Isabel dari Kastila: Perbedaan antara revisi

|name = NasywaIsabel AuliyaI

Pada Mei 1475, Alfonso dan pasukannya melewati perbatasan Spanyol dan maju hingga Plasencia dan menikahi Juana.<ref>Plunkett,Ierne. ''Isabel of Castile''. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 98</ref> Perang panjang dan berdarah untuk memperebutkan takhta Kastila dimulai dan berlangsung hingga sekitar satu tahun sampai tanggal 1 Maret 1476 ketika terjadi Perang Toro, perang yang kedua pihaknya menyatakan sebagai pemenang<ref name="Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado (21)">[[#Manchado|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: ''"...The battle [of Toro] was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John, the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda."'' In [https://books.google.com/books?id=qADOoHct1MwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Isabel+I+de+Castilla+y+la+sombra+de+la+ilegitimidad.+Propaganda+y+representación+en+el+conflicto+sucesorio+%281474–1482%29&source=bl&ots=sxnzroys_j&sig=aM79jFNVQ3dl8c47tP2FGbR ''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)''], 2006, p. 195, 196.</ref><ref name="Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro (22)">[[#Duro|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: ''"...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God granted them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal" '' in [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/hist/09255096579869640757857/023863.pdf?incr=1 ''La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234606/http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/hist/09255096579869640757857/023863.pdf?incr=1 |date=2012-01-25 }}, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901,p. 250.</ref> dan merayakan<ref name="Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro (22)"/><ref name="Manchado (23)">[[#Manchado|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Manchado, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qADOoHct1MwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Isabel+I+de+Castilla+y+la+sombra+de+la+ilegitimidad.+Propaganda+y+representaci%C3%B3n+en+el+conflicto+sucesorio+%281474%E2%80%931482%29&source=bl&ots=sxnzroys_j&sig=aM79jFNVQ3dl8c47tP2FGbR#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)''], 2006, p. 199 (foot note nr.141).</ref> kemenangan tersebut: pasukan Alfonso berhasil dikalahkan<ref name="Pulgar (24)">[[#Pulgar|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Pulgar, [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/cronica-de-los-senores-reyes-catolicos-don-fernando-y-dona-isabel-de-castilla-y-de-aragon--2/ ''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''], chapter XLV.</ref><ref name="Garcia de Resende (25)">[[#Resende|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Garcia de Resende- [[:wikisource:pt:Vida e Feitos D' El-Rey Dom João Segundo/XIII|''Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II'']], chapter XIII.</ref> oleh pasukan sayap kiri Kastila yang dipimpin oleh Adipati Alba dan Kardinal Mendoza, sedangkan pasukan yang dipimpin Pangeran João (kelak menjadi João II, Raja Portugal) mengalahkan<ref name="Chronicler Pulgar (Castilian) (26)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Pulgar|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Hernando del Pulgar]] (Castilian): ''"...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run."'' in [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/cronica-de-los-senores-reyes-catolicos-don-fernando-y-dona-isabel-de-castilla-y-de-aragon--2/ ''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''], chapter XLV.</ref><ref name="chronicler Garcia de Resende (Portuguese)(27)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Resende|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Garcia de Resende]] (Portuguese): ''"... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses."'' In [[:wikisource:pt:Vida e Feitos D' El-Rey Dom João Segundo/XIII|''Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II'']], chapter XIII.</ref><ref name="chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian) (28)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Mariana|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Juan de Mariana]] (Castilian): ''"(...) the ''<nowiki>[Castilian]</nowiki>'' horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received by prince D. John... which charge... they couldn't stand but instead were defeated and ran away "'' in

[https://books.google.com/books?id=OvUA8yjTEoMC&pg=PA296&dq=Mariana+%22Historia+general+de+España%22&as_brr=3&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Historia General de España''], tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300.</ref><ref name="chronicler Damião de Góis (Portuguese) (29)">[[#Góis|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Damião de Góis]] (Portuguese): ''"(...)these Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal battle, received ''<nowiki>[the charge of]</nowiki>'' the Prince's men as brave knights invoking Santiago but they couldn't resist them and began to flee, and ''<nowiki>[so]</nowiki>'' our men killed and arrested many of them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (...) in their Royal battle that was on left of these six ''<nowiki>[Castilian]</nowiki>'' divisions. "'' in [http://purl.pt/286/3/ ''Chronica do Principe D. Joam''], chapter LXXVIII.</ref> pasukan sayap kanan Kastila dan tetap menguasai<ref name="chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian) (30)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Mariana|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Juan de Mariana]] (Castilian): ''"...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces ''<nowiki>[Castilian and Portuguese]</nowiki>'' remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)"'' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=OvUA8yjTEoMC&pg=PA296&dq=Mariana+%22Historia+general+de+España%22&as_brr=3&hl=pt-PT&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Historia General de España''], tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300.</ref><ref name="chronicler Rui de Pina (Portuguese) (31)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Pina|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Rui de Pina]] (Portuguese): ''"And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory"'' in [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24508/24508-h/24508-h.htm ''Chronica de El- rei D.Affonso V...''] 3rd book, chapter CXCI.</ref> medan laga.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=3x4JAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Abrégé+chronologique+de+l%27histoire+d%27Espagne++%22&source=bl&ots=_Mc5v0VA-Z&sig=CGnv50KIfo_KbppxzabHt2YvJGI&hl=en&ei=2LHvTKbDNtSxhAeZsoi5DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re ''Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire de l'Éspagne''], Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.</ref> hasil, Pertempuran Toro menunjukkan besarnya kemenangan politik<ref name="Spanish academic António M. (34)">[[#Serrano|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish academic António M. Serrano: ''" From all of this it is deductible that the battle ''<nowiki>[of Toro]</nowiki>'' was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle'' <nowiki>[the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro]</nowiki>'' ."'' in [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4208108 ''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro''], revista [http://www.realacademiatoledo.es/files/toletum/0009/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf Toletum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312101852/http://www.realacademiatoledo.es/files/toletum/0009/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf |date=2012-03-12 }}, segunda época, 1979 (9), [http://biblioteca2.uclm.es/biblioteca/ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Toletum/tol09/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf pp. 55–70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129103906/http://biblioteca2.uclm.es/biblioteca/ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Toletum/tol09/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf |date=2016-01-29 }}. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]: [http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/detalles.html;isessionid=A31394B29A781B0B063B6993FDA9FAEE?id=30676&bd=HISTORI&tabla=docu 0210-6310] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012210/http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/detalles.html;isessionid=A31394B29A781B0B063B6993FDA9FAEE?id=30676&bd=HISTORI&tabla=docu |date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="A. Ballesteros Beretta (35)">[[#Beretta|_{<big>↓</big>}]] A. Ballesteros Beretta: ''"His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King ''<nowiki>[Ferdinand]</nowiki>'' to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic ''<nowiki>[Ferdinand]</nowiki>'' achieved the fruits of a discussed victory."'' In [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111114918/http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/Galerias/revistas/ficheros/RET_016.pdf ''Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España''], ''Ejército'' revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941.</ref><ref name="Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela (36)">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Palenzuela|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela- [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/la-guerra-civil-castellana-y-el-enfrentamiento-con-portugal-14751479-0/ ''La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)'']: ''"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of [[Aljubarrota]], still alive in the Castilian memory"''.</ref><ref name="Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez (37)">[[#Casas|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas: ''"...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms."'' In [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2689349 ''San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio''] in ''Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia'', number 56, p. 364, 1990.</ref> dari [[Penguasa Katolik]], menjaga keutuhan takhta mereka sejak pendukung Juana membubarkan diri, membuat pasukan Portugis yang tanpa sekutu meninggalkan Kastila.

Di sisi lain, Kastila dan Portugis bersaing untuk menguasai Samudera Atlantik dan mencari kekayaan dari [[Teluk Guinea]] (emas dan budak) di Afrika Barat, yang mana kemudian berujung pada Perang Guinea.<ref name="Battle of Guinea (40)">[[Battle of Guinea]]: [[Isabel dari Kastila#Palencia|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Alonso de Palencia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-1A3cWT_1kAC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%22Alonso+de+Palencia+decada+cuarta+naves+castellanas%22&source=bl&ots=kdDs0IZIC2&sig=1GhLLlK7uT95iMhwkS2KqoLeBJQ&hl=pt-PT&ei=zGpZTbrYFIKAhQf-9YyDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved Década IV], Book XXXIII, Chapter V (''"Disaster among those sent to the mines of gold ''<nowiki>[Guinea]</nowiki>''. Charges against the King..."''), pp. 91–94. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite of the Catholic Monarchs' attempts, they were unable to send new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The [[John II of Portugal|''Perfect Prince'']] sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax ("quinto") to the Portuguese crown when they returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission of Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.</ref><ref name="Historian Malyn Newitt">[[Isabel dari Kastila#Newitt|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Historian Malyn Newitt: ''"However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina ''<nowiki>[Guinea]</nowiki>'' and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of [[Eustache de la Fosse]], was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this '''first maritime colonial war'''. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ... ''<nowiki>[Prince]</nowiki>'' John."'' In [http[google://www.google.com/search?q=%22the"the+Portuguese+emerged+victorious+from+this+first+maritime+colonial+war.%22"+&btnG=Pesquisar+livros&tbm=bks&tbo=1&hl=pt-PT |''A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668'']], Routledge, New York, 2005, pp. 39–40.</ref>