Srinagar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srinagar
| settlement_type = Kota
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ks
| named_for = [[Lakshmi]] atau [[Surya]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg
| alt1 = Srinagar pano
| image2 = Salomon4.jpg
| alt2 = Salomon4
| image3 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG
| image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg
| image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg
| image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Searah Jarum Jam Dari Atas: <br /> Panorama Kota Srinagar, Tulip di Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden, Hazratbal Shrine, Rumah perahu di [[Danau Dal]], Pari Mahal dan Kuil Shankaracharya
| image_map1 = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg
| map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China
| map_caption1 = Srinagar terletak di [[divisi Kashmir]] (biru neon) dari [[Jammu dan Kashmir (wilayah persatuan)|Jammu dan Kashmir]] yang dikelola India (diarsir [[tan (warna)|tan]]) di wilayah yang disengketakan wilayah [[Kashmir]].<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Srinagar|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Peta interaktif Srinagar
| coordinates = {{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Negara yang mengelola
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = Wilayah administrasi
| subdivision_name1 = Wilayah Persatuan dari [[Jammu dan Kashmir (wilayah persatuan)|Jammu dan Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = Divisi
| subdivision_name2 = Kashmir
| subdivision_type3 = Distrik
| subdivision_name3 = Srinagar
| leader_title1 = Komisaris Kota
| leader_name1 = Owais Ahmed, IAS
| unit_pref = Metrik
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 294
| area_metro_km2 = 766
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1585
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 1180570
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = ke-31
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1273312
| population_blank1_title = Peringkat Metro
| population_blank1 = ke-37
| population_demonym = Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite
| demographics_type1 = Bahasa
| demographics1_title1 = Resmi
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bahasa Kashmir|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Bahasa Dogri|Dogri]], [[English language|Inggris]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| timezone1 = [[Waktu Standar India|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 190001
| area_code_type = Kode telepon
| area_code = 0194
| registration_plate = JK 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Rasio jenis kelamin manusia|Rasio jenis kelamin]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = melek huruf
| blank2_info_sec1 = 69.15%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Jarak dari Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|876|km|mi}} NW
| blank4_name_sec1 = Jarak dari Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[Jalan raya nasional India|tanah]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen|Iklim]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Iklim subtropis lembab|Cfa]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Curah Hujan (meteorologi)|Curah Hujan]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|710|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Rata-rata. suhu musim panas
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Rata-rata. suhu musim dingin
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}
| official_name =
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| government_type = Perusahaan kota
| governing_body = Perusahaan Kota Srinagar
| leader_title = [[Walikota]]
| leader_name = Junaid Azim Mattu<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Junaid Azim Mattu Returns As Srinagar Mayor, 6 Months After He Was Removed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/srinagar-news/junaid-azim-mattu-returns-as-srinagar-mayor-6-months-after-he-was-removed-2330078 |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Srinagar''' (Inggris: {{IPAc-en|audio=Srinagar.ogg|ˈ|s|r|iː|n|ə|g|ər}}) adalah sebuah kota di [[Jammu dan Kashmir (wilayah persatuan)|Jammu dan Kashmir]] yang dikelola India di wilayah [[Kashmir|Kashmir yang disengketakan]].<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). <br/>
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br/> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br/> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br/> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br/>(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br/> (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; <br/> (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br/> (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br/> (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref> Ini adalah kota terbesar dan ibu kota musim panas di Jammu dan Kashmir, yang merupakan wilayah persatuan yang dikelola India. Itu terletak di [[Lembah Kashmir]] di sepanjang tepi [[Sungai Jhelum]], dan tepi [[Danau Dal]] dan Danau Anchar, antara perbukitan Hari Parbat dan Kuil Shankaracharya. Kota ini terkenal dengan lingkungan alamnya, berbagai tamannya, tepi laut dan rumah kapal. Ia juga terkenal dengan kerajinan tangan tradisional Kashmir seperti selendang Kashmir (terbuat dari [[Pasmina]] dan [[wol kasmir]]), papier-mâché, ukiran kayu, tenun karpet, dan pembuatan permata, serta untuk [[buah kering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|title=Here's how beautiful Srinagar's Dal Lake looks this winter|date=5 January 2018|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srinagar.nic.in/|title=District Srinagar :: Official Website|website=srinagar.nic.in|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204230258/http://srinagar.nic.in/|archive-date=4 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Ini adalah wilayah metropolitan terbesar kedua di [[Himalaya]] (setelah [[Kathmandu]], ibu kota Nepal).
Didirikan pada abad ke-6 pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Gonanda menurut Rajatarangini, kota ini mengambil nama ibu kota sebelumnya yang diperkirakan didirikan oleh [[Kekaisaran Maurya|Maurya]] di sekitarnya. Kota ini tetap menjadi ibu kota terpenting Lembah Kashmir di bawah dinasti Hindu, dan merupakan pusat pembelajaran utama. Selama abad ke-14 hingga ke-16, kota tua ini mengalami perluasan besar-besaran, terutama pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Shah Mir, yang raja-rajanya menggunakan berbagai bagian kota tersebut sebagai ibu kotanya. Kota ini menjadi pusat spiritual Kashmir, dan menarik beberapa pengkhotbah [[Sufisme|Sufi]]. Kota ini juga mulai muncul sebagai pusat tenun [[selendang]] dan kerajinan tangan Kashmir lainnya. Pada akhir abad ke-16 kota ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Mughal]], banyak kaisar yang menggunakannya sebagai resor musim panas mereka. Banyak taman Mughal dibangun di kota dan sekitar danau Dal selama ini Shalimar dan Nishat adalah yang paling terkenal.
Setelah melewati tangan [[Kekaisaran Durrani|Durranis]] Afghanistan dan [[Kekaisaran Sikh|Sikh]] pada akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, akhirnya menjadi ibu kota musim panas kerajaan Dogra di Jammu dan Kashmir pada tahun 1846. Kota ini menjadi tujuan wisata populer di kalangan elit Eropa dan India selama ini, dengan beberapa hotel dan rumah kapal ikonik yang sedang dibangun. Pada tahun 1952, kota ini menjadi ibu kota musim panas [[Jammu dan Kashmir (negara bagian)|Jammu dan Kashmir]], sebuah wilayah yang dikelola oleh India sebagai sebuah negara bagian, dengan [[Jammu]] sebagai ibu kota musim dinginnya. Ini merupakan titik awal kekerasan pada tahun 1990an dan awal tahun 2000an pemberontakan di wilayah tersebut. Pada tahun 2019, kota ini menjadi ibu kota musim panas di wilayah yang lebih kecil yang dikelola oleh India sebagai wilayah persatuan, setelah reorganisasi di negara bagian sebelumnya.
== Demografi ==
=== Agama ===
{{Pie chart|value1=95.97|value2=2.75|value3=0.92|value4=0.21|value5=0.02|value6=0.01|value7=0.13|label1=[[Islam]]|label2=[[Agama Hindu|Hindu]]|label3=[[Sikhisme]]|label4=[[Kekristenan|Kristen]]|label5=[[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]|label6=[[Jainisme]]|label7=Tidak tahu|caption=Agama di kota Srinagar (2011)<ref>[https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html]</ref>|color2=DarkOrange|color1=Green|color3=DarkKhaki|color4=Dodgerblue|color5=Yellow|color6=Brown|color7=Black}}
Menurut [[sensus penduduk India 2011]] pada kota Srinagar, terdapat 1.157.750 [[Muslim]], 33.191 [[umat Hindu]], 11.132 umat Sikh, 2.516 [[umat Kristen]], 213 umat Buddha, 66 umat Jain, 2 memilih agama lain dan 1.547 memilih untuk tidak menjawab.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{wikivoyage|Srinagar}}
* {{en}} [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Situs pemerintah daerah]
* {{en}} [http://www.koausa.org/Nature/srinagar.html Koleksi gambar mengenai Srinagar]
{{negara-geo-stub|India}}
[[Kategori:Kota di India]]
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