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[[Berkas:John J Parker As Judge LOC.png|jmpl]]
'''John Johnston Parker''' ({{lahirmati||20|11|1885||17|3|1958}}) adalah seorang politikus Amerika dan hakim wilayah Amerika Serikat di Pengadilan Banding Amerika Serikat untuk Sirkuit Keempat . Ia gagal menjadi calon hakim asosiasi di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1930. Ia juga merupakan hakim pengganti Amerika Serikat pada persidangan di Nuremberg atas tersangka penjahat perang Nazi dan kemudian bertugas di Komisi Hukum Internasional Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.
 
== Kehidupan Awal dan Keluarga==
LahirJohn Johnston Parker lahir pada tanggal 20 November 1885, di Monroe, North Carolina ,. Parker adalah anak tertua dari empat bersaudara yang lahir dari pasangan Frances Ann (Johnston) dan John Daniel Parker. Dia adalah keturunan William Bradford , pendiri Plymouth Colony , di Massachusetts, dan hakim asosiasi di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat James Iredell . Ia juga merupakan saudara laki-laki Samuel I. Parker ,merupakan penerima pertama tiga penghargaan tertinggi angkatan darat atas keberaniannya.<ref name="Parker NCpedia">{{cite web| title=Parker, John Johnston| first=Peter G.| last=Fish| date=1994| website=ncpedia.org| url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/parker-john-johnston| access-date=March 29, [1]2022}}</ref>
 
Parker menerima gelar Bachelor of Arts pada tahun 1907 dari Universitas North Carolina di Chapel Hill , di mana dia terpilih menjadi anggota Phi Beta Kappa dan menjadi ketua kelas. [2] Ia menerima gelar Sarjana Hukum pada tahun 1908 dari Fakultas Hukum Universitas North Carolina . Setelah magang hukum di Greensboro , Carolina Utara, ia berpraktik hukum di Monroe dari tahun 1909 hingga 1922, dan kemudian di Charlotte, Carolina Utara hingga tahun 1925 .▼
 
Pada tanggal 23 November 1910, ia menikah dengan Maria Burgwin Maffitt. Mereka memiliki tiga anak: Sara Burgwin, John Jr., dan Francis Iredell. [1]▼
 
Parker gagal mencalonkan diri untuk jabatan politik sebanyak tiga kali sebagai anggota Partai Republik . Pada tahun 1910, ia menjadi calon Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat dari distrik kongres ke-10 Carolina Utara . Pada tahun 1916, ia menjadi calon Jaksa Agung Carolina Utara . Kemudian, pada tahun 1920 , ia menjadi calon Gubernur Carolina Utara . [3]▼
 
Dari tahun 1923 hingga 1924 Parker menjabat sebagai asisten khusus Jaksa Agung Amerika Serikat . Dia ditugaskan untuk mengadili mantan pejabat Administrasi Wilson atas dugaan penipuan yang terkait dengan demobilisasi Perang Dunia I. Upayanya tidak menghasilkan dakwaan hukuman. Meskipun demikian, ia memberikan kesan yang baik terhadap rekan-rekan Departemen Kehakiman, termasuk Jaksa Agung dan calon Hakim Agung Harlan F. Stone . [3]▼
 
Layanan peradilan federal
Parker received a recess appointment from President Calvin Coolidge on October 3, 1925, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Albert Woods.[1] He was nominated to the same position by President Coolidge on December 8, 1925. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1925, and received his commission the same day. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1931 to 1948, and was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1957. Parker served as Chief Judge from 1948 until his death in 1958.[3]
 
Unsuccessful Supreme Court nomination
 
Parker's Supreme Court nomination
On March 21, 1930, Parker was nominated by President Herbert Hoover as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court[4] to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edward Terry Sanford.[2] His confirmation was opposed by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)[5] during confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee. AFL president William Green[6] specifically faulted Parker for a 1926 Fourth Circuit Court decision which he authored regarding the United Mine Workers, involving antitrust law and yellow-dog contracts.[2] The NAACP joined the opposition in response to remarks Parker had made while a candidate for governor in 1920 about the participation of African Americans in the political process:
 
The participation of the Negro in politics is a source of evil and danger to both races and is not desired by the wise men in either race or by the Republican Party of North Carolina.[5]
 
NAACP Acting Secretary Walter Francis White sent Parker a telegram asking Parker if he had been quoted correctly, and if he still held such views; Parker never replied. In response, the NAACP initiated a grassroots campaign against the nomination and White testified before the Judiciary Committee.[6] On April 21, 1930, the committee voted 10–6 to forward the nomination to the full Senate with an adverse recommendation.[4] Anticipating a close vote, White sent a telegram to Vice President Charles Curtis imploring him, if the vote ended in a tie, to cast his tie-breaking vote against confirmation.[7] On May 7, 1930, the Senate rejected Parker's nomination by a 39–41 roll call vote.[8] This was the first Supreme Court nomination rejected by the Senate since that of Wheeler Hazard Peckham in 1894.[4] Two days later, President Hoover nominated Owen Roberts to fill the vacancy; Roberts was swiftly confirmed on May 20, 1930.[4][5]
 
▲Parker menerima gelar Bachelor of Arts pada tahun 1907 dari Universitas North Carolina di Chapel Hill , di mana diaia terpilih menjadi anggota Phi Beta Kappa dan menjadi ketua kelas.<ref [name="Watson">{{cite journal|last1=Watson Jr.|first1=Richard L.|title=The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|date=September 1963|volume=50|issue=2]|pages=213–234|doi=10.2307/1902754|jstor=1902754}}</ref> Ia menerima gelar Sarjana Hukum pada tahun 1908 dari Fakultas Hukum Universitas North Carolina . Setelah magang hukum di Greensboro , Carolina Utara, ia berpraktik hukum di Monroe dari tahun 1909 hingga 1922, dan kemudian di Charlotte, Carolina Utara hingga tahun 1925 .<ref name="Parker NCpedia"/>
Later life and death
 
▲Pada tanggal 23 November 1910, ia menikah dengan Maria Burgwin Maffitt. Mereka memiliki tiga anak:, di antaranya Sara Burgwin, John Jr., dan Francis Iredell.<ref name="Parker [1]NCpedia"/>
Parker (left) with two French judges during the Nuremberg Trials
From 1945 to 1946, Parker served as an alternate judge on the International Allied Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Germany.[9] In 1954, he was elected to serve on the United Nations' International Law Commission.[10]
 
▲Parker gagal mencalonkan diri untuk jabatan politik sebanyak tiga kali sebagai anggota Partai Republik . Pada tahun 1910, ia menjadi calon Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat dari distrik kongres ke-10 Carolina Utara . Pada tahun 1916, ia menjadi calon Jaksa Agung Carolina Utara . Kemudian, pada tahun 1920 , ia menjadi calon Gubernur Carolina Utara.<ref name="Fish JSLH">{{cite journal| first=Peter G.| last=Fish| title=A 'Freshman' Takes Charge: Judge John J. Parker of the United States Court of Appeals, 1925–1930| journal=Journal of Southern Legal History| url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/3427| volume=10| pages=59–113| year=2002| via=Duke Law Scholarship [3]Repository}}</ref>
Parker died on in Washington, D.C., on March 17, 1958, while still in active judicial service. He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1]
 
▲Dari tahun 1923 hingga 1924, Parker menjabat sebagai asisten khusus Jaksa Agung Amerika Serikat . DiaIa ditugaskan untuk mengadili mantan pejabat Administrasi Wilson atas dugaan penipuan yang terkait dengan demobilisasi Perang Dunia I. Upayanya tidak menghasilkan dakwaan hukuman. Meskipun demikian, ia memberikan kesan yang baik terhadap rekan-rekan Departemen Kehakiman, termasuk Jaksa Agung dan calon Hakim Agung Harlan F. Stone .<ref name="Fish [3]JSLH"/>
Legacy
The Judge John J. Parker Award is presented annually by the North Carolina Bar Association.
 
F== Pranala luar ==▼
See also
* {{FJC Bio}}▼
Clement Haynsworth
G. Harrold Carswell
References
Fish, Peter G. (1994). "Parker, John Johnston". ncpedia.org. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
Watson Jr., Richard L. (September 1963). "The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 50 (2): 213–234. doi:10.2307/1902754. JSTOR 1902754.
Fish, Peter G. (2002). "A 'Freshman' Takes Charge: Judge John J. Parker of the United States Court of Appeals, 1925–1930". Journal of Southern Legal History. 10: 59–113 – via Duke Law Scholarship Repository.
McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
"Senate Rejects Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
Sullivan., Patricia (2009). Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: The New Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-59558-446-5.
"NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom – The Great Depression". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
"71st Congress, Senate Vote 321 (1930)". voteview.com. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
"THE NUREMBERG TRIALS -The American Experience-PBS". American Experience. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
ker at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Edit this at Wikidata
Jp political offices
Preceded by
▲F==Pranala luar==
▲* {{FJC Bio}}
* {{Find a Grave |31621267}}
* [https://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/03464/ John Johnston Parker Papers, 1906-1987 (bulk 1920-1956)], Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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