaul Y, Halpern Z, Shlomai A.
}}</ref>
* melindungi [[pankreas]] dari akibat rasio [[sitokina|sitokin]] yang berlebihan,<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695642
| title = Novel role of curcumin in the prevention of cytokine-induced islet death in vitro and diabetogenesis in vivo
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Tissue Engineering and Banking Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science; Kanitkar M, Gokhale K, Galande S, Bhonde RR.
}}</ref> bahkan setelah [[transplantasi]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188863
| title = Induction of antioxidant enzymes by curcumin and its analogues in human islets: implications in transplantation
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota; Balamurugan AN, Akhov L, Selvaraj G, Pugazhenthi S.
}}</ref> serta menurunkan resistansi terhadap [[insulin]] dan [[leptin]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19176142
| title = [The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin]
| accessdate = 2010-06-30
| work = Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Yu Y, Hu SK, Yan H.
}}</ref>
* melindungi [[sel Leydig]] dari pengaruh [[alkohol]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giannessi|first=Francesco|last2=Giambelluca|first2=Maria Anita|last3=Grasso|first3=Lucia|last4=Scavuzzo|first4=Maria Concetta|last5=Ruffoli|first5=Riccardo|date=2008-11|title=Curcumin protects Leydig cells of mice from damage induced by chronic alcohol administration|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971866|journal=Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research|volume=14|issue=11|pages=BR237–242|issn=1643-3750|pmid=18971866}}</ref>
* menurunkan peradangan pada jaringan adiposa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzales|first=Amanda M.|last2=Orlando|first2=Robert A.|date=2008-06-12|title=Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18549505|journal=Nutrition & Metabolism|volume=5|pages=17|doi=10.1186/1743-7075-5-17|issn=1743-7075|pmc=2441623|pmid=18549505}}</ref>
Selain itu, kurkumin juga:
* menghambat [[indoleamina 2,3-dioksigenase]], sebuah enzim yang berperan dalam degradasi [[triptofan]] pada [[sel dendritik]] yang distimulasi oleh [[liposakarida|LPS]] atau [[interferon]], dan menghambat matangnya sel dendritik. Ekspresi [[siklo oksigenase-2]] yang diinduksi oleh LPS dan produksi [[prostaglandin E2]] akan meningkat, dan mengakibatkan de-ekspresi [[molekul]] [[CD80]], [[CD86]] dan [[kompleks histokompatibilitas utama|MHC I]] dan menghambat<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640567
| title = Role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane).
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Box 143, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Sandur SK, Ichikawa H, Pandey MK, Kunnumakkara AB, Sung B, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB.
}}</ref> produksi [[sitokina]] [[Interleukin-12|IL-12 p70]] dan [[Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa|TNF-α]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20399909
| title = COX-2 and PGE2 signaling is essential for the regulation of IDO expression by curcumin in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Department of Microbiology and Immunology and National Research Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation & Regulation, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Jung ID, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Noh KT, Jeong SK, Chun SH, Choi OH, Park WS, Han J, Shin YK, Kim HW, Yun CH, Park YM.
}}</ref>
* menghambat [[angiogenesis]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596194
| title = Curcumin inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells through COX-2 and MAPK inhibition
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Binion DG, Otterson MF, Rafiee P.
}}</ref>
* menghambat lintasan COX<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16786056
| title = Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Six Curcuma Rhizomes: A Possible Curcuminoid-independent Pathway Mediated by Curcuma phaeocaulis Extract.
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Tohda C, Nakayama N, Hatanaka F, Komatsu K.
}}</ref> dan LO pada [[metabolisme eikosanoid]]. Kurkumin sangat efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, seperti kanker payudara, namun menunjukkan sifat toksik terhadap kultur [[sel punca]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651499
| title = Control of the growth of human breast cancer cells in culture by manipulation of arachidonate metabolism.
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Hammamieh R, Sumaida D, Zhang X, Das R, Jett M.
}}</ref>
Defisiensi COX dapat mengakibatkan [[sindrom Leigh]], SCO2 (''hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''), SCO1 ([[gagal hati]], [[koma ketoasidosis]]), and COX10 (''encephalopathy'', ''tubulopathy'').<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=10486321
| title = A missense mutation of cytochrome oxidase subunit II causes defective assembly and myopathy.
| accessdate = 2010-07-04
| work = University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School; Rahman S, Taanman JW, Cooper JM, Nelson I, Hargreaves I, Meunier B, Hanna MG, García JJ, Capaldi RA, Lake BD, Leonard JV, Schapira AH.
}}</ref>
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Biokimia-stub}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Lesitin]]
[[Kategori:Senyawa organik]]
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