The Sinking of the Lusitania: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
→Style: Perbaikan terjemahan |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20241009)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
(19 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 32:
Film ini kemudian menampilkan ''Lusitania'' melintasi [[Patung Liberty]] dan meninggalkan [[Pelabuhan New York]]. Setelah itu, sebuah [[kapal selam Jerman]] terlihat membelah lautan dan menembakkan sebuah torpedo ke ''Lusitania'', sehingga menimbulkan asap yang membumbung hingga menutupi layar. Para penumpang ''Lusitania'' lalu bergegas menaiki sekoci, tetapi beberapa sekoci kemudian terbalik. ''Lusitania'' lalu terombang-ambing, sehingga beberapa penumpangnya terlempar ke laut.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=196}}
Torpedo kedua kemudian ditembakkan, sehingga membuat ''Lusitania'' mulai tenggelam dan para penumpangnya lompat ke laut.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=196}} ''Lusitania'' lalu makin tenggelam dan
==Latar belakang==
Baris 57:
Sebagaimana film-filmnya yang lain, McCay membiayai sendiri ''The Sinking of the Lusitania''. Cel menjadi pengeluaran tambahan, tetapi sangat mengurangi jumlah gambar yang harus dibuat jika dibandingkan dengan metode-metode sebelumnya.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=193}} Cel yang digunakan saat itu lebih tebal daripada cel yang kemudian menjadi standar industri, serta memiliki sebuah "gigi", atau permukaan kasar, yang dapat menahan pensil, ''[[wash]]'', dan krayon. Banyaknya [[rendering]] menyebabkan cel tertekuk, sehingga menjadi sulit untuk menjaga cel tetap sejajar saat difillmkan;. Fitzsimmons lalu mengatasi masalah tersebut dengan menggunakan binder ''loose-leaf'' yang dimodifikasi.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=193}}
McCay menyatakan bahwa ia membutuhkan sekitar delapan minggu untuk memproduksi delapan detik dari film ini.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=193}} Sebanyak 25.000 gambar pun diklaim{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=195}}{{efn|Bill Mikulak mencatat bahwa pada 25.000 bingkai dalam 16 [[tingkat bingkai|bingkai per detik]] akan membuat film ini berdurasi 26 menit, bukan 12 menit, dengan asumsi bahwa satu gambar diproduksi per bingkai.{{sfn|Mikulak|1997|p=71}} }} mengisi 900 [[Kaki (satuan panjang)|kaki]] dari film ini.{{sfn|Bottomore|2000|p=161}} ''The Sinking of the Lusitania'' didaftarkan hak ciptanya pada tanggal 19 Juli 1918,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=195}}{{efn|John Canemaker menyebutkan bahwa penayangan pertama film ini adalah pada tanggal 20 Juli;{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=195}} Sementara Earl Theisen menyebutkan bahwa penayangan pertama film ini adalah pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1918.{{sfn|Theisen|1933|p=84}} }} dan kemudian dirilis oleh [[Jewel Productions]]{{sfn|Theisen|1933|p=84}} yang diberitakan telah membeli film ini dengan harga tertinggi untuk sebuah film satu [[rol]] saat itu.{{sfn|Motography staff|1918|p=74}} Film ini pun dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari [[film berita]] mingguan [[Universal Studios]]{{sfn|Crafton|1993|p=116}} dan ditampilkan pada sampul dari publikasi internal Universal Studios, ''The Moving Picture Weekly''.{{sfn|Callahan|1988|p=227}}{{efn|
==Gaya==
Baris 65:
Film ini memadukan teknik-teknik kartun editorial dengan urutan-urutan seperti [[peran hidup]],{{sfn|DelGaudio|1997|p=190}} sehingga dianggap sebagai karya paling realistis dari McCay. [[Antarjudul]] yang ditampilkan pada film ini pun menekankan bahwa film ini adalah "catatan sejarah" mengenai peristiwa tersebut. Sejarawan animasi Donald Crafton menyebut bahwa McCay menganimasikan peristiwa tersebut dengan "gaya grafis realistis".{{sfn|Telotte|2010|p=49}} Film ini dibuat dengan suasana yang gelap dan nuansa propaganda yang kuat. Film ini menggambarkan nasib malang dari para penumpang, seperti anak yang tenggelam{{sfn|Bottomore|2000|p=161}} dan barisan penumpang yang lompat menjemput ajal mereka.{{sfn|Crafton|1993|p=117}} Film ini sangat rinci, serta animasinya cair dan alami.{{sfn|Bottomore|2000|p=161}} McCay menampilkan cuplikan gambar di film ini secara bergantian untuk meniru nuansa [[film berita]],{{sfn|Crafton|1993|p=116}} sehingga memperkuat nuansa realistis dari film ini.{{sfn|Telotte|2010|p=49}}
McCay
== Tanggapan dan
[[File:HearstAbout1910.jpg|thumb|[[William Randolph Hearst]] membatasi karya animasi McCay
''The Sinking of the Lusitania'' dikenal sebagai karya propaganda [[film perang|perang]],{{sfn|Theisen|1933|p=85}} dan
Sejarawan animasi Paul Wells
== Catatan kaki ==
Baris 92:
* {{cite book|last = Barrier|first = Michael|authorlink = Michael Barrier (historian)|title = Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zDJXnzMh7bkC|year = 2003|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-516729-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Barrier 2003 -->
* {{cite book|last = Beckerman|first = Howard|title = Animation: The Whole Story <!--|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EjW6cCE4v1QC -->
|year = 2003|publisher = Skyhorse Publishing|isbn = 978-1-58115-301-9|ref = harv }}<!-- Beckerman 2003 -->
* {{cite book|last = Berenbaum|first = May R.|authorlink = May Berenbaum|title = The Earwig's Tail: A Modern Bestiary of Multi-Legged Legends|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SPxvx0X22XEC|year = 2009|publisher = Harvard University Press|isbn = 978-0-674-03540-9|ref = harv}}<!-- Berenbaum 2009 -->
* {{cite book|last = Bottomore|first = Stephen|title = The Titanic and Silent Cinema|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2KGJJsUggtAC|year = 2000|publisher = The Projection Box|isbn = 978-1-903000-00-7|ref = harv }}<!-- Bottomore 2000 -->
* {{cite book|last = Canemaker|first = John|author-link = John Canemaker|title = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|edition = Revised|year = 2005|publisher = Abrams Books|isbn = 978-0-8109-5941-5|ref = harv }}<!-- Canemaker 2005 -->
* {{cite book
|last = Canemaker
|first = John
|title = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art
|edition = 3
|year = 2018
|publisher = CRC Press (Taylor & Francis)
|isbn = 978-1138578876
|ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|ref = harv|editor-first = Dean|editor-last = Mullaney|editor1-link = Dean Mullaney|last = Canwell|first = Bruce|title = Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939–1940|year = 2009|publisher = [[IDW Publishing]]|isbn = 978-1-60010-508-1}}<!-- Canwell 2009 -->
* {{cite book|title = Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928|first = Donald|last = Crafton|year = 1993|publisher = University of Chicago Press|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yaeJFVTedysC|isbn = 9780226116679|ref = harv }}<!-- Crafton 1993 -->
Baris 103 ⟶ 112:
* {{cite book|last1 = Kundert-Gibbs|first1 = John|last2 = Kundert-Gibbs|first2 = Kristin|title = Action!: Acting Lessons for CG Animators|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UZPr6xvPnokC|year = 2009|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn = 978-0-470-59605-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Kundert-Gibbs & Kundert-Gibbs 2009 -->
* {{cite book|last = Marshall|first = Samuel Lyman Atwood|authorlink = S.L.A. Marshall|title = World War I|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xN7t7DgsclcC|year = 1964|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn = 978-0-618-05686-6|ref = harv }}<!-- Marshall 1964 -->
* {{cite book
|last = Ramsay
|first = David
|title = Lusitania: Saga and Myth
|date = 2001
|publisher = [[Chatham Publishing]]
|location = London
|isbn = 978-1-86176-170-5
|url = {{google books|BRusY6BF68EC|plainurl=yes}}
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Roland|first1 = Alex|authorlink1 = Alex Roland|last2 = Bolster|first2 = W. Jeffrey|authorlink2 = W. Jeffrey Bolster|last3 = Keyssar|first3 = Alexander|authorlink3 = Alexander Keyssar|title = The Way of the Ship: America's Maritime History Reenvisoned, 1600–2000|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Qf2QiRYXcdUC|year = 2008|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn = 978-0-470-13600-3|ref = harv }}<!-- Roland, Bolster & Keyssar 2008 -->
* {{cite book|last = Sabin|first = Roger|authorlink = Roger Sabin|title = Adult Comics: An Introduction|url = https://archive.org/details/adultcomicsintro0000sabi|publisher = Routledge|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-415-04419-6|ref = harv }}<!-- Sabin 1993 -->
* {{cite book|last = Sito|first = Tom|authorlink = Tom Sito|title = Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0PsCWPSZ0C|year = 2006|publisher = University Press of Kentucky|isbn = 978-0-8131-2407-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Sito 2006 -->
* {{cite book
Baris 178 ⟶ 197:
|publisher = University of Illinois Press
|jstor = 20687319
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = McKinney
|first = Kirsten
|title = The Waking Life of Winsor McCay: Social Commentary in A Pilgrim's Progress by Mr. Bunion
|date = July 2015
|url = http://scholarship.richmond.edu/student-publications/1/
|journal = International Journal of Comic Art
|volume = 17
|issue = 1
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal
Baris 254 ⟶ 283:
* {{Commons category-inline|Animation by Winsor McCay}}
* {{Commons category-inline|The Sinking of the Lusitania|''The Sinking of the Lusitania''}}
{{Winsor McCay navbox}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinking Of The Lusitania, The}}
|