Jerman Nazi: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox former country

| conventional_long_name = Reich Jerman {{small|{{nobold|(1933–1943)}}<br />''Deutsches Reich''}}<hr>Reich Jerman Raya {{small|{{nobold|(1943–1945)}}<br />''Großdeutsches Reich''}}<!-- Jangan ganti menjadi 'Jerman Nazi', itu adalah NAMA UMUM, sedangkan parameter ini adalah untuk nama resmi -->

| status =

| status_text =

| date_start = 30 Januari

| year_start = 1933

| date_event2 = 12 Maret 1938

| date_event3 = 1 September 1939

| date_event4 = 30 April 1945

<!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 -->| p1 = Republik Weimar

| image_flag2 = <!-- Second flag -->

| flag_alt2 = <!-- Alt text for second flag -->

| flag = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} -->

| flag2 = <!-- Link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} -->

| flag2_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag2. Default "Flag" -->

| image_coat = Reichsadler.svg

| coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms -->

| symbol_type_article = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} -->

| capital = [[Berlin]]

| currency = [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ)

| leader4 =

| year_leader1 = 1933–1934

| year_leader2 = 1934–1945

| year_leader3 = 1945

| year_deputy1 = 1933–1945

| year_deputy2 = 1945

| year_deputy3 = 1945

<!-- Legislature -->| legislature = [[Reichstag (Jerman Nazi)|Reichstag]]

| house2 = <!-- Name of second chamber -->

<!-- Area and population of a given year -->| stat_year1 = 1939

| stat_area2 =

| stat_year3 = 1940{{sfn|Soldaten-Atlas|1941|p=8}}{{efn|name=annexed}}

}}

 

 

 

 

 

== Nama ==

 

==== Polandia ====

 

Pada Januari 1934, Jerman menandatangani perjanjian nonagresi dengan Polandia.{{sfn|Weinberg|2010|p=60}} Pada bulan Maret 1939, Hitler menuntut pengembalian [[Kota Merdeka Danzig]] dan [[Koridor Polandia]], wilayah yang memisahkan [[Prusia Timur]] dengan Jerman. Britania mengumumkan akan membantu Polandia jika diserang. Hitler yakin bahwa Britania hanya menggertak, sehingga ia memerintahkan agar invasi dilancarkan pada bulan September 1939.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=689–690}} Pada 23 Mei, Hitler mengungkapkan kepada para jenderalnya mengenai rencana keseluruhannya yang tidak hanya menguasai Koridor Polandia, tetapi juga merebut wilayah Polandia lainnya di timur. Ia memperkirakan kali ini mereka akan menghadapi perlawanan.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=486}}

 

Birokrasi yang rumit diciptakan untuk mengatur impor bahan baku dan barang jadi dengan tujuan meniadakan persaingan asing di pasar Jerman dan dengan demikian meningkatkan [[neraca pembayaran]] negara. Nazi mendorong pengembangan industri bahan sintetis untuk menggantikan bahan seperti minyak dan tekstil.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|p=131}} Ketika pasar mengalami keberlimpahan dan harga minyak rendah, pada 1933 pemerintah Nazi menyepakati perjanjian bagi hasil dengan [[IG Farben]], menjamin bahwa mereka memperoleh pengembalian modal 5 persen yang diinvestasikan di pabrik pengolahan minyak di [[Leuna]]. Perolehan laba yang melebihi jumlah tersebut akan disetorkan kepada ''Reich''. Pada 1936, Farben menyesali kesepakatan tersebut karena investasi tersebut menghasilkan banyak kelebihan laba.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|pp=106, 117–118}} Dalam upayanya mengamankan pasokan minyak bumi yang memadai pada masa perang, Jerman menekan [[Rumania]] untuk menandatangani perjanjian dagang pada bulan Maret 1939.{{sfn|Tooze|2006|pp=308–309}}

 

Proyek pekerjaan umum besar yang dibiayai dengan pengeluaran defisit meliputi pembangunan jaringan ''[[Reichsautobahn|Autobahnen]]'' (jalan bebas hambatan) dan penyediaan dana bagi program yang diprakarsai pemerintah sebelumnya untuk perbaikan perumahan dan pertanian.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=322–326, 329}} Untuk merangsang pertumbuhan industri konstruksi, kredit ditawarkan kepada bisnis swasta dan subsidi disediakan untuk pembelian dan perbaikan rumah.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=320}} Dengan persyaratan bahwa istri akan berhenti bekerja, pinjaman hingga 1.000 Reichsmark diberikan bagi pasangan muda keturunan Arya yang ingin menikah, dan jumlah yang harus dilunasi dipotong sebesar 25 persen untuk setiap anak yang dilahirkan.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=330–331}} Aturan wanita hanya boleh bekerja di rumah dicabut pada tahun 1937 karena terjadi kekurangan pekerja terampil.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=166}}

Pada November 1938, seorang pemuda Yahudi meminta bertemu dengan duta besar Jerman di Paris dan diarahkan untuk menghadap sekretaris kedutaan; ia menembak mati sekretaris tersebut sebagai balasan atas perlakuan terhadap keluarganya di Jerman. Insiden ini dijadikan dalih oleh NSDAP untuk menghasut [[pogrom]] (kekerasan rasial) terhadap orang Yahudi pada tanggal 9 November 1938. Anggota SA merusak atau menghancurkan rumah peribadatan dan properti Yahudi di seluruh Jerman. Paling tidak 91 orang Yahudi Jerman dibunuh dalam pogrom ini, yang kemudian disebut ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' atau "Malam Kaca Pecah".{{sfn|Kitchen|2006|p=273}}{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=112–113}} Pembatasan lebih lanjut diberlakukan terhadap Yahudi beberapa bulan berikutnya. Mereka dilarang memiliki usaha atau bekerja di toko-toko ritel, mengendarai mobil, pergi ke bioskop, mengunjungi perpustakaan, atau memiliki senjata, dan siswa Yahudi dikeluarkan dari sekolah. Komunitas Yahudi didenda satu miliar mark untuk membayar kerusakan akibat ''Kristallnacht'', dan diberi tahu bahwa setiap pembayaran klaim asuransi akan disita.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=117}} Pada 1939, sekitar 250.000 dari 437.000 Yahudi Jerman beremigrasi ke Amerika Serikat, Argentina, Britania Raya, Palestina, dan negara lainnya.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=127}}{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=555–558}} Banyak yang memilih untuk tetap tinggal di benua Eropa. Emigran Yahudi ke [[Palestina (wilayah)|Palestina]] diizinkan membawa harta benda ke sana berdasarkan ketentuan [[Perjanjian Haavara]], tetapi sebagian besar Yahudi yang pindah ke negara lain harus meninggalkan hampir semua harta mereka di Jerman, yang kemudian disita oleh pemerintah.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=555–558}}

 

[[Berkas:Buchenwald Corpses 60623.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Gerobak bermuatan mayat di luar [[kamp konsentrasi Buchenwald]] yang baru dibebaskan oleh Tentara Amerika, 1945.]]

 

== Masyarakat ==

=== Pendidikan ===

 

Arahan-arahan yang sering kali saling bertentangan dikeluarkan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri [[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Bernhard Rust]] dari [[Kementerian Sains, Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Reich]], dan lembaga-lembaga lain mengenai kurikulum pelajaran dan buku teks yang boleh digunakan di sekolah dasar dan menengah.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=263–264, 270}} Buku-buku yang tidak disetujui oleh rezim ditarik dari perpustakaan sekolah.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=264}} Pemikiran Sosialis Nasional wajib diajarkan sejak Januari 1934.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=264}} Siswa yang terpilih sebagai calon anggota elite partai memperoleh pendidikan khusus sejak usia 12 tahun di [[Sekolah Adolf Hitler]] untuk pendidikan dasar dan [[Institut Pendidikan Politik Nasional]] untuk pendidikan menengah. Indoktrinasi Sosialis Nasional yang terperinci terhadap calon pemangku jabatan elite militer dilaksanakan di [[NS-Ordensburgen]].{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=255}}

*{{cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | title = A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | year = 2007 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-7425-5363-7 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite book | last = Berben | first = Paul | title = Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History | url = https://archive.org/details/dachau19331945of0000berb | year = 1975 | publisher = Norfolk Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-85211-009-6 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite web | last1 = Beyer | first1 = John C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Stephen A. | title = Forced Labour under the Third Reich&nbsp;– Part 1 | publisher = Nathan Associates | url = http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | accessdate = 12 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Beyer & Schneider}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054212/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | archivedate = 9 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}

*{{cite journal | last = Biddiscombe | first = Perry | title = Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2001_34_3/page/611 | journal = Journal of Social History | year = 2001 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–647 | doi = 10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 | ref = harv}}

* {{cite book | last = Dönitz | first = Karl | authorlink = Karl Dönitz | title = Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days | year = 2012 | origyear = 1958 | publisher = Frontline | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84832-644-6 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite book | last = Dorland | first = Michael | title = Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France | publisher = University Press of New England | series = Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series | location = Waltham, Mass | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-58465-784-2 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite journal | last = Dussel | first = Konrad | title = Wie erfolgreich war die nationalsozlalistische Presselenkung? | trans-title = How Successful was National Socialist Control of the Daily Press? | language = German | journal = Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte | date = 2010 | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–561 | doi = 10.1524/vfzg.2010.0026 | ref = harv}} {{subscription required}}

*{{cite book | title = Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN | volume = 3 | year = 2004 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warsaw | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-01-14179-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Powszechna PWN|2004}} }}

*{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2005 | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn =978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2008 | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv}}

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* {{cite book | last = Fischer | first = Klaus P. | title = Nazi Germany: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanynewhi0000fisc_z4c7 | publisher = Constable and Company | location = London | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8 | ref = harv }}

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*{{cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 | ref = harv}}

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*{{cite book| last = Glantz | first = David M. | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 }}

*{{cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 | ref = harv}}

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*{{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 | ref = harv}}

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*{{cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | origyear = 1994 | year = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite book | last = Majer | first = Diemut | title = "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 | year = 2003 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore; London | isbn = 978-0-8018-6493-3 | ref = harv }}

*{{cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6732-7 | ref = harv}}

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*{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersforeignpo0000wein | year = 2010 | origyear = 1970 | publisher = Enigma Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-929631-91-9 | ref = harv}}

*{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv}}

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