Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = 1703 (1115 H)
| birth_place = [[
| death_date = 22 Juni 1792 (1206 H) (berusia 88-89)
| death_place = [[Diriyah]], [[Negara Saudi Pertama]]
| denomination = [[
| jurisprudence = [[Hambali]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Laoust |first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=2020 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173529/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| creed = [[Atsariyah]]{{sfn|Halverson|2010|page=48}}
| main_interests = [[
| notable_ideas = [berbeda dengan [[Abdul Wahhab bin Rustam]] ]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=57-58, 62-63}}{{sfn|Silverstein|2010|pages=112-113}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014">{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |location=[[London]] |date=27 November 2014 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><br/>[[Fundamentalisme Islam|Pemurnian]] [[Salafiyah|salafi]] {{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=62-65}}{{sfn|Delong-Bas|2004|pages=56-65}}{{sfn|Van Bruinessen|2009|pages=125-157}}<br/>Penentangan terhadap [[Sufisme]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=62-65}}{{sfn|Delong-Bas|2004|pages=56-65}}{{sfn|Van Bruinessen|2009|pages=125-157}}
| notable_works = ''[[Kitabut
| influences = [[Ahmad bin Hanbal]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}<br/>[[Ibnu Taimiyah]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<br/>[[Muhammad Hayyat bin Ibrahim as-Sindhi|Muhammad Hayyat as-Sindhi]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br/>[[Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah]]{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<br/>
| influenced = [[Muhammad bin Saud]],<br/>[[Wangsa Saud]]<br/>[[Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz]],<br/>[[Muhammad bin Shalih Al-Utsaimin]],<br/>[[Muhammad Nashiruddin al-Albani]],{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}<br/>[[Abdurrahman As-Sudais]],<br/>[[Saud asy-Syuraim]]
Baris 21:
| module =
}}
'''Muḥammad bin ʿAbdul Wahhāb at-Tamīmī''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|b}}; {{lang-ar|محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي}}; 1703 – 1792) adalah seorang [[Ulama]] Islam, pemimpin agama,{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}} pembaharu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> aktivis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mouline|first=Nabil|title=The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/clericsofislamre0000moul|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-300-17890-6|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/clericsofislamre0000moul/page/62 62]|quote="He was not a great intellectual like Ibn Qudama, Ibn Taymiyya, or Ibn al-Qayyim but rather an activist.."}}</ref> dan teolog dari [[Najd]] di [[Semenanjung Arab|Arabia tengah]].<ref name="Crooke 20142">{{cite news|last=Crooke|first=Alastair|author-link=Alastair Crooke|date=30 March 2017|orig-year=First published 27 August 2014|title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|location=New York|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html|archive-date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Hubbard 20162">{{cite news|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|date=10 July 2016|title=A Saudi Morals Enforcer Called for a More Liberal Islam. Then the Death Threats Began.|work=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-islam-wahhabism-religious-police.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215141503/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-islam-wahhabism-religious-police.html|archive-date=15 December 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Sells 20162">{{cite news|date=22 December 2016|title=Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|location=New York|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e|archive-date=8 April 2020|author-last=Sells|author-first=Michael}}</ref> Nama lengkapnya adalah Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab bin Sulaiman bin Ali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fauzan|first=Shalih|date=1443 H/2022 M|title=AL-MULAKHKHASH Syarh Kitab Tauhid|location=Makasar|publisher=Pustaka As-Sunnah|isbn=9789793913674|pages=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Murid-muridnya yang terkenal termasuk putranya Ḥusain, ʿAbdullāh, ʿAlī, dan Ibrāhīm, cucunya ʿAbdur-Raḥman bin Ḥasan, menantunya [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|ʿAbdul-ʿAzīz bin Muḥammad bin Saʿūd]], Ḥamād ibn Nāṣir bin Muʿammar, dan Ḥusayn āl-Ghannām. Beliau menghafal Al-Qur'an ketika masih kecil dan belajar kepada ayahnya, yang menjadi hakim di Uyainah pada waktu itu, dan kepada yang lain di antara tokoh-tokoh ulama [[Najd]], [[Madinah|Al-Madinah]], Al-Ahsa, dan [[Basra|Al-Bashrah]].<ref name=":0" />
Label "Wahhabi" tidak diklaim oleh para pengikutnya melainkan digunakan oleh para cendekiawan Barat serta para kritikusnya.{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}}{{sfn|Commins|2015|page=151}}{{sfn|Silverstein|2010|pages=112–13}}{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}} Lahir dari keluarga ahli [[fikih]],<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Laoust |first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |volume=11 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-9004161214}}</ref> pendidikan awal Ibnu ʿAbd al-Wahhab terdiri dari mempelajari kurikulum [[fikih]] yang cukup standar menurut [[mazhab]] hukum Islam [[Hanbali]], yang merupakan mazhab yang paling umum di wilayah kelahirannya.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Dia mem[[promosi]]kan kepatuhan ketat terhadap hukum Islam tradisional, menyatakan perlunya kembali langsung ke [[Quran]] dan [[Hadis]] daripada mengandalkan [[interpretasi]] abad pertengahan, dan bersikeras bahwa setiap Muslim{{snd}} pria dan wanita{{snd}} secara pribadi membaca dan mempelajari Quran.<ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York 10016|pages=29,30,117,28,37}}</ref> Dia menentang [[taqlid]] (pengikutan buta) dan menyerukan penggunaan [[ijtihad]] (penalaran hukum independen melalui penelitian kitab suci).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=14, 21, 29}}</ref> Dia memiliki pelatihan dasar awal dalam [[tradisi]] [[Islam Suni|Muslim Suni]] klasik, Ibnu ʿAbdul Wahhab secara bertahap menjadi menentang banyak populer, namun diperebutkan, praktik keagamaan seperti [[Ziarah kubur|kunjungan]] ke dan [[Venerasi|pemujaan]] [[Wali|tempat suci dan makam orang-orang suci Muslim]],{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Crooke 2014">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-year=First published 27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |location=New York |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref> yang menurutnya merupakan [[bid'ah]] atau bahkan [[syirik|penyembahan berhala]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/><ref name="Crooke 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=56–76}} Seruannya untuk reformasi sosial dalam masyarakat didasarkan pada doktrin kunci [[tauhid]] (keesaan Tuhan).{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|quote="Plans for socioreligious reform in society were based on the key doctrine of tawhid (oneness of God)"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bass|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=13}}</ref>
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== Fotonya ==
Beberapa foto yang diduga Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab menyebar di [[Internet]], tetapi faktanya ia tidak dapat membuktikan [[fotografi]]<nowiki/>nya, karena [[Daguerreotype|kamera cahaya]] pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun [[1828]] M oleh [[Louis Daguerre]], dan ini terjadi 35 tahun setelah Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab [[wafat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab dan Pembaharuan Islam|url=https://ilmu-ushuluddin.blogspot.com/2017/07/Muhammad-AbdulWahab-dan-pembaharuan-islam.html|access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
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