Unsur (Buddhisme): Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
|||
(21 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Untuk|konsep alam kehidupan dalam Buddhisme|Loka (Buddhisme)}}
{{Buddhisme|dhamma}}
Dalam [[Buddhisme]]<span class="extension-adhd-reader-wrapper">, '''unsur''' atau '''elemen'''—diterjemahkan
==
Dalam [[Tripitaka Pāli|Tipitaka Pali]], unsur-unsur pokok yang paling dasar biasanya diidentifikasi berjumlah empat. Akan tetapi, unsur-unsur lainnya, seperti unsur kelima dan unsur keenam juga sering diuraikan.
Baris 8 ⟶ 9:
<span class="extension-adhd-reader-wrapper">Dalam teks kanonis, empat unsur pokok mengacu pada unsur-unsur yang bersifat "eksternal" (di luar tubuh, seperti sungai) dan "internal" (bagian dari tubuh, seperti darah). Unsur-unsur tersebut dijelaskan sebagai berikut:</span><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kheminda|first=Ashin|date=2019-05-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Manual_Abhidhamma.html?id=i1JEEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Manual Abhidhamma: Bab 6 Materi|publisher=Yayasan Dhammavihari|isbn=978-623-95936-1-2|language=id}}</ref>
* '''Unsur tanah''' (''pathavī-dhātu'')
* '''Unsur air''' (''āpa-dhātu'')
* '''Unsur api''' (''teja-dhātu'')
* '''Unsur udara'''
Setiap entitas yang membawa satu atau lebih kualitas-kualitas ini (gaya tarik menarik, gaya tolak menolak, energi dan gerak relatif) disebut materi (''rūpa''). Dunia material dianggap tidak lain hanyalah kombinasi dari kualitas-kualitas yang diatur dalam ruang (''ākāsa''). Hasil dari kualitas-kualitas tersebut adalah masukan pada pancaindra kita, warna (''vaṇṇa'') pada mata, bau (''gandha'') pada hidung, rasa (''rasa'') pada lidah, suara (''sadda'') pada telinga, dan sentuhan (''phoṭṭabba'') pada tubuh. Hal yang kita rasakan dalam pikiran kita hanyalah interpretasi mental dari kualitas-kualitas ini.
Baris 18 ⟶ 19:
<span class="extension-adhd-reader-wrapper">Selain empat unsur materi pokok di atas, dua unsur lainnya juga dapat ditemukan dalam [[Tripitaka Pāli|Tripitaka Pali]]:</span>
* '''Unsur ruang''' (''ākāsa-dhātu'')
* '''Unsur kesadaran''' (''viññāṇa-dhātu''):
<span class="extension-adhd-reader-wrapper"><span class="extension-adhd-reader-container"><span class="extension-adhd-reader-boldify">Menurut tradisi [[Abhidhamma Piṭaka]], “unsur ruang” diidentifikasikan sebagai unsur “sekunder” atau “turunan”</span></span> (''u''</span>''pādāya'').
=== '''Unsur turunan''' ===
Literatur Abhidhamma menguraikan 24 unsur turunan, yaitu:<ref name=":0" />
#
#
#
#
#
# Bentuk atau warna (''rūpa / vaṇṇa'')
# Suara (''sadda'')
Baris 43 ⟶ 44:
# Isyarat tubuh (''kāyaviññatti'')
# Isyarat lisan (''vacīviññatti'')
# [[Peringanan (Buddhisme)|Keringanan]] materi (''rūpassa lahutā'')
# [[Kelenturan (Buddhisme)|Kelenturan]] materi (''rūpassa mudutā'')
# [[Kecekatan (Buddhisme)|Kecekatan]] materi (''rūpassa kammaññatā'')
# Produksi materi (''rūpassa upacaya'')
# Kesinambungan materi (''rūpassa santati'')
Baris 51 ⟶ 52:
# Ketidakkekalan materi (''rūpassa aniccatā'')
===
Dalam [[Tripitaka Pāli|Tripitaka Pali]], empat unsur dijelaskan secara rinci dalam diskursus-diskursus berikut:
* Mahāhatthipadompama Sutta ([[Majjhima Nikāya|MN]] 28)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.028.than.html Thanissaro (2003b).]</ref>
* Mahārāhulovāda Sutta (MN 62)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html Thanissaro (2006).]</ref>
* Dhātuvibhaṅga Sutta (MN 140)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.140.than.html Thanissaro (1997c).]</ref>
Empat unsur juga disebut dalam:
* Kevaddha Sutta (DN 11)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html Thanissaro (1997b).]</ref>
* Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (DN 22)
* Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (MN 10)
* Chabbisodhana Sutta (MN 112)
* Bahudhātuka Sutta (MN 115)
* Kāyagatāsati Sutta (MN 119)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.119.than.html Thanissaro (1997a).]</ref>
* Anāthapiṇḍikovāda Sutta (MN 143)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.143.than.html Thanissaro (2003a).]</ref>
* Catudhātu-vaggo (SN bab 14, subbab. IV), beberapa diskursus<ref>Bodhi (2000), pp. 645–50.</ref>
* Saddhammappatirūpaka Sutta (SN 16.13)<ref>Bodhi (2000), pp. 680–1; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn16/sn16.013.than.html Thanissaro (2005).]</ref>
* Bīja Sutta (SN 22.54)<ref>Bodhi (2000), pp. 891–2; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.054.than.html Thanissaro (2001).]</ref>
* Āsīvisa Sutta (SN 35.197 or 35.238)<ref>Bodhi (2000), pp. 1237–9; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.197.than.html Thanissaro (2004a).]</ref>
* Kiṁsukopama Sutta (SN 35.204 or 35.245)<ref>Bodhi (2000), pp. 1251–3; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.204.than.html Thanissaro (1998).]</ref>
* Dutiya-mittāmacca Sutta (SN 55.17)<ref>Bodhi (2000), p. 1806.</ref>
* Beberapa isi [[Saṁyutta Nikāya]] seperti, "Dhātu Sutta" (SN 18.9,<ref>Bodhi (2000), p. 697.</ref> SN 25.9,<ref>Bodhi (2000), p. 1006; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.009.than.html Thanissaro (2004b).]</ref> SN 26.9,<ref>Bodhi (2000), p. 1010</ref> SN 27.9<ref>Bodhi (2000), p. 1014; [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html#sn27.009 Thanissaro (1994).]</ref>)
* Tittha Sutta (AN 3.61)<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html Thanissaro (1997).]</ref>
* Nivesaka Sutta (AN 3.75)
* Rāhula Sutta (AN 4.177)
Sebagai tambahan, kitab Visuddhimagga XI.27ff juga menyertakan bahasan yang luas tentang empat unsur.<ref>Buddhaghosa (1999), pp. 343''ff''.</ref>
== Rujukan ==
<references />
== Daftar pustaka ==
* [[:en:Bhikkhu_Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (2000). ''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-331-1}}.
* [[:en:Buddhaghosa|Buddhaghosa]], Bhadantācariya (trans. from Pāli by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli) (1999). ''The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga''. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. {{ISBN|1-928706-00-2}}.
* Hamilton, Sue (2001). ''Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism''. Oxford: Luzac Oriental. {{ISBN|1-898942-23-4}}.
* [[:en:Monier_Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams, Monier]] (1899, 1964). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (London: Oxford University Press).
* {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}}, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001). ''The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-072-X}}.
* [[:en:Nyanaponika_Thera|Nyanaponika Thera]] (trans.) (1981). ''The Greater Discourse on the Elephant-Footprint Simile''. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
* Olivelle, Patrick (1996). ''Upani{{IAST|ṣ}}ads''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-283576-5}}.
* [[:en:T._W._Rhys_Davids|Rhys Davids]], T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921–5). ''The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary'' [PED]. Chipstead: [[:en:Pali_Text_Society|Pali Text Society]]. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available from the University of Chicago's "Digital Dictionaries of South Asia" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ (retrieved 2007-06-14).
* [[:en:Thanissaro_Bhikkhu|Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1994). "SN 27.9: Dhatu Sutta – Properties" in ''Upakkilesa Samyutta: Defilements'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 27.1–10). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html#sn27.009.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). ''Kayagata-sati Sutta: Mindfulness Immersed in the Body'' ([[:en:Majjhima_Nikaya|MN]] 119). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.119.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta'' ([[:en:Digha_Nikaya|DN]] 11). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997c). ''Dhatu-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Properties'' ([[:en:Majjhima_Nikaya|MN]] 140). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.140.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). ''Kimsuka Sutta: The Riddle Tree'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 35.204). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.204.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). ''Bija Sutta: Means of Propagation'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 22.54). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.054.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003a). ''Anathapindikovada Sutta: Instructions to Anathapindika'' ([[:en:Majjhima_Nikaya|MN]] 143). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.143.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003b). ''Maha-hatthipadopama Sutta: The Great Elephant Footprint Simile'' ([[:en:Majjhima_Nikaya|MN]] 28). Retrieved 2008-01-30 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.028.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004a). ''Asivisa Sutta: Vipers'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 35.197). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.197.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004b). ''Dhatu Sutta: Properties'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 25.9). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.009.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2005). ''Saddhammapatirupaka Sutta: A Counterfeit of the True Dhamma'' ([[:en:Samyutta_Nikaya|SN]] 16.13). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn16/sn16.013.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). ''Maha-Rahulovada Sutta: The Greater Exhortation to Rahula'' ([[:en:Majjhima_Nikaya|MN]] 62). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html.
* Walshe, Maurice O'C. (trans.) (1995). ''The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-103-3}}.
{{Buddha-stub}}
|