John J. McCloy: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Beatrixliezy (bicara | kontrib)
Menghapus spasi berlebih, memperbaiki ejaan, dan menambahkan pranala
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
 
(Satu revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 5:
{{Referensi}}}}
[[Berkas:John McCloy, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany - NARA - 200186 (cropped).jpg|jmpl]]
'''John Jay McCloy''' ({{lahirmati||31|3|1895||11|3|1989}}) adalah seorang pengacara, diplomat, bankir, dan penasihat presiden Amerika. Ia menjabat sebagai Asisten Menteri Perang selama [[Perang Dunia II]] di bawah Henry Stimson. Ia membantu menangani isu-isu seperti sabotase Jerman, ketegangan politik dalam Kampanye Afrika Utara, dan menentang pemboman atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki. Setelah perang, ia menjabat sebagai presiden Bank Dunia, Komisaris Tinggi AS untuk Jerman, ketua Chase Manhattan Bank, ketua Dewan Hubungan Luar Negeri, anggota Komisi Warren, dan penasihat terkemuka Amerika Serikat untuk semua presiden, mulai dari [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] hingga [[Ronald Reagan]].
 
McCloy paling dikenang sebagai anggota kelompok tetua pembuat kebijakan luar negeri yang disebut " The Wise Men," sekelompok negarawan yang ditandai dengan sikap non-partisan, internasionalisme pragmatis, dan keengganan terhadap semangat ideologis.
Baris 22:
==Bacaan tambahan==
* [[Bird, Kai]] (1992). [https://archive.org/download/KaiBirdTheChairmanJohnJ.McCloyTheMakingOfTheAmericanEstablishment2017SimonSchuster/Kai%20Bird%20-%20The%20Chairman_%20John%20J.%20McCloy%20%26%20The%20Making%20of%20the%20American%20Establishment%20%282017%2C%20Simon%20%26%20Schuster%29.pdf ''The Chairman: John J. McCloy & the Making of the American Establishment''.] New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|978-0671454159}}.
* Erdheim, Stuart (Fall 1997). [https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/11/2/129/798525 "Could The Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?"] ''[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]''. pp.  129–170. {{doi|10.1093/hgs/11.2.129}}.
* [[Gilbert, Martin]] (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2hsDwAAQBAJ ''Auschwitz and the Allies''.] Illinois: [[Holt, Rinehart, and Winston]]. {{ISBN|0030592844|978-0030592843}}.
* [[Max Holland|Holland, Max]] (Autumn 1991). [http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL15_A_1991_Article_01_1.pdf "Citizen McCloy."] ''[[The Wilson Quarterly]]'', vol. 15, no. 4. pp.  22–42. [http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/file/download/46 full issue.] {{JSTOR|40258158}}.
* [[Irons, Peter]] (1988). [[iarchive:courageoftheirco00iron|''The Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court'']]. New York: [[The Free Press]]. {{ISBN|002915670X}}.
* [[Walter Isaacson|Isaacson, Walter]], and [[Evan Thomas]] (1986). ''[[The Wise Men (book)|The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy]]''. New York: [[Simon & Schuster]].
* Roberts, Priscilla (Dec. 1992). [https://archive.org/download/roberts-priscilla-all-the-right-people-the-historiography-of-the-american-foreig/Roberts%2C%20Priscilla%20-%20%E2%80%98All%20the%20Right%20People%E2%80%99%20-%20The%20Historiography%20of%20the%20American%20Foreign%20Policy%20Establishment%20%28Journal%20of%20American%20Studies%2C%20vol.%2026%2C%20no.%203%2C%20The%20United%20States%20and%20World%20Order%2C%20Dec.%201992%29%2C%20pp.%20409-434%20%5BJSTOR%201406545%5D.pdf {{"'}}All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment."] ''[[Journal of American Studies]]'', vol. 26, no. 3. pp.  409–434. {{JSTOR|27555686}}.
* [[Rockefeller, David]] (2002). [[iarchive:memoirs0000rock|''Memoirs'']]. New York: [[Random House]]. {{ISBN|0812969731|978-0812969733}}.
* [[Thomas A. Schwartz|Schwartz, Thomas Alan]] (1991). [[iarchive:americasgermanyj0000schw|''America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany'']]. Cambridge, Mass.: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0674031156}}.