Orang Tionghoa-Indonesia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|image_caption=[[Daftar tokoh Tionghoa-Indonesia]]
|poptime =
|population = 3,280,000 (2020)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Berapakah Jumlah Sesungguhnya Populasi Tionghoa di Indonesia?|work=nationalgeographic.grid.id|date=5 June 2021|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132718811/berapakah-jumlah-sesungguhnya-populasi-tionghoa-di-indonesia?page=all#:~:text=Nationalgeographic.co.id%E2%80%94Sampai,5%20persen%20dari%20penduduk%20Indonesia. |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
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1.2% dari populasi Indonesia
|popplace = {{ubl|[[Jabodetabek|Jakarta Raya]]|[[Singkawang]]|[[Bangka Belitung]]|[[Pontianak]]|[[
▲[[Bangli]]|[[Kupang]]|[[Palembang]]|[[Surabaya]]|[[Semarang]]|[[Surakarta]]|[[Pematangsiantar]]||dan kota-kota besar lainnya di Indonesia}}<br/>Serta populasi diaspora yang besar di：<br/>{{bendera|Malaysia}}<ref name="CN Indo">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/12/news/indonesias-ethnic-chinese-find-a-haven-for-now-but-their-future-is.html|title=Indonesia's Ethnic Chinese Find a Haven For Now, But Their Future Is Uncertain: Malaysia's Wary Welcome|author=Thomas Fuller|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 December 1998|access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref><br/>{{bendera|Singapura}}<ref name="CN Indo"/><br/>{{bendera|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stories.anmm.gov.au/blackarmada/chinese-indonesian-australian-family-histories/|title=A Complicated Journey: Chinese, Indonesian, and Australian Family Histories|author=Stephen Gapps|publisher=[[Australian National Maritime Museum]]|access-date= 5 Februari 2022|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506133557/http://stories.anmm.gov.au/blackarmada/chinese-indonesian-australian-family-histories/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/indonesians|title=Indonesians|author=Terri McCormack|publisher=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]|year=2008|access-date= 5 Februari 2022}}</ref><br/>{{bendera|Taiwan}}<ref name="immi">{{cite web|url=http://www.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1095285&ctNode=29699&mp=1|title=Statistics|publisher=National Immigration Agency, ROC|access-date=5 Februari 2022|language=zh|archive-date=2017-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118070427/http://www.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1095285&ctNode=29699&mp=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br/>{{bendera|Belanda}}<br/>{{bendera|Hong Kong}}<br/>
{{Bendera|Amerika Serikat}}
|langs =
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*'''Dominan''':<br>[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Peranakan Tionghoa]]
*'''Bahasa suku-suku asal Cina''':<br>[[Bahasa Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Bahasa Khek|Khek/Hakka]], [[Bahasa Tiociu|Tiociu]], [[Bahasa Kanton|Kanton]], dsb.
*'''Bahasa suku-suku asal Indonesia''':<br>[[Bahasa Betawi|Betawi]], [[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]] ([[Dialek Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Dialek Semarang|Semarang]]), [[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]] ([[Bahasa Sunda Priangan|Priangan]], [[Bahasa Sunda Tangerang|Tangerang]])
}}
|rels = {{Ubl|[[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] (45%), [[Protestan]] (
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|related = '''[[Tionghoa perantauan|Tionghoa Perantauan]]'''<br>
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== Asal kata ==
[[Berkas:The Hong Eng, ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, ID card during Japanese occupation, 1943.jpg|jmpl|150px|Kata Tionghwa telah digunakan dalam surat setia kepada tentara Nippon ini.]]
Kata ''Tionghoa'' (atau ''Tionghwa'') merupakan [[bahasa Hokkien]] untuk kata ''[[Tionghoa|Zhonghua]]''. Dalam [[bahasa Mandarin]] terdapat istilah ''Zhonghua minzu'' ({{lang-zh|s=中华民族|t=中華民族}}) yang berarti "bangsa Tionghoa", yaitu suatu bangsa yang berasal dari negeri ''[[Cina|Zhongguo]]'' ({{lang-zh|s=中国|t=中國}}), atau ''[[Cina]]'' (menurut bahasa Hokkien), atau yang dikenal di [[Dunia Barat]] sebagai negeri ''[[China]]''.
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Sekelompok orang asal Cina yang anak-anaknya lahir di Hindia Belanda, merasa perlu mempelajari kebudayaan dan bahasanya. Pada tahun [[1900]], mereka mendirikan sekolah di Hindia Belanda, di bawah naungan suatu badan yang dinamakan "[[Tjung Hwa Hwei Kwan]]", yang bila lafalnya diindonesiakan menjadi ''Tiong Hoa Hwe Kwan'' (THHK). THHK dalam perjalanannya bukan saja memberikan pendidikan bahasa dan kebudayaan Cina, tetapi juga menumbuhkan rasa persatuan orang-orang Tionghoa di Hindia Belanda, seiring dengan perubahan istilah "Cina" menjadi "[[Tionghoa]]" di Hindia Belanda.{{fact}}
Wilayah pemukiman yang penduduknya mayoritas orang Tionghoa lazim disebut [[Pecinan]] (dalam bahasa Inggris konsep yang setara adalah "''Chinatown''", dan dalam Tionghoa modern disebut 唐人街; pinyin: Tángrén Jiē, alias Jalan Tenglang.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoy |first1=William J |title=Chinatown derives its own street names |journal=California Folklore Quarterly |volume=2 |year=1943 |issue=April |pages=71–75|doi=10.2307/1495551 |jstor=1495551| issn=1556-1283 }}</ref><ref name="yung2006">{{cite book |last1=Yung |first1=Judy and the Chinese Historical Society of America |title=San Francisco's Chinatown |url=https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscoschi0000yung |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-07385-3130-4}}</ref>{{rp|13}}
== Populasi di Indonesia ==
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Menurut Perpustakaan Universitas Ohio, jumlah suku Tionghoa di Indonesia mencapai 7.310.000 jiwa. Jumlah ini merupakan yang terbesar di luar [[Cina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/shao/databases_popdis.htm |title=Ohio University |access-date=2007-02-28 |archive-date=2007-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310211723/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/shao/databases_popdis.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sedangkan pada tahun 2006 jumlah etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia mencapai 7.670.000.<ref>{{zh}} {{cite web|url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_9894.pdf&no=9894|title = 印尼2006 年華人人口統計推估 (Perkiraan Statistik Jumlah Penduduk Tionghoa-Indonesia Tahun 2006)|format = PDF|publisher = Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, [[Republik Cina|R.O.C]] (Taiwan)|accessdate = 2010-05-10|accessyear = 2010|quote = 本會以人口增加率1.38％估計，2006 年印尼華人人口約有767 萬人，約占印尼總人口的3.4％，尚屬合理。}}</ref> Poston, Dudley; Wong, Juyin (2016) memperkirakan populasi Tionghoa Indonesia mencapai lebih dari 8.010.720 jiwa.<ref name="Poston and Wong" />
== Daerah asal di
[[Berkas:Old Indonesian Peng family.jpg|jmpl|Foto tahun 1967 keluarga Tionghoa-Indonesia dari Provinsi [[Hubei]], generasi kedua dan ketiga]]
[[Berkas:Gu family of Chinese-Indonesian.jpg|thumb|Foto tahun 1958 keluarga Tionghoa-Indonesian dari [[Orang Hakka]], generasi pertama hingga ketiga]]
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Ramainya interaksi perdagangan di daerah pesisir tenggara Cina, menyebabkan banyak sekali orang-orang yang juga merasa perlu keluar berlayar untuk berdagang. Tujuan utama saat itu adalah Asia Tenggara. Karena pelayaran sangat tergantung pada angin musim, maka setiap tahunnya para pedagang akan bermukim di wilayah-wilayah Asia Tenggara yang disinggahi mereka. Demikian seterusnya ada pedagang yang memutuskan untuk menetap dan menikahi wanita setempat, ada pula pedagang yang pulang ke Cina untuk terus berdagang.
Orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia, umumnya berasal dari tenggara Cina. Mereka termasuk
* [[Hakka]] 客家
* [[Hainan]] 海南
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Sebagian besar dari orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia menetap di pulau [[Jawa]]. Daerah-daerah lain di mana mereka juga menetap dalam jumlah besar selain di daerah perkotaan adalah: [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Bangka-Belitung]], [[Sumatera Selatan]], [[Lampung]], [[Lombok]], [[Kalimantan Barat]], [[Banjarmasin]] dan beberapa tempat di [[Sulawesi Selatan]] dan [[Sulawesi Utara]].
* [[Hakka]] – [[Jakarta]], [[Aceh]],
* [[Hainan]] – [[Pekanbaru]], [[Batam]], dan [[Manado]].
* [[Hokkien]] – [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Riau]] ([[Pekanbaru]], [[Selatpanjang]], [[Bagansiapiapi]], dan [[Bengkalis]]), [[Padang]], [[Jambi]], [[Sumatera Selatan]], [[Bengkulu]], [[Jawa]], [[Bali]] (terutama di [[Denpasar]], dan [[Singaraja]]), [[Banjarmasin]], [[Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara|Kutai]], [[Kabupaten Sumbawa|Sumbawa]], [[Kabupaten Manggarai|Manggarai]], [[Kupang]], [[Makassar]], [[Kendari]], [[Sulawesi Tengah]], [[Manado]], [[Ambon]] dan [[Saumlaki]].
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Catatan [[Ma Huan]], ketika turut serta dalam ekspedisi [[Cheng Ho]], menyebut secara jelas bahwa pedagang Tionghoa muslim menghuni ibu kota dan kota-kota bandar [[Majapahit]] (abad ke-15) dan membentuk satu dari tiga komponen penduduk kerajaan itu.<ref>Arismunandar A 2007. ''Kerajaan Majapahit abad XIV dan XV''. Artikel pada laman [http://www.majapahit-kingdom.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=7 Majapahit Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312171401/http://www.majapahit-kingdom.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=7 |date=2022-03-12 }}</ref> Ekspedisi Cheng Ho juga meninggalkan jejak di Semarang, ketika orang keduanya, [[Wang Jinghong]], sakit dan memaksa rombongan melepas sauh di Simongan (sekarang bagian dari [[Kota Semarang]]). Wang kemudian menetap karena tidak mampu mengikuti ekspedisi selanjutnya. Ia dan pengikutnya menjadi salah satu cikal-bakal warga Tionghoa Semarang. Wang mengabadikan Cheng Ho menjadi sebuah patung (disebut "Mbah Ledakar Juragan Dampo Awang Sam Po Kong"), serta membangun [[kelenteng Sam Po Kong]] atau Gedung Batu.<ref>Ada yang berpendapat kelenteng ini dibangun oleh orang dari [[Tuban]], suatu pelabuhan penting di pantai utara Jawa Timur pada masa lalu.[http://www.mail-archive.com/forum-pembaca-kompas@yahoogroups.com/msg36771.html]</ref> Di komplek ini Wang juga dikuburkan dan dijuluki "Mbah Jurumudi Dampo Awang".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://permai1.tripod.com/chengho.html |title=Zulkifli AA. ''Laksamana Cheng Ho pernah singgah di Surabaya'' |access-date=2012-07-15 |archive-date=2012-07-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715043914/permai1.tripod.com/chengho.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Sejumlah sejarawan juga menunjukkan bahwa [[Raden Patah
Kitab Sunda ''Tina Layang Parahyang'' menyebutkan kedatangan rombongan Tionghoa ke muara [[Ci Sadane]] (sekarang [[Teluknaga, Tangerang|Teluknaga]]) pada tahun 1407, pada masa daerah itu masih di bawah kekuasaan [[Kerajaan Sunda]] (Pajajaran). Pemimpinnya adalah ''Halung'' dan mereka terdampar sebelum mencapai tujuan di [[Sunda Kelapa|Kalapa]].
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==== Barongsai ====
[[Barongsai]] adalah tari tradisional [[Tionghoa]] dengan menggunakan sarung dan kostum yang menyerupai [[singa]]. Kesenian barongsai diperkirakan masuk di Indonesia pada abad-17, ketika terjadi migrasi besar dari [[Tiongkok Selatan]]. Pada 1965 kesenian barongsai di Indonesia sempat terhenti akibat situasi politik dan adanya pelarangan [[Budaya Tionghoa-Indonesia|kebudayaan Tionghoa di Indonesia]]. Meski saat itu barongsai tidak diizinkan dimainkan, namun ada satu tempat yang bisa menampilkan [[kesenian]] [[budaya]] [[barongsai]] secara besar-besaran, yakni di [[Kota Semarang]], tepatnya di panggung besar [[Kelenteng Sam Poo Kong]] atau dikenal juga dengan [[Klenteng|Kelenteng]] Gedong Batu. Barongsai di Indonesia kemudian mengalami masa marak ketika masih adanya perkumpulan [[Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan]] (THHK) yang mempopulerkan [[seni]] [[barongsai]]. Pada 9 Agustus 2012 di Jakarta, telah berdiri FOBI ([[Federasi Olahraga Barongsai Indonesia]]) yang menjadi wadah dari [[olahraga]] barongsai di Indonesia. FOBI akhirnya resmi masuk [[KONI]] pada 11 Juni 2013. [[Barongsai]] pun kini tidak hanya dimainkan oleh etnis Tionghoa saja, namun juga dimainkan oleh para kaum muda non-Tionghoa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=INI BARU (ALE/SA)|date=2018-02-16|title=Barongsai di Indonesia, Dulu dan Kini|url=https://www.inibaru.id/tradisinesia/barongsai-di-indonesia-dulu-dan-kini|website=INI BARU Indonesia|publisher=Inibaru.id|language=id|access-date=|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120061720/https://www.inibaru.id/tradisinesia/barongsai-di-indonesia-dulu-dan-kini|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
==== Liang Liong ====
[[Tari Naga]] (karakter sederhana: 舞龙; karakter tradisional: 舞龍; pinyin: wǔ lóng) atau disebut juga Liang Liong di Indonesia. Tarian ini sering tampil pada waktu perayaan-perayaan tertentu. Orang Tionghoa sering menggunakan istilah 'Keturunan Naga'(龍的傳人 atau 龙的传人, lóng de chuán rén) sebagai suatu simbol identitas etnis. Dalam tarian ini, satu regu orang Tionghoa memainkan naga-nagaan yang diusung dengan belasan tongkat atau lebih. Penari terdepan mengangkat, menganggukkan, menyorongkan dan mengibas-kibaskan kepala [[naga]]-nagaan tersebut yang merupakan bagian dari gerakan tarian yang diarahkan oleh salah seorang penari.
==== Wayang Potehi ====
[[Wayang Potehi]] merupakan salah satu jenis [[wayang]] khas [[Tionghoa]] yang berasal dari [[Tiongkok]] bagian selatan. Kesenian ini dibawa oleh perantau etnis Tionghoa ke berbagai wilayah [[Nusantara]] pada masa lampau dan telah menjadi salah satu jenis kesenian tradisional Indonesia. Potehi berasal dari kata pou 布 (kain), te 袋 (kantong), dan hi 戯 (wayang). Wayang Potehi adalah wayang boneka yang terbuat dari kain. Sang dalang akan memasukkan tangan mereka ke dalam kain tersebut dan memainkannya layaknya wayang jenis lain. Kesenian ini sudah berumur sekitar 3.000 tahun dan berasal dari Tiongkok.
==== Wushu ====
[[Wushu]] (武術 atau 武术; Hanzi: wǔshù) secara harafiah berarti "seni bertempur/[[bela diri]]". Ini juga merupakan istilah lain dari [[kungfu]] yang lebih dahulu populer, yang berarti "[[ahli]]" dalam bidang tertentu. Kata Wushu berasal dari dua kata yaitu “Wu” dan “Shu”. Arti dari kata “Wu” adalah [[ilmu]] [[perang]], sedangkan arti kata “Shu” adalah [[seni]]. Sehingga [[Wushu]] bisa juga diartikan sebagai seni untuk berperang atau [[seni beladiri]] (Martial Art). [[Wushu]] juga mempelajari [[seni]], [[olahraga]], [[kesehatan]], [[pengobatan]], [[beladiri]], [[pernapasan]], [[pikiran]] dan [[mental]]. Semua aliran [[kung fu]] atau [[seni bela diri]] yang berasal dari [[China]] [[tradisional]], baik keras atau lembut dapat disebut [[Wushu]]. Wushu keras termasuk tinju selatan [[Nanquan]] dan tinju panjang [[Changquan]]. Wushu lembut termasuk tinju [[Taijiquan|Taiji]], Telapak [[Baguazhang]], dan tinju [[xingyiquan]]. Adapun seni beladiri Wushu yang telah dikembangkan oleh orang-orang etnis [[Tionghoa]] yang menetap di wilayah [[Asia Tenggara]] (terutama [[Indonesia]]) sering kali disebut dengan istilah [[Kuntao]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sejarah Wushu, Dari Tes Masuk Militer Hingga Cabang Olahraga|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparansport/sejarah-wushu-dari-tes-masuk-militer-hingga-cabang-olahraga-1534768666213690630|website=kumparan|publisher=kumparanSPORT|language=id-ID|access-date=}}</ref>
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== Kerusuhan Rasial terhadap Warga Tionghoa di Indonesia ==
Kerusuhan-kerusuhan yang menimpa etnis Tionghoa antara lain pembunuhan massal di Jawa 1946–1948, peristiwa rasialis 10 Mei 1963 di Bandung, 5 Agustus 1973 di Jakarta, Malari 1974 di Jakarta, [[Kerusuhan Mei 1998]] di beberapa kota besar seperti Jakarta, Medan, Bandung, Solo,dll. serta berbagai kerusuhan rasial lainnya.<ref name="Purdey, Jemma 1999">[Purdey, Jemma. "Anti-Chinese violence in Indonesia, 1996-1999," Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006].</ref>
Beberapa contoh kerusuhan rasial yang terjadi yaitu:
Baris 272 ⟶ 275:
==Catatan==
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{{refend}}
===Sumber primer===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
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