Palaeognathae: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Automatic taxobox
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'''''Palaeognathae''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|l|i|ˈ|ɒ|g|n|ə|θ|i}}; {{etymology|grc|''παλαιός'' (palaiós)|tua||''γνάθος'' (gnáthos)|rahang}}) adalah [[Kelas (biologi)|infrakelas]] [[burung]], disebut '''paleognaths''' atau '''palaeognaths''', dalam kelas ''[[Burung|Aves]]'' dari clade ''[[Archosauria]]''. Ini adalah salah satu dari dua infrakelas burung yang masih ada, yang lainnya adalah ''[[Neognathae]]'', keduanya membentuk ''[[Neornithes]]''. Palaeognathae berisi lima cabang garis keturunan tak bisa terbang yang masih ada (ditambah dua klade[[klad]]e punah), yang disebut ratites''[[ratite]]'', dan satu garis keturunan terbang, tinamous [[Wilayah neotropis|Neotropik]].<ref name=Wetmore1960>{{cite journal |last=Wetmore |first=A. |date=1960 |title=A Classification for Birds of the World |journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |volume=139 |pages=1–37}}</ref><ref name="Baker2014">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu153 |title=Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |year=2014 |last1=Baker |first1=A. J. |last2=Haddrath |first2=O. |last3=McPherson |first3=J. D. |last4=Cloutier |first4=A. |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1686–1696 |pmid=24825849 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ada 47 spesies [[Tinamu|tinamous]], lima spesies [[kiwi]] (''Apteryx''), tiga spesies [[kasuari]] (''Casuarius''), satu spesies [[emu]] (''Dromaius'') (satu lagi punah dalam zaman bersejarah), dua spesies [[rhea]] (''Rhea'') dan dua spesies [[burung unta]] (''Struthio'').<ref name="Clements">Clements, J. C. ''et al''. (2010)</ref> Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa ''paleognath'' bersifat [[Monofili|monofiletik]] tetapi pembagian [[Taksonomi (biologi)|taksonomi]] tradisional antara bentuk yang tidak bisa terbang dan yang bisa terbang tidak benar; tinamous berada dalam radiasi ratite, yang berarti ketidakmampuan terbang muncul secara independen beberapa kali melalui [[evolusi paralel]].<ref name = "Mitchell2014">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1251981 |pmid=24855267 |title=Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution| journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=344 |issue=6186 |pages=898–900 |date=2014-05-23 |last1=Mitchell |first1=K. J. |last2=Llamas |first2=B. |last3=Soubrier |first3=J. |last4=Rawlence |first4=N. J. |last5=Worthy |first5=T. H. |last6=Wood |first6=J. |last7=Lee |first7=M. S. Y. |last8=Cooper |first8=A. |bibcode=2014Sci...344..898M |hdl=2328/35953 |s2cid=206555952 |url=https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35953/1/Mitchell_AncientDNA_AM2014.pdf |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
 
Kata ''Paleognath'' berasal dari [[Bahasa Yunani Kuno|bahasa Yunani kuno]] yang berarti 'rahang tua' yang mengacu pada [[anatomi]] kerangka [[Lelangit|langit-langit mulut]], yang digambarkan lebih primitif dan reptil dibandingkan burung lain.<ref name="Houde1988">Houde, P. T. (1988)</ref> Burung ''paleognathous'' mempertahankan beberapa karakter morfologi [[Basal (filogenetika)|dasar]] tetapi sama sekali bukan [[fosil hidup]] karena [[genom]] mereka terus berevolusi pada tingkat [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] di bawah tekanan selektif dengan kecepatan yang sebanding dengan burung hidup cabang ''Neognathae'', meskipun ada beberapa kontroversi mengenai hubungan yang tepat antara mereka dan burung-burung lainnya. Ada juga beberapa kontroversi ilmiah lainnya tentang evolusinya.<ref name=Leonardetal2005>Leonard, L. ''et al''. (2005)</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Bibliografi ==
*Clements, J.F. Schulenberg, T.S. Iliff, M.J. Sullivan, B.L. & Wood, C.L. (2010) The Clements checklist of the birds of the world: Version 6.5.
*Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. (2005) Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. New York, New York: DK publishing, inc.. pp.&nbsp;260–265. {{ISBN|0-7894-7764-5}}.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = G.M. | last2 = Tambussi | first2 = J.A. | last3 = Noriega | first3 = C.P. | last4 = Erickson | first4 = J.I. | last5 = Ketchum | first5 = R.A. | year = 2005 | title = Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7023| pages = 305–308 | doi=10.1038/nature03150 | pmid=15662422| bibcode = 2005Natur.433..305C | hdl = 11336/80763 | s2cid = 4354309 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/15294/files/PAL_E2593.pdf }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Leonard | first1 = L. | last2 = Dyke | first2 = G.J. | last3 = Van Tuinen | first3 = M. | year = 2005 | title = A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark | url =http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/5660/1/N3491.pdf | journal = American Museum Novitates | issue = 491 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2 | hdl = 2246/5660 | s2cid = 55323962 }}
*Davies, S.J.J.F. (2002) Ratites and Tinamous New York, NY: Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-854996-3}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Cracraft | first1 = J | year = 2001 | title = Avian evolution, Gondwana biogeography and the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume = 268 | issue = 1466| pages = 459–469 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2000.1368| pmid = 11296857 | pmc = 1088628}}
*Wyse, E. (2001) Dinosaur Encyclopedia: From Dinosaurs to the Dawn of Man. New York, New York: DK publishing, inc.. pp.&nbsp;138–145. {{ISBN|0-7894-7935-4}}.
*Wexo, J, (2000) Zoobooks: Ostriches and other Ratites. Poway, California: Wildlife Education. {{ISBN|1-888153-57-1}}.
*Drenowatz, C. (1996). The Ratite Encyclopedia. Charley Elrod.
*Feduccia, A. (1996) The Origin and Evolution of Birds New Haven, CT: Yale University Press p.&nbsp;420 {{ISBN|978-0-300-07861-9}}
*Sibley, C. (1993) A World Checklist of Birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-05547-1}}.
*Elwood, A. (1991) Ostriches, Emus, Rheas, Kiwis, & Cassowaries. Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education. {{ISBN|0-88682-338-2}}.
*Benton, M.J. (1990) Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.) Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing {{ISBN|978-0-632-05637-8}}
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): The fossil record of birds. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 79-238. Academic Press, New York. Not in copyright; [http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6553/1/VZ_167_Fossil_Record_of_Birds.pdf PDF fulltext]
*Olson, S.L. (1989) Aspects of the global avifaunal dynamics during the Cenozoic. Proceedings of the 19th International Ornithological Congress (University of Ottawa Press): 2023–2029.
*Houde, P.W. (1988) Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Houde | first1 = P.W. | year = 1986 | title = Ostrich ancestors found in the Northern Hemisphere suggest new hypothesis of ratite origins | journal = Nature | volume = 324 | issue = 6097| pages = 563–565 | doi=10.1038/324563a0| pmid = 29517755 | bibcode = 1986Natur.324..563H | s2cid = 3791030 }}
*Perrins, C. (1979) Birds: Their Life, Their Ways, Their World. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.. pp.&nbsp;8–412. {{ISBN|0-89577-065-2}}.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Cracraft | first1 = J | year = 1974 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Ratite Birds | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb07648.x | journal = Ibis | volume = 116 | issue = 4| pages = 494–521 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = McDowell | first1 = S | year = 1948 | title = The bony palate of birds | journal = The Auk | volume = 65 | issue = 4| pages = 520–549 | doi=10.2307/4080603| jstor = 4080603 }}
*Eyton, T.C. ''et al.'' (1867) Osteological Avium; or A sketch of the osteology of birds Wellington: R. Hobson
 
[[Kategori:Paleognathae]]