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Revisi per 28 Mei 2024 08.33 sunting Otrismon (bicara \| kontrib) 232 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 14 Juli 2024 03.01 sunting balikkan CommonsDelinker (bicara \| kontrib) Pengguna terkonfirmasi, Pengecualian blokir IP, Peninjau 54.376 suntingan Mengganti Location_Rhafa.png dengan Location_Rafah.png (berkas dipindahkan oleh CommonsDelinker; alasan: File renamed: Criterion 3 (obvious error)). Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
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Baris 10: \| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Rafah \| pushpin_relief = 1 \| image_map = Location ~~Rhafa~~Rafah.png \| map_caption = Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza \| coordinates = {{coord\|31\|16\|21\|N\|34\|15\|31\|E\|region:PS\|display=inline,title}} \| grid_name = [[Kisi Palestina]] \| grid_position = 77/78 \| subdivision_type = Negara Baris 42: }} '''Rafah''' ({{lang-ar\|رفح}} {{transliteration\|ar\|Rafaḥ}} {{IPA-ar\|rafaħ\|}}) adalah sebuah kota di sebelah selatan [[Jalur Gaza]], [[Palestina]]. Rafah adalah ibu kota [[Kegubernuran Rafah]], berjarak {{convert\|30\|km\|mi\|sp=us}} di sebelah barat daya [[Kota Gaza]]. Pada tahun 2017, kota ini berpenduduk 171.889.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Akibat pengeboman dan serangan darat besar-besaran di Kota Gaza dan [[Khan Yunis]] oleh [[Israel]] semasa [[Perang ~~Israel–Hamas~~Israel-Hamas 2023]], sekitar 1,4 juta pengungsi diperkirakan berlindung di Rafah pada bulan Februari 2024.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Gaza: Israel’s military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid \|url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/february/gaza-israels-military-operation-in-rafah-would-be-fatal-for-displaced-civilians-and-humanitarian-aid/ \|date=8 February 2024\|access-date=8 February 2024 \|work=Norwegian Refugee Council}}</ref> Selepas [[Perang Palestina 1948]], [[Mesir]] memerintah Rafah dan mendirikan [[kamp ~~pengungsian~~pengungsi]] bagi korban perang Palestina. Semasa [[Krisis Suez]], [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]] ~~[[Pembantaian Rafah 1956\|~~membantai 111 warga Palestina]], termasuk 103 pengungsi di kamp pengungsian Rafah. Saat [[ Perang Enam Hari]], tentara Israel menduduki [[Semenanjung Sinai]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]] setelah merebutnya dari Mesir. Pada tahun yang sama, tentara IDF melibas dan menghancurkan 144 rumah di kamp pengungsian Rafah, yang menewaskan 23 warga Palestina.<ref name="HC">[[Henry Cattan\|Cattan, Henry]] (1969) ''Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice.'' [[Longman]] SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111</ref> Ketika Israel menarik pasukannya dari Sinai pada tahun 1982, Rafah dibagi menjadi dua, satu dikuasai oleh Gaza dan satu lagi dikuasai Mesir, yang dipisahkan oleh penghalang kawat berduri.<ref name="cinderella">{{Cite news \|last=Usher \|first=Graham \|date=22 September 2005 \|title=Cinderella in Rafah \|work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] Online \|issue=761, 22–28 September 2005 \|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm \|access-date=9 November 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022004151/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm \|archive-date=22 October 2005 \|via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> Pusat kota Rafah dihancurkan oleh Israel,<ref name="Razing_Rafah">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/rafah1004text.pdf ''Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip''], pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324012233/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza/ Summary:]. [http://www.refworld.org/docid/45d171362.html ''The report on refworld:'']. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004</ref><ref name=UNWRA_appeal>[http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010011813024.pdf ''Supplementary Appeal for Rafah'']. UNWRA, May 2004</ref><ref name="Uprooting">PCHR, [http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/Reports/English/uprooting%20_trees%20_10.pdf ''Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004''] On [http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2675:the-tenth-report-on-israeli-land-sweeping-and-demolition-of-palestinian-buildings-and-facilities-in-the-gaza-strip-1-april-2003-30-april2004&catid=43:pchrdemolitionlandsweeping&Itemid=187]</ref> dan Mesir,<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/01/08/egyptian-military-doubling-buffer-zone-with-gaza-demolishing-nearly-1220-more/ ''Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes'']. Associated Press, 8 January 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah ''Look for Another Homeland'']. Human Rights Watch, September 2015</ref> untuk menciptakan zona penyangga yang lebih luas. Baris 56: == Demografi == ~~Sesuai~~Pada tahun [[sensus ~~tahun~~Palestina 1922\|1922]], ~~populasi~~jumlah penduduk Rafah ~~berjumlah~~adalah 599 jiwa,<ref name=Census1922~~>Barron,~~ ~~1923, Table V, [[Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine\|Sub-district of Gaza]], p. [https:~~/~~/archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n10/mode/1up 8]</ref~~> ~~dan~~ meningkat menjadi 1.423 pada tahun 1931,<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mills \|first=E. \|title=Census of Palestine 1931 \|publisher=Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses \|year=1931 \|location=Jerusalem \|pages=6}}</ref> ~~naik~~meningkat lagi menjadi 1.635 pada tahun 1938,<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf \|title=Village Statistics \|year=1938 \|pages=64}}</ref> dan meningkat lagi menjadi 2.220 pada tahun 1945.<ref name=Hadawi46~~>Government~~ ~~of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http:~~/~~/www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-046.jpg 46]</ref~~> Pada tahun 1982, ~~total populasi Rafah~~jumlah ~~diperkirakan~~penduduknya ~~sebanyak~~sekitar 10.800 jiwa.<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome to Rafah] Palestine Remembered.</ref> Dalam sensus [[Biro Pusat Statistik Palestina]] (PCBS) tahun 1997, Rafah dan kamp ~~pengungsian~~ di sekitarnya memiliki ~~total~~ populasi gabungan sebanyak 91.181 jiwa, [[Tel al-Sultan]] terdaftar dengan populasi gabungan sebanyak 17.141 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS1997">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx\|title=Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years\|access-date=15 February 2018\|archive-date=4 March 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304123037/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ~~Sekitar~~[[Pengungsi Palestina\|Pengungsi]] mencakup 80,3% dari ~~keseluruhan~~seluruh ~~penduduk Rafah adalah pengungsi~~populasi.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118200339/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx \|date=2008-11-18 }}. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> Berdasarkan sensus tahun 1997, distribusi gender di Rafah (bersama dengan [[kamp Rafah]]) adalah 50,5% laki-laki dan 49,5% perempuan.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231554/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx \|date=2008-06-14 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]].</ref> Pada perkiraan PCBS tahun 2006, ~~perkiraan penduduk Kota~~kota Rafah ~~adalah~~memiliki populasi 71.003 jiwa.,<ref name="PCBS2006">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop16.aspx\|title=PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006\|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> [[Kamp Rafah]] dan [[~~Tall~~Tel asal-Sultan]] merupakan wilayah terpisah untuk tujuan sensus, masing-masing memiliki populasi 59.983 dan 24.418 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS2006" /> == Arkeologi == [[Antiokhus III]], bersedia berdamai dengan [[Ptolemaios V Epifanis]], menyuruh putrinya [[Kleopatra I]] menikah dengan Ptolemaios V. Pernikahan mereka dilangsungkan pada tahun 193 SM di Raphia.<ref>Polybius 18.51.10 dan 28.20.9; Libya 33.40.3 dan 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 dan 5.18</ref> == Iklim == [[Sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]] mengklasifikasikan iklimnya sebagai semi-kering panas (BSh).<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah">{{Cite web \|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/478554/ \|title=Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table \|publisher=Climate-Data.org \|access-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah">{{Cite web \|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ \|title=Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table \|publisher=Climate-Data.org \|access-date=2014-02-21 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223185030/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ \|archive-date=2014-02-23 }}</ref> {{Weather box \|metric first=yes \|single line=yes \|location=Rafiah, jalur Gaza \|Jan high C=17.4 \|Feb high C=18.1 \|Mar high C=20.5 \|Apr high C=23 \|May high C=25.8 \|Jun high C=28.3 \|Jul high C=29.6 \|Aug high C=30.5 \|Sep high C=29.1 \|Oct high C=27.6 \|Nov high C=23.8 \|Dec high C=19.4 \|Jan mean C=12.9 \|Feb mean C=13.6 \|Mar mean C=15.6 \|Apr mean C=18.1 \|May mean C=20.9 \|Jun mean C=23.6 \|Jul mean C=25.2 \|Aug mean C=26 \|Sep mean C=24.7 \|Oct mean C=22.6 \|Nov mean C=18.7 \|Dec mean C=14.8 \|Jan low C=8.4 \|Feb low C=9.1 \|Mar low C=10.8 \|Apr low C=13.3 \|May low C=16.1 \|Jun low C=19 \|Jul low C=20.9 \|Aug low C=21.6 \|Sep low C=20.3 \|Oct low C=17.6 \|Nov low C=13.7 \|Dec low C=10.2 \|Jan precipitation mm=48 \|Feb precipitation mm=36 \|Mar precipitation mm=27 \|Apr precipitation mm=6 \|May precipitation mm=4 \|Jun precipitation mm=0 \|Jul precipitation mm=0 \|Aug precipitation mm=0 \|Sep precipitation mm=0 \|Oct precipitation mm=8 \|Nov precipitation mm=39 \|Dec precipitation mm=53 \|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 45 m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah" /> }} {{Weather box \|metric first=yes \|single line=yes \|collapsed=yes \|location=Rafah, Sinai Utara \|Jan high C=17.2 \|Feb high C=18 \|Mar high C=20.3 \|Apr high C=22.9 \|May high C=25.8 \|Jun high C=28.2 \|Jul high C=29.6 \|Aug high C=30.5 \|Sep high C=29 \|Oct high C=27.4 \|Nov high C=23.7 \|Dec high C=19.3 \|Jan mean C=12.7 \|Feb mean C=13.5 \|Mar mean C=15.4 \|Apr mean C=18 \|May mean C=20.8 \|Jun mean C=23.5 \|Jul mean C=25.2 \|Aug mean C=25.9 \|Sep mean C=24.5 \|Oct mean C=22.4 \|Nov mean C=18.6 \|Dec mean C=14.7 \|Jan low C=8.2 \|Feb low C=9 \|Mar low C=10.6 \|Apr low C=13.2 \|May low C=15.9 \|Jun low C=18.8 \|Jul low C=20.8 \|Aug low C=21.4 \|Sep low C=20 \|Oct low C=17.4 \|Nov low C=13.5 \|Dec low C=10.1 \|Jan precipitation mm=49 \|Feb precipitation mm=37 \|Mar precipitation mm=28 \|Apr precipitation mm=6 \|May precipitation mm=4 \|Jun precipitation mm=0 \|Jul precipitation mm=0 \|Aug precipitation mm=0 \|Sep precipitation mm=0 \|Oct precipitation mm=8 \|Nov precipitation mm=39 \|Dec precipitation mm=54 \|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 78 m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah" /> }} == Referensi == Baris 70 ⟶ 189: {{cite book \| editor =Barron, J. B. \| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 \|url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 \|publisher = Government of Palestine \| year = 1923}} {{cite book \| last= Dauphin \|first = C.\|author-link= Claudine Dauphin \| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ \|volume = III : Catalogue \| series = BAR International Series 726 \| year = 1998 \| publisher = Archeopress \| location = Oxford\|language =fr\|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}} {{cite book\|last=Dwyer\|first=Philip\|title=Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799 \|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye_u9d1\|year=2007\|publisher= Bloomsbury \|isbn =978-0-7475-7490-3}} {{cite book\|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 \|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390\|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics\|year=1945}} *{{cite book\|last=Guérin\|first=V.\|author-link=Victor Guérin\|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine\|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu\|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2\|year=1869\|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale\|location=Paris\|language=fr}}