Mao Zedong: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada tanggal 4 Mei 1919, mahasiswa di Beijing berkumpul di [[Tiananmen]] untuk memprotes lemahnya perlawanan pemerintah Tiongkok terhadap ekspansi Jepang di Tiongkok. Patriot marah pada pengaruh yang diberikan kepada Jepang dalam [[Dua Puluh Satu Tuntutan]] pada tahun 1915, keterlibatan [[Pemerintahan Beiyang|Pemerintah Beiyang]], [[Duan Qirui]], dan pengkhianatan Tiongkok dalam [[Perjanjian Versailles]], di mana Jepang diizinkan untuk [[Masalah Shandong|menerima wilayah di Shandong]] yang telah diserahkan oleh [[Kekaisaran Jerman|Jerman]]. Demonstrasi-demonstrasi ini memicu [[Gerakan 4 Mei]] dan memicu [[Gerakan Budaya Baru]] yang menyalahkan kekalahan diplomatik Tiongkok pada keterbelakangan sosial dan budaya.<ref>{{harvnb|Schram|1966|pp=51–52}}; {{harvnb|Feigon|2002|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|Pantsov|Levine|2012|pp=69–70}}.</ref>
Di Changsha, Mao mulai mengajar sejarah di Sekolah Dasar Xiuye<ref>{{harvnb|Pantsov|Levine|2012|p=68}}.</ref>
[[File:Beijing students protesting the Treaty of Versailles (May 4, 1919).jpg|thumb|Mahasiswa di Beijing berunjuk rasa selama Gerakan 4 Mei]]
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== Peninggalan ==
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=== Citra publik ===
Mao memberikan pernyataan yang bertentangan tentang masalah kultus kepribadian. Pada tahun 1955, sebagai tanggapan atas Laporan Khrushchev yang mengkritik Joseph Stalin, Mao menyatakan bahwa kultus kepribadian adalah "penyelamatan ideologis yang beracun dari masyarakat lama", dan menegaskan kembali komitmen Tiongkok terhadap kepemimpinan kolektif.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mao Zedong: A Political and Intellectual Portrait|url=https://archive.org/details/maozedongpolitic0000meis|first=Maurice|last=Meisner|publisher=Polity|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/maozedongpolitic0000meis/page/133 133]}}</ref> Pada kongres partai tahun 1958 di Chengdu, Mao menyatakan dukungannya terhadap kultus kepribadian orang-orang yang dia beri label sebagai sosok yang benar-benar layak, bukan mereka yang menyatakan "pemujaan buta".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/cult.html | title = Cult of Mao | publisher = library.thinkquest.org | access-date = 23 August 2008 | quote = This remark of Mao seems to have elements of truth but it is false. He confuses the worship of truth with a personality cult, despite there being an essential difference between them. But this remark played a role in helping to promote the personality cult that gradually arose in the CCP. | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080601001246/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/cult.html | archive-date = 1 June 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
Pada tahun 1962, Mao mengusulkan Gerakan Pendidikan Sosialis dalam upaya untuk mendidik para petani untuk melawan "godaan" feodalisme dan pertumbuhan kapitalisme yang dia lihat muncul kembali di pedesaan dari reformasi ekonomi Liu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chineseposters.net/resources/landsberger-paint-it-red.php|title=Stefan Landsberger, Paint it Red. Fifty years of Chinese Propaganda Posters|website=chineseposters.net|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Sejumlah besar karya seni yang dipolitisasi diproduksi dan diedarkan—dengan Mao sebagai pusatnya. Sejumlah poster, lencana, dan komposisi musik merujuk Mao dalam frasa "Ketua Mao adalah matahari merah di hati kita" ({{zh|labels=no |t=毛主席是我們心中的紅太陽 |p=Máo Zhǔxí Shì Wǒmen Xīnzhōng De Hóng Tàiyáng}})<ref name="WangMaoBadgesChapter5">[https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/2%20-%20Part%202%20-%20Mao%20badges%20with%20low%20res%20image%20of%20poster.pdf Chapter 5: "Mao Badges – Visual Imagery and Inscriptions"] in: [[Helen Wang]]: ''[[Chairman Mao badge]]s: symbols and Slogans of the Cultural Revolution'' (British Museum Research Publication 169). The Trustees of the British Museum, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0861591695}}.</ref> dan "Penyelamat rakyat " ({{zh|labels=no |c=人民的大救星 |p=Rénmín De Dà Jiùxīng}}).<ref name="WangMaoBadgesChapter5"/>
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==Daftar pustaka==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|last= Dikötter |first= Frank |author-link= Frank Dikötter |title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62 |year= 2010 |publisher= Walker & Company |location= London |isbn= 978-0802777683 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |author-link=Lee Feigon |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/maoreinterpretat0000feig |year=2002 |isbn=978-1566634588 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Gao |first= Mobo |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |year= 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0745327808 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite journal|last1= Kuisong |first1= Yang |date=March 2008 |title= Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_2008-03_193/page/102 |journal= [[The China Quarterly]] |volume= 193 |issue= 193 |pages= 102–121 |doi= 10.1017/S0305741008000064 |s2cid= 154927374 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Li |first=Zhisui |author-link=Li Zhisui |title=The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician |url=https://archive.org/details/privatelifeofcha00lizh_0 |url-access=registration |year= 1994 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-0679764434 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1= MacFarquhar |first1= Roderick |author-link1= Roderick MacFarquhar |last2= Schoenhals |first2= Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |year= 2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0674027480 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1= Pantsov |first1= Alexander V. |last2= Levine |first2= Steven I. |title=Mao: The Real Story |year=2012 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location=New York and London |isbn=978-1451654479 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Schram |first= Stuart |author-link= Stuart R. Schram |title= Mao Tse-Tung |year= 1966 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location= London |isbn= 978-0140208405 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Short |first= Philip |author-link= Philip Short |title= Mao: A Life |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6mACbLWGsC |year= 2001 |publisher= [[Owl Books]] |isbn= 978-0805066388 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Spence |first= Jonathan |author-link= Jonathan Spence |title= Mao Zedong |series= Penguin Lives |year= 1999 |publisher= [[Viking Press]] |location= New York |isbn= 978-0670886692 |oclc= 41641238 |url= https://archive.org/details/maozedong00spen}}
* {{cite book|last=Terrill |first=Ross |author-link= Ross Terrill |title=Mao: A Biography |year=1980 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}, which is superseded by Ross Terrill. ''Mao: A Biography.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0804729212}}
* {{cite book|last= Valentino |first= Benjamin A. |title= Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC |year= 2004 |publisher= [[Cornell University Press]] |isbn= 978-0801439650 }}
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