Opioid: Perbedaan antara revisi

<!-- Class identifiers -->|Use=Pereda sakit|ATC_prefix=N02A|Mode_of_action=[[Reseptor opioid]]|Mechanism_of_action=|Biological_target=|Chemical_class=<!-- Clinical data -->|Drugs.com=<!-- {{Drugs.com|drug-class|narcotic-analgesics}} -->|Consumer_Reports=|medicinenet=|rxlist=<!-- External links -->|MeshID=D000701}}'''Opioid''' adalah sebuah kelas obat-obatan yang berasal dari, atau memiliki sifat yang mirip dengan zat-zat alami yang ditemukan di tumbuhan [[Papaver somniferum|opium]]. Obioid bekerja di otak untuk menghasilkan beragam jenis efek, seperti mengurangi rasa sakit. Sebagai sebuah kelas obat-obatan, mereka bekerja pada [[reseptor opioid|reseptor opioida]] untuk menghasilkan efek yang mirip saat menggunakan [[morfin]].<ref name="Hemmings-2013">{{Cite book|last1=Hemmings|first1=Hugh C.|last2=Egan|first2=Talmage D.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CXrbimviMC&pg=PA268|title=Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult – Online and Print|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1437716795|page=253|quote=Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-11|title=Opioids|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/opioids|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152441/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/opioids|archive-date=2 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

Istilah "opioidopioida" dan "opiat" terkadang digunakan secara selang-seling, namun terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan inti dan keduanya yang didasari oleh proses pembuatan obat-obatan ini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alcohol and Drug Policy Commission : Opiates or Opioids — What's the difference? : State of Oregon|url=https://www.oregon.gov/adpc/pages/opiate-opioid.aspx|website=www.oregon.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102153548/https://www.oregon.gov/adpc/pages/opiate-opioid.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

Secara medis, merekaopioida biasanayumum digunakan untuk [[pereda sakit]], termasuk [[anestesi]].<ref name="Stromgaard-2009">{{Cite book|last1=Stromgaard|first1=Kristian|last2=Krogsgaard-Larsen|first2=Povl|last3=Madsen|first3=Ulf|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLPMBQAAQBAJ|title=Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Fourth Edition|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439882405|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Penggunaan medis lainnya mencakup supresi [[diare]], terapi penggantian untuk [[kelainan penggunaan opioidopioida]] (kecanduan narkoba opioidopioida), membalikkan [[kelebihan opioidopioida]], dan mengurangi batuk.<ref name="Stromgaard-2009" /> OpioidOpioida yang sangat kuat seperti [[karfentanil]] hanya diizinkan untuk digunakan untuk penggunaan pada [[kedokteran hewan]].<ref name="Walzer 2014">{{cite book|vauthors=Walzer C|year=2014|title=Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal|location=Ames, USA|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118792919|veditors=West G, Heard D, Caulkett N|edition=2nd|volume=51|pages=723, 727|chapter=52 Nondomestic Equids|doi=10.1002/9781118792919|pmc=2871358|access-date=8 July 2019|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0XxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA723|issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carfentanil|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01535|website=www.drugbank.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806021556/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01535|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2004|title=Intentional overdose of Large Animal Immobilon|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=11|issue=5|pages=298–301|doi=10.1097/00063110-200410000-00013|pmid=15359207|vauthors=Sterken J, Troubleyn J, Gasthuys F, Maes V, Diltoer M, Verborgh C}}</ref> OpioidOpioida juga biasa disalahgunakan karena efek [[Euforia|euforik]]<nowiki/>nya, atau untuk mencegah [[putus obat]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lembke|first1=Anna|date=2016|title=Drug Dealer, MD: How Doctors Were Duped, Patients Got Hooked, and Why It's So Hard to Stop|url=https://archive.org/details/drugdealermdhowd0000lemb|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1421421407|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Selain itu, kelompok obat-obatan ini dapat menyebabkan kematian.