Tag: Suntingan perangkat selulerSuntingan peramban selulerSuntingan seluler lanjutan
(1 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 16:
==Letusan Stromboli Dahsyat==
Letusan StrombolianStromboli yang paling energetikbesar terkadang disebut "StrombolianStromboli HebatDahsyat" oleh ahli vulkanologi.<ref name=":0" /> Letusan seperti ini berhubungan dengan kandungan gas magma yang lebih tinggi, menyebabkan aliran churngejolak yang bergejolak di saluran, menghasilkan ledakan yang lebih kuat dan lebih sering.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ulivieri |first1=Giacomo |last2=Ripepe |first2=Maurizio |last3=Marchetti |first3=Emanuele |date=2013-06-28 |title=Infrasound reveals transition to oscillatory discharge regime during lava fountaining: Implication for early warning |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50592 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=3008–3013 |doi=10.1002/grl.50592 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3008U |s2cid=128657596 |issn=0094-8276}}</ref>
[[File:Paroxysm at Etna, 16-17 November 2013.webm|thumb|Serangan hebat [[Gunung Etna]] pada tahun 2013]]
Letusan Strombolian yang dahsyat bersifat lebih eksplosif dibandingkan letusan biasa (hingga VEI 3),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Macedonio |first1=G. |last2=Costa |first2=A. |last3=Folch |first3=A. |date=2008-12-20 |title=Ash fallout scenarios at Vesuvius: Numerical simulations and implications for hazard assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027308004599 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |series=Evaluating Explosive Eruption Risk at European Volcanoes |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=366–377 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.014 |bibcode=2008JVGR..178..366M |issn=0377-0273}}</ref> dan dapat menghasilkan air mancur lava yang berkelanjutan,<ref name=":2" /> aliran lava jarak jauh,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carracedo |first1=Juan C. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Day |first3=James M. D. |last4=Geiger |first4=Harri |last5=Aulinas |first5=Meritxell |last6=Soler |first6=Vicente |last7=Deegan |first7=Frances M. |last8=Perez-Torrado |first8=Francisco J. |last9=Gisbert |first9=Guillem |last10=Gazel |first10=Esteban |last11=Rodriguez-Gonzalez |first11=Alejandro |last12=Albert |first12=Helena |date=2022 |title=The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12388 |journal=Geology Today |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=94–107 |doi=10.1111/gto.12388 |bibcode=2022GeolT..38...94C |s2cid=246950800 |issn=0266-6979}}</ref> kolom letusan setinggi beberapa kilometer,<ref name=":0" /> dan hujan abu lebat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Presa |first1=Leticia |last2=Rosado |first2=Santiago |last3=Peña |first3=Christian |last4=Martín |first4=Domingo Alfonso |last5=Costafreda |first5=Jorge Luis |last6=Astudillo |first6=Beatriz |last7=Parra |first7=José Luis |date=2023 |title=Volcanic Ash from the Island of La Palma, Spain: An Experimental Study to Establish Their Properties as Pozzolans |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=657 |doi=10.3390/pr11030657 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref> Letusan Strombolian yang dahsyat dapat bertransisi menjadi letusan Subplinius.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Cioni |first1=Raffaello |title=Chapter 29 - Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions |date=2015-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123859389000298 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition) |pages=519–535 |editor-last=Sigurdsson |editor-first=Haraldur |access-date=2024-01-08 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385938-9.00029-8 |isbn=978-0-12-385938-9 |last2=Pistolesi |first2=Marco |last3=Rosi |first3=Mauro|hdl=2158/1012087 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ▼
▲Letusan StrombolianStromboli yang dahsyat bersifat lebih eksplosif dibandingkan letusan biasa (hingga [[Indeks Daya Ledak Vulkanik|VEI]] 3),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Macedonio |first1=G. |last2=Costa |first2=A. |last3=Folch |first3=A. |date=2008-12-20 |title=Ash fallout scenarios at Vesuvius: Numerical simulations and implications for hazard assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027308004599 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |series=Evaluating Explosive Eruption Risk at European Volcanoes |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=366–377 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.08.014 |bibcode=2008JVGR..178..366M |issn=0377-0273}}</ref> dan dapat menghasilkan air mancurpancuran lava yang berkelanjutan,<ref name=":2" /> aliran lava jarak jauh,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carracedo |first1=Juan C. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Day |first3=James M. D. |last4=Geiger |first4=Harri |last5=Aulinas |first5=Meritxell |last6=Soler |first6=Vicente |last7=Deegan |first7=Frances M. |last8=Perez-Torrado |first8=Francisco J. |last9=Gisbert |first9=Guillem |last10=Gazel |first10=Esteban |last11=Rodriguez-Gonzalez |first11=Alejandro |last12=Albert |first12=Helena |date=2022 |title=The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12388 |journal=Geology Today |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=94–107 |doi=10.1111/gto.12388 |bibcode=2022GeolT..38...94C |s2cid=246950800 |issn=0266-6979}}</ref> kolom letusan setinggi beberapa kilometer,<ref name=":0" /> dan hujan abu lebat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Presa |first1=Leticia |last2=Rosado |first2=Santiago |last3=Peña |first3=Christian |last4=Martín |first4=Domingo Alfonso |last5=Costafreda |first5=Jorge Luis |last6=Astudillo |first6=Beatriz |last7=Parra |first7=José Luis |date=2023 |title=Volcanic Ash from the Island of La Palma, Spain: An Experimental Study to Establish Their Properties as Pozzolans |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=657 |doi=10.3390/pr11030657 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref> Letusan StrombolianStromboli yang dahsyat dapat bertransisi menjadi letusan Subplinius.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Cioni |first1=Raffaello |title=Chapter 29 - Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions |date=2015-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123859389000298 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition) |pages=519–535 |editor-last=Sigurdsson |editor-first=Haraldur |access-date=2024-01-08 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385938-9.00029-8 |isbn=978-0-12-385938-9 |last2=Pistolesi |first2=Marco |last3=Rosi |first3=Mauro|hdl=2158/1012087 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Contoh aktivitas Strombolian dahsyat termasuk serangan mendadak Gunung Etna,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pioli |first1=Laura |last2=Palmas |first2=Marco |last3=Behncke |first3=Boris |last4=De Beni |first4=Emanuela |last5=Cantarero |first5=Massimo |last6=Scollo |first6=Simona |date=2022 |title=Quantifying Strombolian Activity at Etna Volcano |journal=Geosciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=163 |doi=10.3390/geosciences12040163 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Geosc..12..163P |issn=2076-3263|hdl=11584/332349 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> letusan Parícutin tahun 1943-1952,<ref name=":0" /> letusan Cumbre Vieja tahun 2021,<ref name=":1" /> dan berbagai letusan Gunung Vesuvius antara tahun 1631 dan 1944.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scandone |first1=Roberto |last2=Giacomelli |first2=Lisetta |last3=Speranza |first3=Francesca Fattori |date=2008-03-10 |title=Persistent activity and violent strombolian eruptions at Vesuvius between 1631 and 1944 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027307003320 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=170 |issue=3 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.014 |bibcode=2008JVGR..170..167S |issn=0377-0273}}</ref>▼
▲Contoh aktivitas StrombolianStromboli dahsyat termasuk serangan mendadak Gunung Etna,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pioli |first1=Laura |last2=Palmas |first2=Marco |last3=Behncke |first3=Boris |last4=De Beni |first4=Emanuela |last5=Cantarero |first5=Massimo |last6=Scollo |first6=Simona |date=2022 |title=Quantifying Strombolian Activity at Etna Volcano |journal=Geosciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=163 |doi=10.3390/geosciences12040163 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Geosc..12..163P |issn=2076-3263|hdl=11584/332349 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> letusan Parícutin tahun 1943-1952,<ref name=":0" /> letusan [[Cumbre Vieja]] tahun 2021,<ref name=":1" /> dan berbagai letusan Gunung Vesuvius antara tahun 1631 dan 1944.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scandone |first1=Roberto |last2=Giacomelli |first2=Lisetta |last3=Speranza |first3=Francesca Fattori |date=2008-03-10 |title=Persistent activity and violent strombolian eruptions at Vesuvius between 1631 and 1944 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027307003320 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=170 |issue=3 |pages=167–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.014 |bibcode=2008JVGR..170..167S |issn=0377-0273}}</ref>