Brasil: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Brasil''', dengan nama resmi '''Republik FederatifFederasi Brasil''' ([[bahasa Portugis]]: ''{{lang-pt|República Federativa do Brasil''}}),<ref name="Bello1966v">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000bell<!--removed URL to Google Books as the content cannot be accessed from that source-->|title=A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964|author=José María Bello|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1966|isbn=978-0-8047-0238-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56 56]}}</ref> adalah negara terbesar di [[Amerika Selatan]] dan di [[Amerika Latin]]. Brasil adalah [[Daftar negara menurut luas wilayah|negara terbesarterluas kelima menurut wilayah]] dan [[Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk|ketujuhpenduduk terpadatterbanyak ketujuh]] di dunia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-countries-in-south-america.html|title=The 10 Most Populated Countries in South America|newspaper=WorldAtlas|language=en|access-date=2018-08-04|archive-date=2018-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231959/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-countries-in-south-america.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Philander2012">{{Cite book |last=Philander |first=S. George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition |publisher=Princeton University |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9 |edition=Second |volume=1 |location=Los Angeles |page=148 |oclc=970592418}}</ref><ref name="CrocittiVallance2011">{{Cite book |last=Vallance |first=Monique M. |title=Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |publisher=ABC-CLIO |others=Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-34672-9 |editor-last=Crocitti |editor-first=John J. |page=xxiii |chapter=Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil |oclc=787850982 |ref={{harvid|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}} |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23}}</ref> . Negara ini merupakan negara paling timur di [[Benuabenua Amerika]] Selatan dan berbatasandibatasi denganoleh [[Pegunungan Andes]] dan [[Samudra Atlantik]]. Nama Brasil diambil dari nama [[Kayukayu Brasilbrasil]], sejenis kayu lokal. Brasil merupakan tempat [[pertanian]] ekstensif dan [[hutan hujan tropis]]. Sebagai bekas koloni [[Portugal]], bahasa resmi di Brasil adalah [[bahasa Portugis]]. Selain itu, Brasil juga sebagai penghasil [[kopi]] terbesar di dunia selama 150 tahun terakhir.<ref name="Neilson102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834|page=102|title=Value Chain Struggles|author1=Jeff Neilson|author2=Bill Pritchard|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4|access-date=2020-06-20|archive-date=2023-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217140652/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Dibatasi oleh Samudra Atlantik di sebelah timur, Brasil memiliki garis pantai sepanjang 7.491 kilometer (4.655&nbsp;mi).<ref name="wfb"/> Selain itu, negara ini berbatasan dengan semua negara dan teritori lain di [[Amerika Selatan]] kecuali [[Ekuador]] dan [[Chili]] dan mencakup kira-kira setengah dari luas daratan benua tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm|title=Brazil – Land|last=<!--not specified-->|date=<!--not specified-->|website=Permanent Missions|publisher=United Nations|at=Geography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm|archive-date=23 October 2014|access-date=<!--not specified-->}}</ref> [[BasinCekungan Amazon|Cekungan Amazonnya]] mencakup [[Hutan hujan|hutan tropis]] yang luas, rumah bagi [[Margasatwa Brasil|beragam satwa liar]], beragam sistem ekologi, dan sumber daya alam yang luas yang mencakup banyak [[Kawasan lindung Brasil|habitat yang dilindungi]].<ref name="wfb"/> Warisan lingkungan yang unik ini memposisikan Brasil di nomor satu dari 17 [[Negara megadiversitas|negara megadiverse]], dan merupakan subjek kepentingan global yang signifikan, karena [[degradasi lingkungan]] melalui proses seperti [[deforestasi]] berdampak langsung pada masalah global seperti [[perubahan iklim]] dan [[hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati]].

Wilayah yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Brasil dihuni oleh banyak [[Penduduk asli di Brasil|negara suku]] sebelum pendaratan penjelajah [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] pada tahun 1500, yang mengklaim tanah yang ditemukan untuk [[Imperium Portugal|Kekaisaran Portugis]]. Brasil tetap menjadi [[Brasil Kolonial|koloni PortugisPortugal]] hingga 1808 ketika ibu kota kekaisaranimperium [[Pemindahan Istana Portugal ke Brasil|dipindahkan]] dari [[Lisboa|Lisbon]] ke [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Pada tahun 1815, koloni tersebut diangkatdinaikan menjadi kerajaan setelah terbentuknya [[Kerajaan Bersatu Portugal, Brasil, dan Algarve]]s. [[Kemerdekaan Brasil|Kemerdekaan]] dicapai pada tahun 1822 dengan pembentukan [[Kekaisaran Brasil]], sebuah [[negara kesatuan]] yang diperintah di bawah [[Kerajaan konstitusional|monarki konstitusional]] dan [[sistem parlementer]]. Ratifikasi [[Konstitusi Brasil tahun 1824|konstitusi pertama pada tahun 1824]] mengarah pada pembentukan badan legislatif bikameral, yang sekarang disebut [[Kongres Nasional Brasil|Kongres Nasional]]. [[Perbudakan di Brasil|Perbudakan]] [[Abolisionisme|dihapuskan]] pada tahun 1888. Negara ini menjadi [[Proklamasi Republik Brasil|republik presidensial]] pada tahun 1889 menyusul kudeta militer. [[Kediktatoran militer di Brasil|Junta militer]] otoriter berkuasa pada [[Kudeta Brasil 1964|tahun 1964]] dan memerintah hingga tahun 1985, setelah itu pemerintahan sipil dilanjutkan. [[Konstitusi Brasil]] saat ini, yang dirumuskan pada tahun 1988, mendefinisikannya sebagai [[republik federal]] yang [[Demokrasi|demokratis]].<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |year=1988 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |language=pt |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=13 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=v-brazil.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |quote=Unofficial translate |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karena kekayaan budaya dan sejarahnya, negara ini menempati urutan [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Brasil|ketiga belas di dunia]] menurut jumlah [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[Organisasi Pendidikan, Keilmuan, dan Kebudayaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre&nbsp;— World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-date=2021-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Sebagai sekutu utama [[Amerika Serikat]] [[Sekutu non-NATO besar|non-NATO]], Brasil adalah [[kekuatan regional]] dan [[Kekuatan menengah|menengah]],<ref name="SchaeferPoffenbarger2014">{{cite book|author1=M. Schaefer|author2=J. Poffenbarger|title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|date= 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-38794-3|page=32}}</ref><ref name="Burges2016">{{cite book|author=Sean W. Burges|title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year= 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69658-2|pages=114–15}}</ref><ref name="Gina">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/blar.12417|title = Brazil: What Rise of What Power?|journal = Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume = 35|pages = 5–19|year = 2016|last1 = Gardini|first1 = Gian Luca|doi-access = free| issn = 0261-3050 }}</ref> dan juga diklasifikasikan sebagai [[kekuatan baru]].<ref name="FRIDE">[http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |date=15 June 2016 }}, Susanne Gratius, April 2008</ref><ref name="Collecott">{{cite web|author=Peter Collecott|url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/|title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status|publisher=The Diplomatic Courier|date=29 October 2011|access-date=10 August 2014|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clendenning |first=Alan |title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon |page=2 |newspaper=USA Today |agency=The Associated Press |date=17 April 2008 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |access-date=12 December 2008 |archive-date=2011-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="DominguezKim2013">{{cite book|author1=Jorge Dominguez|author2=Byung Kook Kim|title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98|year=2013|publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University|isbn=978-1-136-76983-2|pages=98–99}}</ref> Dikategorikan sebagai [[negara berkembang]] dengan [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]] yang tinggi,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |title=Country Insights |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |language=en |access-date=2023-01-03 |archive-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712063231/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |dead-url=no }}</ref> Brasil dianggap sebagai ekonomi berkembang yang maju,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-21 |url-status=live |title=FTSE Country Classification |publisher=[[FTSE Group]] |date= September 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> memiliki [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)|terbesar kedua belas]] di dunia secara nominal, dan [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|kesembilan]] menurut ukuran PPP, terbesar di [[Amerika Latin]].<ref name="IMF, October 2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=44&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C546%2C213%2C962%2C911%2C674%2C314%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C734%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=#cs120|title=International Monetary Fund|website=imf.org|access-date=2023-01-03|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019221148/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=44&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,546,213,962,911,674,314,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,836,918,558,748,138,618,196,624,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,626,449,628,564,228,565,924,283,233,853,632,288,636,293,634,566,238,964,662,182,960,359,423,453,935,968,128,922,611,714,321,862,243,135,248,716,469,456,253,722,642,942,643,718,939,724,734,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=#cs120|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity) |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sebagai ekonomi berpenghasilan menengah-atas menurut [[Bank Dunia]]<ref name="wb-upper-middle">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |title=Country and Lending Groups |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 March 2011 |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> dan [[negara industri baru]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=2019-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001529/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |dead-url=no }}</ref> Brasil memiliki [[Daftar negara berdasarkan kekayaan total|pangsa kekayaan global]] terbesar di Amerika Selatan dan merupakan salah satu lumbung roti utama dunia dan menjadi penghasil kopi terbesar selama 150 tahun terakhir.<ref name="Neilson102" /> Namun, negara ini mempertahankan jumlah korupsi, kejahatan, dan ketidaksetaraan sosial yang nyata. Brasil adalah anggota pendiri [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]], [[G20]], [[BRICS]], [[Mercosur|Mercosul]], [[Organisasi Negara-Negara Amerika|Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika]], [[Organisasi Negara-negara Ibero-Amerika]], dan [[Komunitas Negara-Negara Berbahasa Portugis]].