Siprus Utara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox country
|coordinates = {{Coord|35|11|N|33|22|E|type:city}}
Baris 80 ⟶ 79:
[[File:Sarayönü old North Nicosia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alun-alun Sarayönü]] di [[Nikosia Utara]] pada 1969, setelah pembagian kota antara Utara dan Selatan.]]
Pada tanggal 21 Desember 1963, tembakan dilepaskan ke arah kerumunan warga Siprus Turki yang berkumpul saat patroli polisi Yunani menghentikan dua warga Siprus Turki, yang mengaku meminta identifikasi; dua warga Siprus Turki terbunuh pada kejadian itu.<ref name="solsten">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Solsten |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |title=Cyprus — Intercommunal Violence |work=Country Studies |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tidak lama kemudian, kekerasan antar komunitas pecah dengan serangan besar-besaran paramiliter Siprus Yunani terhadap warga Siprus Turki di Nicosia dan [[Larnaca]]. Meskipun [[Organisasi Pemberontakan Turki|TMT]]—sebuah kelompok perlawanan Turki yang dibentuk pada tahun 1959 untuk mempromosikan kebijakan ''taksim'', sebagai oposisi terhadap kelompok nasionalis Siprus Yunani [[EOKA]] dan advokasi ''enosis'' —melakukan sejumlah tindakan pembalasan; sejarawan konflik Siprus [[Keith Kyle]] mencatat bahwa "tidak ada keraguan bahwa korban utama dari berbagai insiden yang terjadi selama beberapa bulan berikutnya adalah orang Turki".<ref name="REJECTION"/> Tujuh ratus orang Turki, termasuk anak-anak, disandera dari pinggiran utara Nicosia. [[Nikos Sampson]], seorang nasionalis dan calon pemimpin kudeta, memimpin sekelompok laskar Siprus Yunani ke pinggiran kota campuran [[Omorfita|Omorphita/Küçük Kaymaklı]] dan menyerang penduduk Siprus Turki.<ref>{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Borowiec |year=2000 |title=Cyprus: A troubled island. |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprustroubledis0000boro |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |page=[https://archive.org/details/cyprustroubledis0000boro/page/56 56] }}</ref> Pada akhir tahun 1964, 364 warga Siprus Turki dan 174 warga Siprus Yunani telah terbunuh.<ref name="oberling120">{{cite book |last=Oberling |first=Pierre |title=The road to Bellapais |year=1982 |publisher=Social Science Monographs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ |page=120 |isbn=9780880330008 |quote=According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis. |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020712/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=26 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Pada bulan September 1964, [[Sekretaris Jenderal Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] saat itu, [[U Thant]] melaporkan bahwa "[[Pasukan Penjaga Perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Siprus|UNFICYP]] melakukan survei terperinci terhadap semua kerusakan properti di seluruh pulau selama kerusuhan; hal ini menunjukkan bahwa di 109 desa, sebagian besar merupakan desa Turki-Siprus atau desa campuran, 527 rumah telah hancur sementara 2.000 lainnya rusak akibat penjarahan".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chapter-VII-S-5950.pdf |title=UN SG S/5950 Report |date=10 September 1964 |at=paragraph 180 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095950/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chapter-VII-S-5950.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Penjarahan yang meluas di desa-desa Siprus Turki mendorong 20.000 pengungsi mundur ke [[Enklave Siprus Turki|daerah bersenjata]], di mana mereka tinggal selama 11 tahun berikutnya,<ref name=HISTORY>{{cite web |work=Antiwar.com |url=http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042 |title=In Praise of 'Virtual States' |first=Leon |last=Hadar |date=16 November 2005 |access-date=24 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145957/http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> mengandalkan makanan dan pasokan medis dari Turki untuk bertahan hidup. Warga Siprus Turki membentuk kelompok paramiliter untuk mempertahankan daerah tersebut, yang menyebabkan perpecahan bertahap komunitas di pulau itu menjadi dua kubu yang bermusuhan. Kekerasan tersebut juga menyebabkan ribuan warga Siprus Turki berupaya melarikan diri dari kekerasan dengan beremigrasi ke Inggris, [[Australia]], dan Turki.<ref>Quoted in Andrew Borowiec, 2000. Cyprus: A troubled island. Praeger/Greenwood p.58</ref> Pada tanggal 28 Desember 1967, Pemerintahan Sementara Siprus Turki didirikan.<ref>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Carment |first2=Patrick |last2=James |first3=Zeynep |last3=Taydas |title=Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jAaUQJNAx0C |year=2006 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-1013-0 |page=189 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204604/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jAaUQJNAx0C |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Baris 103 ⟶ 102:
== Geografi ==
[[File:Cyprus districts named.png|thumb|left|Wilayah Siprus Utara (merah marun)]]
[[File:The coast of Northern Cyprus.jpg|thumb|left|Panorama [[Pegunungan Kyrenia]]]]
Siprus Utara memiliki luas 3.355 kilometer persegi (1.295 mil persegi), yang mencakup sepertiga luas pulau. 75 kilometer (47 mil) di sebelah utara Siprus Utara terletak Turki dan 97 kilometer (60,3 mil) di sebelah timur terletak [[Suriah]]. Letaknya di antara garis lintang 34° dan 36° LU, dan garis bujur 32° dan 35° BT.
Baris 108 ⟶ 110:
== Politik ==
[[File:Ersin Tatar in Konya, July 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ersin Tatar]], presiden Siprus Utara]]
Politik Siprus Utara berlangsung dalam kerangka [[republik]] [[demokrasi perwakilan]] [[Sistem semipresidensial|semi-presidensial]], di mana [[Presiden Siprus Utara|Presiden]] adalah kepala negara dan [[Perdana Menteri Siprus Utara|Perdana Menteri]] adalah kepala pemerintahan, dan [[Sistem multipartai|sistem multi-partai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studyinnorthcyprus.org/north-cyprus-2/state-politics/|title = State & Politics – Study in North Cyprus}}</ref> Presiden dipilih untuk masa jabatan lima tahun dan diadakan dalam dua putaran jika tidak ada calon yang memperoleh lebih dari 50% suara pada putaran pertama. Presiden harus berasal dari pulau Siprus serta harus sudah tinggal di negara tersebut selama lima tahun.<ref name=kktctanitma1>{{Cite web | url = http://www.trncinfo.com/TANITMADAIRESI/2002/TURKCE/KKTCHAKKINDA/KKTCHAKKINDA.htm#11 | title = KKTC hakkında, Cumhubaşkanı (About the TRNC, the President) | access-date = 2011-04-21 | publisher = TRNC Department of Promotion }}</ref> Kekuasaan eksekutif dijalankan oleh pemerintah. Kekuasaan legislatif dipegang oleh pemerintah dan [[Majelis Republik Siprus Utara|Majelis Republik]]. Majelis mempunyai 50 anggota yang dipilih melalui perwakilan proporsional dari enam daerah pemilihan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKTC sandık başında|url=http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/news/22872/PageName/KIBRIS|website=Kıbrıs Postası}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KKTC'de 19 Nisan erken genel seçime doğru|url=http://www.ajanskibris.com/index.asp?page=3340332564&hid=769|website=Ajans Kıbrıs}}</ref> Peradilan independen terhadap eksekutif dan legislatif.
Karena isolasi Siprus Utara dan ketergantungan yang besar pada dukungan Turki, politik negara ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh Turki. Hal ini menyebabkan beberapa ahli menggolongkannya sebagai [[negara boneka]] Turki yang efektif.<ref name="Kurtulus2005">{{cite book |first=Ersun N. |last=Kurtulus |title=State Sovereignty: Concept, Phenomenon and Ramifications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeTFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |date=27 November 2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-7708-3 |pages=136– |quote=It may be argued that the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was declared in 1983 and which was only recognized as a state by Turkey and for a short period by Pakistan, is at the moment of writing the only existent puppet state in the world. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235953/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeTFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Focarelli2012">{{cite book |first=Carlo |last=Focarelli |title=International Law as Social Construct: The Struggle for Global Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTYc6WY0_icC&pg=PA161 |date=24 May 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958483-3 |pages=161– |quote=In the 1995 and 1996 Loizidou Judgments the ECtHR treated the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) as a sort of puppet government whose acts fall within the jurisdiction of (and are attributable to) Turkey as an (unlawful) occupier. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234814/https://books.google.com/books?id=oTYc6WY0_icC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="PanaraWilson2013">{{cite book |first1=Carlo |last1=Panara |first2=Gary |last2=Wilson |title=The Arab Spring: New Patterns for Democracy and International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWAzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |date=9 January 2013 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-24341-5 |pages=59– |quote=The situation with the South African homelands was similar and so was collective non-acceptance of the Turkish puppet-government in northern Cyprus which has resulted in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus not being recognized as a state. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000129/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWAzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Namun, para ahli lain telah menunjukkan sifat independen dari pemilu dan penunjukan di Siprus Utara dan perselisihan antara pemerintah Siprus Turki dan Turki, sehingga menyimpulkan bahwa "negara boneka" bukanlah gambaran yang akurat untuk Siprus Utara.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartmann |first1=Barry |editor1-last=Bahcheli |editor1-first=Tozun |editor2-last=Bartmann |editor2-first=Barry |editor3-last=Srebrnik |editor3-first=Henry |title=De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-77121-8 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodd |first1=Clement Henry |title=The political, social and economic development of Northern Cyprus |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0906719186 |date=1993 |publisher=Eothen Press |isbn=9780906719183 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0906719186/page/377 377] |quote=In short, the electorate of Northern Cyprus votes freely for its political leaders and gives them substantial support. Nor is Northern Cyprus a Turkish puppet state. Mr Denktaş and the Turkish-Cypriot case have a powerful following in Turkey...}}</ref>
=== Hubungan luar negeri ===
[[File:Recognition of Northern Cyprus.svg|thumb|left|Negara-negara yang mengakui (hijau), pernah mengakui (kuning) dan tidak mengakui (merah) Siprus Utara.]]
[[File:Consulate-General of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in Istanbul.jpg|thumb|left|Konsulat Jenderal Siprus Utara di Turki]]
Tidak ada negara selain Turki yang secara resmi mengakui Siprus Utara sebagai [[negara berdaulat]].<ref name="Kurtulus2005"/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |title=Cyprus country profile |publisher=BBC News |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Commerce2003">{{cite book|author=International Chamber of Commerce|title=Europe Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwi0s3I5jLEC&pg=PA79|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-4067-1|page=79|quote=The Turkish Cypriot-dominated north is the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' which elects its own government and is recognised only by Turkey.|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905235258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwi0s3I5jLEC&pg=PA79|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=CIA>{{cite book|title=The CIA World Factbook 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA182|year=2009|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-60239-727-9|page=182|quote=the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"), which is recognized only by Turkey|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906002225/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA182|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menganggapnya sebagai wilayah Republik Siprus yang berada di bawah pendudukan Turki.<ref name="UN Security Council Resolution 550">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr550.htm |title=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Nations — |publisher=Un.int |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506115414/http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr550.htm |archive-date=6 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Leckie2007">{{cite book|author=Scott Leckie|title=Housing and Property Restitution Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Laws, Cases, and Materials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyfqzaFBMLoC&pg=PA448|date=28 May 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46409-3|page=448|quote=The complaints raised in this application arise out of the Turkish military operations in northern Cyprus in July and August ... This development was condemned by the international community. ... of the establishment of the "TRNC" legally invalid and calling upon all States not to recognise any Cypriot State other than the ...|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000604/https://books.google.com/books?id=HyfqzaFBMLoC&pg=PA448|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Quigley">{{cite book|author=Quigley|title=The Statehood of Palestine|date=6 September 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49124-2|page=164|quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] dan [[Bangladesh]] pada awalnya mendeklarasikan pengakuan mereka atas Siprus Utara sebagai negara berdaulat tidak lama setelah deklarasi kemerdekaannya,<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/07/07/is-now-the-time-for-a-cyprus-deal/ Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724205651/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2014/07/07/is-now-the-time-for-a-cyprus-deal/ |date=24 July 2014 }} Michael Rubin (7 July 2014):"Is Now the Time for a Cyprus Deal?"</ref> namun mereka menarik pengakuan mereka karena tekanan [[Amerika Serikat]] setelah PBB menganggap deklarasi tersebut ilegal.<ref>[http://www.innercitypress.com/undip1trnc102810.html Inter City Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035056/http://www.innercitypress.com/undip1trnc102810.html |date=24 September 2015 }} Matthew Russell Lee: "At UN, Turkish Cypriot Community Has Rare Diplomatic Status, Non State Envy [sic]"</ref> Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menganggap deklarasi kemerdekaan oleh Siprus Utara tidak sah secara hukum, sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam beberapa resolusinya.<ref name="UN Security Council Resolution 550"/><ref name=UNSCR541>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr541.htm |title=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Nations — |publisher=Un.int |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828074921/http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr541.htm |archive-date=28 August 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Baris 118 ⟶ 125:
Pada tahun 2004, [[Majelis Parlemen Dewan Eropa]] memberikan status pengamat kepada perwakilan komunitas Siprus Turki.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta04/ERES1376.htm |title=Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly |publisher=Assembly.coe.int |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307155611/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta04%2FERES1376.htm |archive-date=7 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sejak itu, perwakilan Siprus Utara berpartisipasi aktif dalam semua kegiatan PACE tanpa hak suara. Uni Eropa menganggap wilayah tersebut tidak berada di bawah kendali efektif Republik Siprus, sehingga menganggapnya sebagai wilayah UE yang berada di bawah pendudukan militer Turki dan dengan demikian dikecualikan tanpa batas waktu dari undang-undang UE hingga penyelesaian ditemukan. Status Siprus Utara telah menjadi isu yang berulang terutama selama pembicaraan pada tahun 2010-an untuk [[Rencana bergabungnya Turki dengan Uni Eropa|keanggotaan Turki di UE]] di mana pembagian pulau tersebut dipandang sebagai batu sandungan utama dalam perjalanan Turki menuju keanggotaan dan hubungan umum UE-Turki.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Gow |author2=Helena Smith |title=EU puts Turkey on a long road to accession |url=https://www.theguardian.com/turkey/story/0,12700,1321511,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=7 October 2004 |access-date=30 January 2007 |location=London |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213063628/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/07/turkey.eu |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EU Sets Deadline for Turkey to Open Up Its Ports |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2243855,00.html |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 November 2006 |access-date=30 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231182246/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2243855,00.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Secretary Kerry Sits With Turkish Cypriot Leader Akinci Before a Meeting in Northern Nicosia.jpg|thumb|Menlu AS [[John Kerry]] bertemu dengan Presiden Siprus Utara [[Mustafa Akıncı]] pada 2015.]]
[[Republik Otonom Nakhchivan|Republik Otonomi Nakhchivan]] [[Azerbaijan]] telah mengeluarkan resolusi yang mengakui kemerdekaan Siprus Utara. Namun akibat permasalahan [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], Azerbaijan sendiri belum mengakui Siprus Utara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regnum.ru/english/708006.html |title=REGNUM news agency press release |publisher=Regnum.ru |access-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213022330/http://www.regnum.ru/english/708006.html |archive-date=13 December 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Warga Siprus Turki telah mengajukan permohonan paspor yang dikeluarkan oleh Siprus selama beberapa dekade. Ketika titik masuk dengan Republik Siprus ditutup, permohonan diajukan melalui perantara atau melalui konsulat dan kedutaan Siprus di negara lain. Peningkatan tahunan dalam jumlah permohonan paspor sebesar 10–15% terjadi pada tahun-tahun sebelum tahun 2001, ketika angka tersebut meningkat pesat dan 817 permohonan diterbitkan dalam delapan bulan pertama tahun 2001 dibandingkan dengan 448 permohonan sepanjang tahun 2000. Setelah pembukaan perbatasan dengan Republik Siprus, warga Siprus Turki mulai mengajukan permohonan paspor Siprus dengan mengunjungi Republik Siprus dan menunjukkan bukti keturunan Siprus mereka.<ref name="Navaro-Yashin2012No2">{{cite book |last=Navaro-Yashin |first=Yael |title=The Make-Believe Space: Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7TcS_wW11wC&pg=PA118 |url-status=live |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC / London |pages=118–122 |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204604/https://books.google.com/books?id=x7TcS_wW11wC&pg=PA118 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |isbn=978-0-8223-5204-4 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ada tujuh penyeberangan perbatasan antara Siprus Utara dan Republik Siprus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-travel-secrets.com/cyprus-border-crossings.html |title=Cyprus Border Crossings |publisher=Cyprus Travel Secrets |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304230512/http://www.cyprus-travel-secrets.com/cyprus-border-crossings.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Baris 124 ⟶ 133:
=== Militer ===
[[File:Northern Cyprus Republic Day parade 2007 2.JPG|thumb|Komando Pasukan Keamanan saat parade kemerdekaan]]
[[Komando Pasukan Keamanan]] adalah pasukan militer dan keamanan Siprus Utara yang tidak diakui.<ref name=securityforce>{{cite web|title=Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı|url=http://www.guvkk.net|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> Ini adalah militer berkekuatan 15.000 orang yang sebagian besar terdiri dari laki-laki Siprus Turki yang wajib militer berusia antara 18 dan 40 tahun. Ini terdiri dari angkatan darat, udara dan laut, ditambah elemen polisi dan pemadam kebakaran. Ada juga pasukan cadangan tambahan yang terdiri dari sekitar 10.000 tentara lini pertama dan 16.000 tentara lini kedua yang wajib militer hingga usia 50 tahun. Komando Pasukan Keamanan mempunyai persenjataan ringan dan sangat bergantung pada sekutunya di daratan Turki, yang merupakan sumber pasukan utama mereka.<ref name="SolstenDivision1993">{{cite book|author1=Eric Solsten|author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division|title=Cyprus, a country study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=978-0-8444-0752-4|page=232|quote=Although legally separate from the Turkish Army on the island, the Turkish Cypriot Security Force was believed to remain under the de facto operational control of the Turkish forces. It also depended on Turkey for training and equipment. Most of its officers were regular Turkish Army officers on secondment.|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hal ini dipimpin oleh seorang Brigadir Jenderal yang berasal dari [[Angkatan Darat Turki]]. Ia bertindak pada dasarnya sebagai gendarmerie yang bertugas melindungi perbatasan Siprus Utara dari serangan Siprus Yunani dan menjaga keamanan internal di Siprus Utara.<ref name="janes">"Cyprus." ''Jane's Sentinel: Eastern Mediterranean'', issue 22, 2007.</ref>
Baris 131 ⟶ 142:
=== Pembagian administratif ===
[[File:Northern Cyprus adm div named.svg|thumb|left|Peta distrik di Siprus Utara]]
Siprus Utara dibagi menjadi enam distrik: [[Distrik Lefkoşa|Lefkoşa]], [[Distrik Gazimağusa|Gazimağusa]], [[Distrik Kyrenia|Girne]], [[Distrik Güzelyurt|Güzelyurt]], [[Distrik İskele|İskele]] dan [[Distrik Lefke|Lefke]]. Distrik Lefke didirikan melalui pemisahan dari Distrik Güzelyurt pada tahun 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lefke 6. ilçe oldu! |url=http://www.kibrispostasi.com/lefke-6-ilce-oldu!-27122016 |publisher=Kıbrıs Postası |access-date=27 December 2016 |date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228135624/http://www.kibrispostasi.com/lefke-6-ilce-oldu!-27122016 |archive-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Selain itu, terdapat dua belas sub-distrik lagi yang dibagi antara lima distrik besar dan dua puluh delapan kotamadya.
== Ekonomi ==
[[File:Kyrenia 01-2017 img04 view from castle bastion.jpg|thumb|Pusat ekonomi kedua Siprus Utara, [[Kyrenia]].]]
Perekonomian Siprus Utara didominasi oleh sektor jasa (69% [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] pada tahun 2007) yang meliputi [[sektor publik]], perdagangan, pariwisata dan pendidikan. Pendapatan yang diperoleh sektor pendidikan pada tahun 2011 adalah $400 juta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/yazar.do?yazino=1175178&title=isadamlari-kuzey-kibrisa-cikarma-yapti |title=Zaman Yazarları |publisher=Zaman.com.tr |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107113550/http://www.zaman.com.tr/yazar.do?yazino=1175178&title=isadamlari-kuzey-kibrisa-cikarma-yapti |archive-date=7 November 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Industri (manufaktur ringan) menyumbang 22% PDB dan pertanian 9%.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=United States |access-date=14 February 2014 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Perekonomian Siprus Utara didasarkan pada pendekatan [[pasar bebas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Northern Cyprus|url=http://www.investinnorthcyprus.org/economyinnortherncyprus.html|publisher=TRNC Investment Development Agency|access-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321000826/http://www.investinnorthcyprus.org/economyinnortherncyprus.html|archive-date=21 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> dan menjadi negara teratas di Eropa dalam niat kewirausahaan untuk memulai bisnis baru pada tahun 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/177644/entrepreneurial-plans-highest-sub-saharan-africa.aspx|title=Gallup World (01 October 2014)|author=Gallup, Inc.|date=October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091947/http://www.gallup.com/poll/177644/entrepreneurial-plans-highest-sub-saharan-africa.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Pembangunan ekonomi terkena dampak buruk dari [[Sengketa Siprus|permasalahan Siprus]] yang terus berlanjut. Siprus Utara berada di bawah [[Embargo terhadap Siprus Utara|embargo internasional]] karena Republik Siprus, sebagai otoritas yang diakui secara internasional, telah menyatakan bandara dan pelabuhan di wilayah yang tidak berada di bawah kendali efektifnya ditutup. Semua negara anggota PBB selain Turki menghormati penutupan pelabuhan dan bandara tersebut.<ref>{{cite book|first=Frank |last=Hoffmeister|title=Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem: Annan Plan And EU Accession|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&pg=PA218|year=2006|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=90-04-15223-7|page=218}}</ref> Akibatnya, Siprus Utara sangat bergantung pada dukungan ekonomi Turki,<ref name=indepuni>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/universities-little-accord-on-the-island-399360.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Universities: Little accord on the island | date=8 November 2007 | access-date=20 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124001515/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/universities-little-accord-on-the-island-399360.html | archive-date=24 January 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> dan masih bergantung pada transfer moneter dari pemerintah Turki.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Ekspor dan impor harus dilakukan melalui Turki;<ref>{{cite web|title=Doing business in Cyprus: Cyprus trade and export guide|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-to-cyprus/exporting-to-cyprus|publisher=UK Trade and Investment|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204604/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-to-cyprus/exporting-to-cyprus|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> sementara Uni Eropa menjanjikan pembukaan pelabuhan setelah rencana Annan; namun hal ini diblokir oleh Republik Siprus; dan mengekspor melalui selatan, meskipun secara teknis memungkinkan, namun tetap tidak praktis.<ref name=bryant>{{cite web|last1=Bryant|first1=Rebecca|title=The victory of Mustafa Akıncı in northern Cyprus gives hope to Turkish Cypriots of a better future|date=5 May 2015 |url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/greeceatlse/2015/05/05/the-victory-of-mustafa-akinci-in-northern-cyprus-gives-hope-to-turkish-cypriots-of-a-better-future/|publisher=Greece at LSE|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717012544/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/greeceatlse/2015/05/05/the-victory-of-mustafa-akinci-in-northern-cyprus-gives-hope-to-turkish-cypriots-of-a-better-future/|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Quarry in Northern Cyprus.JPG|thumb|left|Sebuah tambang di Siprus Utara]]
Walaupun ada kendala karena kurangnya pengakuan internasional, tingkat pertumbuhan PDB nominal perekonomian pada tahun 2001–2005 masing-masing adalah 5,4%, 6,9%, 11,4%, 15,4% dan 10,6%.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.tepav.org.tr/tur/admin/dosyabul/upload/oxfordbgdoc.pdf|title=Cyprus after Accession: Thinking Outside the Box – Background Documents, University of Oxford, European Studies Centre, Workshop on Cyprus 10–11 March 2006|publisher=Tepav.org.tr|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512154605/http://www.tepav.org.tr/tur/admin/dosyabul/upload/oxfordbgdoc.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Unistar>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-properties.com/cyprus/general.htm |title=North Cyprus – TRNC information |publisher=Cyprus-properties.com |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318012308/http://cyprus-properties.com/cyprus/general.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tingkat pertumbuhan PDB riil pada tahun 2007 diperkirakan sebesar 2%.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Pertumbuhan tersebut berlanjut hingga tahun 2010-an, dengan tingkat pertumbuhan riil masing-masing sebesar 3,7%, 3,9%, 1,8% dan 1,1% pada tahun 2010–2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tablo −3 Reel Growth Rate|url=http://www.devplan.org/GSMH/En/GNP-03.pdf|publisher=TRNC State Planning Organization|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407222639/http://www.devplan.org/GSMH/En/GNP-03.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tingkat pengangguran menurun sepanjang tahun 2010-an dan mencapai 8,3% pada tahun 2014.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160108225108/http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf TRNC SPO] Economic and Social Indicators 2014, p.3</ref>
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== Demografi ==
[[File:Turkish Cypriot folk dancers.jpg|thumb|Anak-anak [[Turki Siprus]]]]
Menurut sensus 2011, penduduk Siprus Utara berjumlah 294.906 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf |title=Basin Bildirisi |publisher=Devplan.org |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927104440/http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hasil ini dibantah oleh beberapa partai politik, serikat buruh dan surat kabar lokal. Pemerintah dituduh sengaja menghitung jumlah penduduk di bawah angka tersebut, setelah memberikan perkiraan jumlah penduduk sebelum sensus, untuk meminta bantuan keuangan dari Turki.<ref name=censusDoubts>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Census+in+north+marred+by+delays+and+doubts.-a0274211364 |newspaper=CyprusMail |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=6 April 2013 |title=Census in north marred by delays and doubts |quote=Top selling daily Kibris described the headcount as "controversial", while out-spoken left-wing daily Afrika dubbed it a "fiasco" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220149/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Census+in+north+marred+by+delays+and+doubts.-a0274211364 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=censusOverestimates>{{cite news |url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/2/news/129918/PageName/Ic_Haberler |newspaper=Kibris |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011 |title=TC'den para isterken 700 bin diyorlardı |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109192117/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/2/news/129918/PageName/Ic_Haberler |archive-date=9 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite news |url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/2/news/129803/PageName/Ic_Haberler |newspaper=Kibris |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011 |title=Nifus sayımı gerçekçi değil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108033749/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/2/news/129803/PageName/Ic_Haberler |archive-date=8 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sebuah sumber menyatakan bahwa populasi di wilayah utara telah mencapai 500.000 jiwa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Cole |year=2011 |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-302-6 |page=95}}</ref> yang terbagi antara 50% warga Siprus Turki dan 50% pemukim Turki atau anak-anak kelahiran Siprus dari pemukim tersebut.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Cole |year=2011 |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-302-6 |page=97}}</ref>
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=== Agama ===
[[File:Haydarpasha Mosque, Nicosia, Cyprus 05.jpg|thumb|Masjid Haydarpasha di Nikosia]]
Mayoritas warga Siprus Turki (99%) adalah [[Islam di Siprus|Muslim Sunni]].<ref name="BoyleSheen2013">{{cite book|author1=Kevin Boyle|author2=Juliet Sheen|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA290|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72229-7|page=290|access-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225020010/https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA290|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Siprus Utara adalah [[negara sekuler]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Darke|2009|loc=10}}.</ref> [[Alkohol]] sering dikonsumsi di masyarakat dan sebagian besar perempuan Siprus Turki tidak menutup kepala; namun [[hijab]] kadang-kadang masih dikenakan oleh tokoh masyarakat sebagai simbol budaya Turki, atau sekadar sebagai bentuk pakaian konservatif.<ref name="BoyleSheen2013"/> Namun, beberapa tradisi keagamaan masih berperan dalam masyarakat. Laki-laki Siprus Turki umumnya [[Sunat keagamaan|disunat]] sesuai dengan keyakinan agama.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nevzat|Hatay|2009|loc=911}}.</ref>
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=== Sastra ===
[[File:Kaytazzade Mehmet Nazım.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Kaytazzade Mehmet Nazım]], seorang sastrawan Siprus Utara awal.]]
[[Puisi]] adalah bentuk sastra yang paling banyak diterbitkan di Siprus Utara. Puisi Siprus Turki didasarkan pada pengaruh [[sastra Turki]] dan budaya pulau Siprus, serta beberapa refleksi sejarah kolonial Inggris.<ref name=siir>Turan, Metin. [http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20EDEBIYATI/metin_turan_cagdas_kibris_turk_siiri_egilimler.pdf "Çağdaş Kıbrıs Türk Şiirinde Eğilimler/ Yönelimler"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508113504/http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20EDEBIYATI/metin_turan_cagdas_kibris_turk_siiri_egilimler.pdf |date=8 May 2013}}. Çukurova University. Retrieved on 27 May 2012.</ref>
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=== Olahraga ===
[[File:Nicosia rally northern part.jpg|thumb|Balap mobil di Siprus Utara]]
Olahraga paling populer di Siprus Utara adalah [[Tim nasional sepak bola Siprus Utara|sepak bola]]. Ada lima stadion di Siprus Utara, dengan masing-masing stadion berkapasitas 7.000 hingga 30.000 penonton. Ada lebih dari 29 federasi olahraga di Siprus Utara dengan total keanggotaan terdaftar 13.950 anggota. 6.054 terdaftar sebagai praktisi [[taekwondo]]-[[karate]]-[[aikido]]-[[kurash]], [[Penembakan|menembak]] 1.150 dan [[Perburuan|berburu]] 1.017 anggota.<ref>TRNC State Planning Organization. ''2008 Yılı Makroekonomik ve Sektörel Gelişmeler'', p.176-179.</ref> Beberapa klub olahraga berpartisipasi dalam liga di Turki. Ini termasuk Fast Break Sport Club di Liga Regional Bola Basket Putra Turki; Klub Olahraga Beşparmak di Liga Utama Bola Tangan Turki; dan Liga Super Tenis Meja Universitas Eropa Lefke Turki. Olahraga air seperti [[selancar angin]], [[Kendaraan air pribadi|jetski]], [[ski air]], dan [[berlayar]] juga tersedia di pantai-pantai di seluruh garis pantai Siprus Utara. Berlayar terutama ditemukan di Escape Beach Club, dekat Kyrenia. Siprus Utara adalah anggota [[Asosiasi Biliar Pul Dunia]].<ref name="WPA Pool 2021 h892">{{cite web | title=EPBF | website=WPA Pool | date=2021-03-08 | url=https://wpapool.com/about-us/continental-members/epbf/ | access-date=2023-08-27}}</ref>
Baris 176 ⟶ 201:
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan tambahan ==
* {{cite book |last=Langdale |first=Allan |title=In a Contested Realm: an Illustrated Guide to the Archaeology and Historical Architecture of Northern Cyprus |publisher=Grimsay Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1845301286}}
* {{cite book |title=North Cyprus – a Pocket-Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Rustem Bookshop, Nicosia |isbn=9944-968-03-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Rebecca |last2=Hatay |first2=Mete |title=Sovereignty Suspended: Political Life in a So-Called State |date=2020 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5221-7}}
== Lihat pula ==
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