Israel: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{pp-vandalism|anti-vandalism}}

 

| title = Judaism

| image_flag =

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311235322/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307197/Judaism/35241/Israel-the-Jewish-people

| dead-url = no

| title = Arab-Israeli wars

| encyclopedia = Britannica Online Encyclopedia

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080905020424/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31439/Arab-Israeli-wars

| dead-url = no

 

Israel merupakan negara [[demokrasi]] dengan [[sistem parlementer|sistem pemerintahan parlementer]] dan [[hak pilih universal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rummel|1997|p=257}}. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ..., Cyprus, ..., Israel, ..."</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=317 |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=2007-07-01 |date=2005-12-19 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=2008-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527154420/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=317 |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Perdana Menteri Israel]] menjabat sebagai [[kepala pemerintahan]] dan [[Knesset]] bertugas sebagai badan legislatif Israel. Dalam hal [[produk domestik bruto]], ekonomi negara ini menduduki peringkat ke-28 di dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO|website=IMF|language=en|access-date=2023-01-25|archive-date=2023-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127154844/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO|dead-url=no}}</ref> Israel memiliki peringkat [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/ |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |title=Human Development Report 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-15 |archive-date=2007-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713203022/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[kebebasan pers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |title=Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017110631/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |archivedate=2007-10-17 |dead-url=no }}</ref> dan daya saing ekonomi<ref name="wef">{{cite web |url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007 |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=2007-02-14 |accessdate=2007-07-15 |archive-date=2008-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619083349/http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%2BCompetitiveness%2BReport/index.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> yang tertinggi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Arab di sekitarnya.

=== Awal sejarah ===

{{see|Kerajaan Israel|Kerajaan Yehuda}}

[[Berkas:Levant 01.PNG|kiri|jmpl|Peta wilayah Kerajaan-kerajaan Israel kuno]]

[[Tanah Israel]], yang dikenal dalam bahasa Ibrani sebagai ''Eretz Yisrael'', merupakan tanah suci orang [[Yahudi]]. Menurut kitab [[Taurat]], Tanah Israel dijanjikan kepada tiga [[Patriark]] Yahudi oleh [[Tuhan]] sebagai tanah air mereka.<ref>Dari [[Alkitab Terjemahan Baru]]: "TUHAN, Allahmu, akan membawa engkau masuk ke negeri yang sudah dimiliki nenek moyangmu, dan engkaupun akan memilikinya pula. Ia akan berbuat baik kepadamu dan membuat engkau banyak melebihi nenek moyangmu." ([[Ulangan]], 30:5)</ref><ref>Dari [[Alkitab Terjemahan Baru]]: "Tetapi, bila kamu berbalik kepada-Ku dan tetap mengikuti perintah-perintah-serta melakukannya, maka sekalipun orang-orang buanganmu ada di ujung langit, akan Kukumpulkan mereka kembali dan Kubawa ke tempat yang telah Kupilih untuk membuat nama-Ku diam di sana." ([[Nehemia]], 1:9)</ref> Para cendekiawan memperkirakan periode ini ada pada milenium ke-2 SM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/walkingthebible/timeline.html |publisher=Public Broadcast Television |title=Walking the Bible Timeline |work=Walking the Bible |accessdate=2007-09-29 |archive-date=2011-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805054956/http://www.pbs.org/walkingthebible/timeline.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Menurut pandangan tradisional, sekitar abad ke-11 SM, beberapa kerajaan dan negara Israel didirikan di sekitar Tanah Israel; Kerajaan-kerajaan dan negara-negara ini memerintah selama seribu tahun ke depan.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedland|Hecht|2000|p=8}}. "For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts."</ref>

[[Berkas:Herzl-balcony.jpg|kiri|jmpl|lurus|[[Theodor Herzl]], penggagas Negara Yahudi, pada tahun 1901.]]

 

 

[[Aliyah (Israel)#Aliyah Kedua .281904-1914.29|Aliyah Kedua]] (1904–1914) dimulai setelah terjadinya [[pogrom Kishinev]]. Sekitar 40.000 orang Yahudi kemudian berpindah ke Palestina.<ref name="aliyot" /> Baik gelombang pertama dan kedua migrasi tersebut utamanya adalah [[Yudaisme Ortodoks|Yahudi Ortodoks]],<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2003|p=88}}. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews..."</ref> namun pada Aliyah Kedua ini juga meliputi pelopor-pelopor gerakan ''[[kibbutz]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Romano|2003|p=30}}</ref> Selama [[Perang Dunia I]], Menteri Luar Negeri Britania [[Arthur Balfour]] mengeluarkan pernyataan yang dikenal sebagai [[Deklarasi Balfour 1917|Deklarasi Balfour]], yaitu deklarasi yang mendukung pendirian negara Yahudi di tanah Palestina. Atas permintaan [[Edwin Samuel Montagu]] dan [[Lord Curzon]], disisipkan pula pernyataan "''it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country''".<ref name=macintyre>{{Cite news

Israel memiliki program [[wajib belajar]] bagi anak-anak berumur antara tiga sampai dengan delapan belas tahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883341.html|work=Haaretz|accessdate=2007-08-05|date=2007-07-19|title=Knesset raises school dropout age to 18|last=Kashti|first=Or|coauthors=Shahar Ilan|archive-date=2007-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001043810/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883341.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/1/Summary+of+the+principal+laws+relating+to+educatio.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education |date=2003-01-26 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327232901/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/1/Summary+of+the+principal+laws+relating+to+educatio.htm |archivedate=2005-03-27 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Tahapan-tahapan sekolah dibagi menjadi tiga tahap: [[sekolah dasar]] (tingkat 1-6), [[sekolah menengah pertama]] (tingkat 7-9), dan [[sekolah menengah atas]] (tingkat 10-12). Tahapan sekolah berakhir dengan ujian akhir yang disebut ''[[Bagrut]]''. Kemahiran di mata-mata pelajaran utama seperti [[matematika]], [[Alkitab Ibrani]], [[Bahasa Ibrani]], literatur Ibrani dan umum, [[Bahasa Inggris]], sejarah, dan pendidikan kewarganegaraan diperlukan untuk mendapatkan sertifikat Bagrut.<ref name="moia">{{cite web |url=http://www.moia.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9FBC4448-CB15-4309-BA82-96DC681E7A11/0/education_en.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Immigrant Absorption |format=PDF |title=Education |accessdate=2007-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807233554/http://www.moia.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9FBC4448-CB15-4309-BA82-96DC681E7A11/0/education_en.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-07 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Dalam sekolah-sekolah Arab, Kristen, dan [[Druze]], ujian kajian Alkitab Ibrani digantikan dengan ujian dalam mata pelajaran [[Islam]], [[Kristen]], ataupun [[Druze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |publisher=United States-Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library |title=The Israeli Matriculation Certificate |accessdate=2007-08-05 |month=January |year=1996 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915073741/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2003, lebih dari separuh murid tingkat 12 Israel mendapatkan sertifikat ini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st08_21.pdf|format=PDF|title=Pupils in Grade XII, matriculation examinees and entitled to a certificate|accessdate=2007-07-02|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics|archive-date=2007-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702192314/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st08_21.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

 

Delapan universitas negeri Israel disubsidi oleh negara.<ref name="moia" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html |title=Higher Education in Israel |accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher=Embassy of Israel in Washington, DC |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621050930/http://embassies.gov.il/error.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Perpustakaan Universitas dan Nasional Yahudi yang menyimpan buku-buku bertopik Yahudi terbesar di dunia berada di [[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library |accessdate=2007-08-05 |archive-date=2007-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421084915/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem menduduki peringkat 100 besar universitas ternama di dunia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |title=Top 500 World Universities (1-100) |publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-07-02 |year=2006 |archive-date=2007-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023181108/http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2009 |publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2009-11-14 |year=2009 |archive-date=2013-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323035909/http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> berdasarkan pemeringkatan Universitas Jiao Tong Shanghai. Universitas utama lainnya di Israel meliputi [[Technion]], [[Institut Sains Weizmann]], [[Universitas Tel Aviv]], [[Universitas Bar-Ilan]], [[Universitas Haifa]], dan [[Universitas Ben-Gurion Negev]]. Israel berada pada peringkat ketiga di dunia dalam hal jumlah sarjana akademik per kapita (20% populasi).<ref name="consulate">{{cite web |url=http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716015552/http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archivedate=2007-07-16 |title=Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel |publisher=Israeli Consulate, New York City |accessdate=2007-08-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |publisher=American University |title=Israel: IT Workforce |accessdate=2007-08-14 |work=Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World |archive-date=2006-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913013444/http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Israel merupakan negara yang terdepan dalam hal jumlah artikel ilmiah riset sel punca per kapita sejak tahun 2000<ref name="scell">{{cite web |http://www.the-scientist.com/news/print/23240/|work=The Scientist|date=2009-03-21 |accessdate=2009-11-14|title=Stem cell density highest in Israel}}</ref>

 

Banyak penduduk Israel yang dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik dalam bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena banyaknya jumlah imigran Yahudi yang berimigrasi ke Israel, terdapat pula bahasa-bahasa lain yang dapat terdengar di jalanan-jalanan Israel sehari-hari. [[Bahasa Rusia]] dan [[bahasa Amhar]] dituturkan secara meluas<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-16-1816635503_x.htm Israel's Welcome for Ethiopian Jews Wears Thin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202195913/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-16-1816635503_x.htm |date=2011-02-02 }}. ''USA Today'' 2008-08-16.</ref> oleh karena banyaknya imigran yang berasal dari [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Etiopia]] (sekitar 120.000 [[Yahudi Etiopia]] tinggal di Israel)<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLG256423 Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830040601/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLG256423 |date=2009-08-30 }}. Reuters. 2009-07-16.</ref> Antara tahun 1990 sampai dengan tahun 1994, imigrasi besar-besaran yang berasal dari Rusia meningkatkan populasi Israel sebesar dua belas persen.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355301753265606?journalCode=qjec |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |month=November |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market |last=Friedberg |first=Rachel M. |page=1373 |doi=10.1162/003355301753265606 |volume=116 |access-date=2010-02-26 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804122058/http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355301753265606?journalCode=qjec |dead-url=no }}</ref> Terdapat lebih dari satu juta imigran berbahasa Rusia di Israel,<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952558.html Study: Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006051901/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952558.html |date=2008-10-06 }}. ''Haaretz''. 10/02/2008.</ref> dengan sekitar 300.000-nya bukanlah orang Yahudi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030808012842/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/QA.jhtml?qaNo=59 Q&A Lily Galili on 'The Russians in Israel']. ''Haaretz''</ref>

 

 

Pada tahun 2009, lebih dari 300.000 warga Israel tinggal di permukiman-permukiman [[Tepi Barat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/west_bank_settlements.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224233451/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/west_bank_settlements.html |archivedate=2008-02-24 |title=Settlements in the West Bank |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |dead-url=yes }}</ref> seperti [[Ma'ale Adumim]] dan [[Ariel (kota)|Ariel]], dan di komunitas-komunitas yang telah ada sebelum berdirinya Negara Israel seperti di kota [[Hebron]] dan [[Gush Etzion]]. Delapan belas ribu penduduk Israel tinggal di [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-golan-heights |title=Settlements in the Golan Heights |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826031946/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-golan-heights |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2006, terdapat 250.000 Yahudi yang tinggal di [[Yerusalem Timur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/east_jerusalem_settlements.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420070744/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/east_jerusalem_settlements.html |archivedate=2008-04-20 |title=Settlements in East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Jumlah total pemukim Israel adalah lebih dari 500.000 (6,5% populasi Israel). Sekitar 7.800 penduduk Israel tinggal di permukiman di [[Jalur Gaza]] sebelum semuanya dievakuasi dengan paksa oleh pemerintah Israel pada tahun 2005 sebagai bagian dari rencana penarikan unilateral Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-gaza-strip-1 |title=Settlements in the Gaza Strip |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826025402/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-gaza-strip-1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

 

[[Museum Israel]] di Yerusalem merupakan salah satu institusi kebudayaan yang terpenting di Israel.<ref name="imj">{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=About the Museum |accessdate=2007-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020730020626/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |archivedate=2002-07-30 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Di museum ini, tersimpan [[Naskah Laut Mati]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |accessdate=2007-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020711232218/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |archivedate=2002-07-11 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> bersamaan dengan koleksi ekstensif mengenai [[Yudaisme]] dan seni budaya Barat.<ref name="imj" /> Museum [[Holocaust]] nasional Israel, [[Yad Vashem]], menyimpan sejumlah arsip-arsip informasi mengenai Holocaust yang terbanyak di dunia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |publisher=Yad Vashem |title=About Yad Vashem: The Yad Vashem Library |accessdate=2007-08-13 |archive-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217113512/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Beth Hatefutsoth]] (Museum Diaspora) yang berada di kampus [[Universitas Tel Aviv]] adalah sebuah museum interaktif yang berisi koleksi sejarah komunitas Yahudi di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bh.org.il/about-us.aspx |publisher=Beth Hatefutsoth |title=Museum Information |accessdate=2007-08-13 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513043110/http://www.bh.org.il/about-us.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>

 

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Zionisme]]

* [[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]]

 

== Referensi ==

 

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