Krisis Timor Timur 1999: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 9 Mei 2024 00.24 sunting Rifkyroy (bicara \| kontrib) 153 suntingan kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 12 November 2024 22.50 sunting balikkan Mommy Debby (bicara \| kontrib) 6.965 suntingan →Penarikan pasukan Indonesia dan pasukan penjaga perdamaian Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
(3 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: {{Infobox military conflict \| conflict = Krisis Timor Timur 1999 \| partof = [[Dekolonisasi Asia]], [[Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur]] dan [[Kejatuhan Soeharto\|Kejatuhan Suharto]] \| campaign = \| image = Destroyed houses 19.jpg \| image_size = 350px \| caption = Rumah-rumah yang hancur di [[Dili]]. \| date = April 1999 – 2005<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/programmes-and-initiatives/international-service-group-isg/past-isg-deployments\|title=Past ISG deployments\|website=New Zealand Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/indonesia.theeditorpressreview\|title=The Editor briefing\|author=Guardian Staff\|date=31 Juli 2005\|website=The Guardian}}</ref> \| place = [[Timor Leste]] \| territory = \| status = Kemenangan taktis Timor Timur * Kekalahan milisi pro-Indonesia * Stabilisasi Timor Timur Baris 20: Kemenangan strategis milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-dancing-to-indonesias-tune-despite-20-years-of-independence/86000\|title=Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News\|website=ucanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/06/failed-humanitarian-intervention-in-east-timor/\|title=Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor\|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> * 80% infrastruktur Timor Timur hancur akibat [[Operasi Bumi Hangus Timor Timur\|Operasi Bumi Hangus]] \| combatant1 = {{flagcountry\|Timor Leste}}<br>[[File:INTERFET Logo.jpg\|21px]] [[Pasukan Internasional untuk Timor Timur\|INTERFET]]<br>[[File:UNTAET logo.png\|21px]] [[Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur\|UNTAET]] <br /> {{Collapsible list Baris 87: \| {{flagcountry\|Zimbabwe}}  }} \| combatant2 = {{flagicon\|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste\|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Robinson\|first=Geoffrey\|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia\|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf\|journal=South East Asia Research\|year=2001\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=271–318\|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414\|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>▼ ~~\| combatant2 =~~ ▲{{flagicon\|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste\|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Robinson\|first=Geoffrey\|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia\|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf\|journal=South East Asia Research\|year=2001\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=271–318\|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414\|s2cid=29365341}}</ref> * {{flagicon image\|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Aitarak]] * {{flagicon image\|Flag of Besi Merah Putih.svg}} [[Besi Merah Putih]] * [[Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi]] * [[Laksaur]] * {{flagicon image\|Mahidi Symbol.svg}} [[Mahidi]] '''Didukung oleh:''' [[File:Lambang Kopassus.svg\|25px]] [[Komando Pasukan Khusus\|Kopassus]] (dugaan) {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Indonesian State Intelligence Agency.png}} [[Badan Intelijen Negara Republik Indonesia\|BIN]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/indonesia-bugged-australia-20041115-gdyzv0.html\|title=Indonesia 'bugged' Australia\|date=15 November 2004\|website=The Age}}</ref> Lobi Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/security-general/the-collins-allegations/\|title=The Collins allegations \| Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability\|date=19 Desember 2011\|website=nautilus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1088231.htm\|title=PM - A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'\|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1086652.htm\|title=PM - Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO\|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> \| commander1 = {{plainlist\| {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[John Howard]] {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[Peter Cosgrove]] Baris 107 ⟶ 106: {{flagicon\|Portugal}} Brigjen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro {{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2002/09/44572-east-timor-mourns-death-un-peacekeeping-forces-top-military-observer\|title=East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer\|date=9 September 2002\|website=UN News}}</ref> }} \| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Wiranto]]<br /> {{flagicon image\|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Eurico Guterres]] \| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Wiranto]]<br /> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}}{{flagicon image\|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Eurico Guterres]] <br /> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} Manuel de Sousa <br/>{{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Olivio Mendonca Moruk]] {{KIA}} <br/> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} Câncio Lopez de Carvalho {{surrendered}} <ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2001/10/31/projakarta-militia-group-returns-home-to-east-timor&post_id=19470 \|title= PRO-JAKARTA MILITIA GROUP RETURNS HOME TO EAST TIMOR \|date=30 October 2001 \|publisher=UCA news\|access-date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> \| casualties1 = {{Collapsible list \|title=Daftar lengkap: \|bullets=on Baris 133 ⟶ 132: Total: 64 tewas 49 staf PBB dan LSM yang ditangkap kemudian dibebaskan<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/122568724/the-untold-story-of-the-daring-nz-sas-mission-to-rescue-un-personnel-in-west-timor\|title=The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor\|date=5 September 2020\|website=Stuff}}</ref>}} \| casualties2 = {{Collapsible list \|title=Daftar lengkap: \|bullets=on \|15–19 tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00275/\|title=Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past\|date=5 Desember 2016\|website=nippon.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.etan.org/et2005/november/07/10files.htm\|title=Files reveal East Timor clashes\|website=www.etan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/documents-link-nz-forces-with-aussie-torture-probe/6SBFIMWEXPO4MR2J3HNU3OUV7I/\|title=Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br> 301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70\|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence\|isbn = 9781588261427\|last1 = Alcott\|first1 = Louisa May\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Michael Geoffrey\|last3 = Dee\|first3 = Moreen\|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/\|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999\|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>}} \| casualties3 = 1.400 warga sipil tewas<br>220.000+ pengungsi<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/9/5f59f0174/remembering-unhcr-colleagues-killed-in-atambua-west-timor-twenty-years.html \|title=Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on \|publisher= UNHCR \|date=10 September 2020 \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>3 staf UNHCR tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2000/9/3ae6b81733/unhcr-confirms-three-staff-killed-west-timor-attack.html \|title=UNHCR confirms three staff killed in West Timor attack \|date=6 September 2000 \|publisher=UNHCR \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>2 jurnalis tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-east-timor-formerly-indo/ \|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor \|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists \|date= 22 Maret 2000\|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>1 tentara Indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-peacekeepers-kill-indonesian-soldier/Z2KOVXHV7QRQJKGOKODFE7W5OI/\|title=NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>1 polisi indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/interfet-fires-at-indonesian-police-near-frontier-post-1.237208?mode=amp\|title=Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post\|website=www.irishtimes.com}}</ref> \| strength1 = 11,000 militer dan polisi<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://etan.org/et99c/october/24-31/25unsc.htm \| title=UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor }}</ref> \| strength2 = 13,000 milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/911810/former-east-timor-pro-integration-militias-demand-compensation \|title=Former East Timor Pro-Integration Militias Demand Compensation \|date=27 September 2017 \|publisher= Tempco.co \|access-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref> }} Baris 174 ⟶ 173: == Penarikan pasukan Indonesia dan pasukan penjaga perdamaian == {{main\|INTERFET}} Kekerasan tersebut disambut dengan kemarahan publik yang meluas di Australia, Portugal dan di tempat lain dan para aktivis di Portugal, Australia, Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara lain menekan pemerintah mereka untuk mengambil tindakan. [[Perdana Menteri Australia]] [[John Howard]] berkonsultasi dengan Sekjen PBB [[Kofi Annan]] dan melobi [[Presiden Amerika Serikat\|Presiden AS]] [[Bill Clinton]] untuk mendukung pasukan penjaga perdamaian internasional yang dipimpin Australia untuk memasuki Timor Timur guna mengakhiri kekerasan. Amerika Serikat menawarkan sumber daya logistik dan intelijen yang penting dan kehadiran pencegah "di luar cakrawala", tetapi tidak mengerahkan pasukan untuk operasi tersebut. Akhirnya, pada 11 September, Bill Clinton mengumumkan:<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite web \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/howardyears/content/s2422684.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923201217/http://www.abc.net.au/news/howardyears/content/s2422684.htm \|title=The Howard Years: Episode 2: "Whatever It Takes" \|work=Program Transcript \|date=24 November 2008 \|archive-date=26 Mei 2022 \|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref> Baris 180 ⟶ 178: }} Indonesia, dalam [[Krisis finansial Asia 1997\|kesulitan ekonomi yang parah]], mengalah. President [[B.J. Habibie]] mengumumkan pada 12 September bahwa Indonesia akan menarik tentaranya dan mengizinkan pasukan penjaga perdamaian internasional yang dipimpin Australia untuk memasuki Timor Timur.<ref>Nevins, p. 108.</ref> [[Garnisun]] Indonesia di timur pulau itu adalah [[Batalyon Infanteri 745\|~~Batalyon~~Yonif 745]], yang sebagian besar ditarik melalui jalur laut, tetapi satu [[kompi]], mengambil kendaraan batalyon dan alat berat, mundur ke barat sepanjang jalan pantai utara, menuju Dili dan perbatasan Indonesia, meninggalkan kematian dan kehancuran saat mereka pergi. Mereka membunuh lusinan penduduk desa yang tidak bersalah dan tidak bersenjata di sepanjang jalan dan, di dekat Dili, membunuh seorang [[:en:Sander Thoenes\|jurnalis]] dan berusaha membunuh [[:en:Jon Swain\|dua]] lagi. Pada tanggal 15 September 1999, [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa\|DK PBB]] menyatakan keprihatinannya atas situasi yang memburuk di Timor Timur, dan mengeluarkan [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200117111425/http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/8437093.html Resolusi DK PBB 1264] yang menyerukan kekuatan multinasional untuk memulihkan perdamaian dan keamanan di Timor Timur, untuk melindungi dan mendukung misi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di sana, dan untuk memfasilitasi operasi bantuan kemanusiaan sampai pasukan penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dapat disetujui dan dikerahkan di daerah tersebut.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/447639.stm UN approves Timor force], ''BBC News'', 15 September 1999</ref>