Perwara: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Princess Tatiana Alexandrovna Yusupova, 1858.jpg|thumb|[[Putri Tatyana Aleksandrovna Yusupova]], salah seorang perwara di istana Kekaisaran Rusia]]

 

 

 

Istilah ''perwara'' kerap dijadikan sebutan generik tanpa membedakan pangkat, gelar, maupun fungsi resminya, sering pula hanya sekadar sebutan kehormatan. Seorang sentana putri mungkin saja leluasa dan mungkin pula tidak leluasa memilih perwara, dan sekalipun leluasa, perempuan-perempuan yang layak dijadikan perwara biasanya tidak lepas dari pengaruh raja, orang tuanya, suaminya, atau menteri-menteri (seperti pada peristiwa [[Krisis kamar tidur|Kemelut Bilik Peraduan]]).

 

== Sejarah ==

 

Dapat dipastikan bahwa pada akhir abad ke-12, para Permaisuri Prancis sudah memiliki badan pengurus rumah tangga sendiri, dan para bangsawati disebutkan sebagai para perwara.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} Meskipun demikian, badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri pada Abad Pertengahan biasanya beranggotakan segelintir orang saja, dan jumlah perwara yang sesungguhnya, bukan istri-istri bangsawan yang kebetulan sedang menemani suami bertugas di istana, sangat sedikit. Pada tahun 1286, Permaisuri Prancis hanya dilayani lima orang perwara, dan baru pada tahun 1316 badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri dipisahkan dari badan pengurus rumah tangga anak-anak raja.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}}

 

 

 

 

== Tugas ==

 

== Perwara menurut istana ==

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After the end of the German [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, and the establishment of several minor Kingdoms in Germany, the post of {{lang|de|Staatsdame}} (married ladies-in-waiting) were introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the imperial German court, the ladies-in-waiting were composed of one {{lang|de|Oberhofmeisterin}} in charge of several {{lang|de|Hofstaatsdamen}} or {{lang|de|Palastdamen}}.{{sfn|Zedlitz-Trützschler|1924|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

 

During the [[Byzantine Empire]], the Byzantine Empress was attended by a female court (the {{transl|el|Sekreton Tōn Gynaikōn}}), which consisted mostly of the wives of high-ranking male court officials, who simply used the feminine versions of their husbands' titles. The only specifically female dignity was that of the {{transl|el|[[Zoste patrikia]]}}, the chief lady-in-waiting and female attendant of the Empress, who was the head of the women's court and often a relative of the Empress; this title existed at least since the 9th century.

 

The [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]] was established in 1832 and its first queen, [[Amalia of Oldenburg]], organized the ladies-in-waiting of its first royal court with one '''Grande Maitresse''<nowiki/>', followed by the second rank {{lang|fr|'Dame d'honneur'}}, and the third rank {{lang|fr|'Dame de Palais'}}.{{sfn|''Almanach de Gotha''| 1859|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

 

Prior to the unification, the greatest of the Italian states was the Kingdom of Naples, later called [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. In 1842, the ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of the Two Sicilies were composed of one {{lang|it|Dama di Onore}} (Lady of Honor, ranked just below the {{lang|it|Cavaliere di Onore}}), three {{lang|it|Dama di Compagnia}} (Lady Companions, ranked below the {{lang|it|Cavalerizzo}}), and a large number of {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}} (Court Ladies).<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UqBjAAAAcAAJ&dq=dama+di+compagnia+dama+di+corte+napoli&pg=PA692 Almanacco reale del regno delle Due Sicilie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505032148/https://books.google.com/books?id=UqBjAAAAcAAJ&dq=dama+di+compagnia+dama+di+corte+napoli&pg=PA692 |date=5 May 2023 }}''</ref>

 

In 1861, the Italian Peninsula was united in to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of Italy were headed by the {{lang|it|Dama d'Onore}}, followed by the {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}}, and finally the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}}.<ref>Calendario reale per l'anno 1879 {{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}</ref> The {{lang|it|Dama d'Onore}} was nominally the chief lady-in-waiting, but in practice often limited her service to state occasions; the {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}} was the regular lady-in-waiting who personally attended to the queen, while the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}} were honorary courtiers attached to the royal palaces in particular cities, such as Florence, Turin, and so forth, and only served temporary when the queen visited the city in question: among these, only the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}} attached to the royal palace of the capital of Rome served more than temporary.<ref>la Repubblica.it, 2007, 11, 25, La dama di compagnia dell' ultima Regina {{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}</ref>

 

 

In Japan, the imperial court offices was normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy and the ladies-in-waiting or 'palace attendants' were commonly educated members of the nobility.<ref name="Lillehoj date? page?">{{harvnb|Lillehoj|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

Female palace attendants were divided into two classes, which in turn had several ranks, signifying their task.<ref name="Lebra date? page?">{{harvnb|Lebra|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} The first class consisted of the {{transl|ja|nyokan}}, or ladies-in-waiting who held court offices: {{transl|ja|naishi-kami}} ({{transl|ja|shoji}}) {{transl|ja|naishi-suke}} ({{transl|ja|tenji}}) and {{transl|ja|naishi-no-jo}} ({{transl|ja|shoji}}). The second class were the female palace attendants: {{transl|ja|myobu}}, {{transl|ja|osashi}}, {{transl|ja|osue}} and {{transl|ja|nyoju}}.<ref name="Lebra date? page?" /> The ladies-in-waiting worked as personal assistants, tending to the Emperor's wardrobe, assisting the emperor's baths, serving meals, performing and attending court rituals.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" /> Ladies-in-waiting could be appointed as concubines, consorts or even Empresses by the Emperor or the heir to the throne.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" /> The function of a lady-in-waiting as potential concubine was abolished in 1924.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" />

 

''[[Gungnyeo]]'' (literally 'palace women') is a term that refers to women who worked in the palace and waited upon the king and other members of the royal family. It is short for {{transl|ko|Gungjung Yeogwan}}, which translates to 'woman officer of the royal court'.

 

Ladies-in-waiting could become concubines if the king favored them. They would be elevated to the highest rank (senior 5th) and would be known as ''seungeun sanggung'' (or 'favored/special court lady'). If they gave birth to a son, they would become members of the royal family, after being promoted to ''[[Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty|sug-won]]'' (junior 4th) and until the 18th century, they could advance as high as becoming queen (the most notable example being [[Royal Noble Consort Huibin Jang|Jang Ok-jeong]], a concubine of [[Sukjong of Joseon]] and mother of [[Gyeongjong of Joseon]]).

 

The court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} The Burgundian court model came to be the role model for the Austrian imperial court during the 16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united through the Habsburg dynasty.<ref name="Duindam date? page?"/>

 

The {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} (Grandmistress) is the highest-ranking lady at the royal court. From 1984 until 2014, the position was held by [[Martine van Loon-Labouchere]], descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and the widow of {{lang|nl|[[Jonkheer]]}} [[Maurits van Loon]] of the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting between 2011 and 2014).

 

A number of tribes and cultural areas in the African continent, such as the [[Lobedu people]] of Southern Africa, had a similar custom of ladies-in-waiting in historic times.

 

As a further example, within certain [[List of Nigerian traditional states|pre-colonial states]] of the [[Bini people|Bini]] and [[Yoruba people]]s in Nigeria, the [[Queen mothers (Africa)|queen mother]]s and [[High priest|high priestesses]] were considered "[[Honorary male|ritually male]]" due to their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended to by women who belonged to their [[harem]]s in much the same way as their actually male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women effectively functioned as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they were nonetheless referred to as their principals' "wives".

 

During the [[Denmark–Norway|Danish–Norwegian union]], from 1380 until 1814, the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from 1814 to 1905, there were Norwegian courtiers who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of ''Hovfröken'' (Maid of Honour), ''Kammarfröken'' (Chief Maid of Honour) and ''Statsfru'' (Lady of the Bedchamber), all supervised by the ''[[Overhoffmesterinne]]'' (Mistress of the Robes): these posts were first appointed in 1817.{{sfn|Hauge|Egeberg|1960|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}} When the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal court was established.

 

 

In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the word ''lady-in-waiting'' or court lady has often been used to describe those women of the [[Imperial harem|Imperial Harem]] who functioned as servants, secretaries, and companions of the consorts (concubines), daughters, sisters and mothers of the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. These women originally came to the Harem as slaves, captured through the [[Crimean slave trade]], the [[Barbary slave trade]] and the [[White slave trade]].<ref name="books.google.se">Madeline Zilfi: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214634/https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 |date=14 April 2023 }}''</ref>

The highest ranked kalfa was the ''Saray Ustas'', who supervised all the kalfa of the entire court (harem).<ref>Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). ''The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem''. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5. s. 293–301</ref>

 

In early modern Poland, the queen's ladies-in-waiting were collectively referred to as the ''fraucimer''. The queen's household mirrored that of the king, but was smaller. The queen's male courtiers were supervised by the Ochmistrz, a nobleman, and the women of her court were supervised by the chief lady-in-waiting, the Ochmistrzyni (magister curiae). The Ochmistrzyni was defined as a state office and it was the only state office in Poland prior to the [[Partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]] which was held by a woman. She was always to be a noblewoman married to a nobleman of senatorial rank. The Ochmistrzyni supervised a large number of unmarried ladies-in-waiting, maids of honour. The queen's court was a larger version of the courts of the Polish magnate noblewomen, and it was the custom in the Polish nobility to send their teenage daughters to be educated as ladies-in-waiting in the household of another noblewoman or preferably the queen herself in order to receive an education and find someone to marry. <ref>Bożena Popiołek, Rola dworów magnackich w edukacji dziewcząt na przełomie XVII i XVIII wieku, www.wilanow-palac.pl [dostęp 2020-02-25].</ref>

 

 

The royal court of Portugal was influenced by the Spanish court model, after Portugal became independent of Spain and created its own royal court in 1640.

The fourth rank was the ''Dona camarista'' (there were five in 1896), and the lowest rank of ladies-in-waiting was the ''Dona honoraira'', of which there were 21 in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ephemerajpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Corte_Portuguesa_1896_a.pdf |title=Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301011812/https://ephemerajpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Corte_Portuguesa_1896_a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

{{Main articles|Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia}}

In the Court of [[Muscovite Russia]], the offices of ladies-in-waiting to the [[tsarina]] were normally divided among the ''boyarinas'' (widows or wives of [[boyar]]s), often from the family and relatives of the tsarina.<ref>И. Е. Забелин. Глава VI. Царицын дворовый чин // Домашний быт русских цариц в XVI и XVII столетиях. – М.: Типография Грачева и Комп., 1869.{{Request quotation|date=April 2017|reason=Most English readers can not understand the script used in this citation so provide a translation either on the talk page or in a footnote (see [[WP:NONENG]])}}</ref> The first rank among the offices of the ladies-in-waiting was the tsarina's [[treasurer]]. The second was the group of companions. The third were the royal nurses to the princes and princesses (where the nurses of the male children outranked); among the nurses, the most significant post was that of the ''mamok'', the head royal governess, who was normally selected from elder widows, often relatives to the tsar or tsarina.<ref name="Most English readers">Верховая боярыня // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). – СПб., 1890–1907.{{Request quotation|date=April 2017|reason=Most English readers can not understand the script used in this citation so provide a translation either on the talk page or in a footnote (see [[WP:NONENG]])}}</ref> All offices were appointed by royal decree. The group of ladies-in-waiting were collectively above the rank of the ''svetlichnaya'' (the tsarina's sewing women), the ''postelnitsy'' (the tsarina's chamber women and washing women) and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff.<ref name="Most English readers"/>

In 1722, this system was abolished and the Russian imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of [[Peter the Great]] to [[Westernization|westernize]] Russia, and the old court offices of the tsarina were replaced with court offices inspired by the German model.<ref>{{Cite web |title=НЭБ – Национальная электронная библиотека |url=https://rusneb.ru/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=rusneb.ru – Национальная электронная библиотека |language=ru}}</ref>

 

The royal court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the queen named ''Camarera'' in the late 13th century and early 14th century, but it was not until the 15th century that a set organisation of the ladies-in-waiting is confirmed.<ref name="Cruz and Stampino date? page?">{{harvnb|Cruz|Stampino|p=}}</ref>{{page needed |date=April 2017}} This characteristic organisation of the Spanish ladies-in-waiting, roughly established during the reign of [[Isabella I of Castile]] (r. 1474–1504), was kept by [[Isabella of Portugal|Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain]], during the 16th century, and became the standard Spanish court model for ladies-in-waiting.<ref name="Cruz and Stampino date? page?"/>

 

*The third rank was the ''Dueñas de Honor'', the married ladies-in-waiting, who were responsible for not only the unmarried ''Damas'' or ''Meninas'' ([[Maid of honour|Maids of honour]]), but also for the female slaves and dwarfs, who were classified as courtiers and ranked before the ''Mozas'' (maids) and ''Lavanderas'' (washer women).<ref name="Akkerman Houben date?, page?"/>

 

The early modern Swedish court, as well as the Danish equivalent, were re-organized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> This model roughly organized the female noble courtiers in the class of the unmarried ''Hovfröken'' ([[Maid of honour|Maid of Honour]], until 1719 ''Hovjungfru'') which could be promoted to ''Kammarfröken'' (Chief Maid of Honour, until 1719 ''Kammarjungfru'').<ref name="Persson 1999"/> They were supervised by the ''Hovmästarinna'' (Court Mistress, equivalent to [[Mistress of the Robes]]), normally a married or widowed elder noblewoman.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> Under this class of female noble courtiers, were the non-noble female servants. They were headed by the normally married ''Kammarfru'' (Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a [[Lady's maid|Lady's Maid]]), often of burgher background, who supervised the group of ''Kammarpiga'' (Chamber Maids).<ref name="Persson 1999"/>

 

With the exception of the ''Statsfru'' and the ''Överhovmästarinna'', none of the titles above are in use today. At the death of Queen Louise in 1965, her ''Överhovmästarinna'' was employed by the King. From 1994, the ''Överhovmästarinna'' is the head of the court of the King rather than the Queen, while the court of the Queen is headed by the ''Statsfru''. There is now only one ''Statsfru'', and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply referred to as ''Hovdam'' (Court Lady). [[Queen Silvia of Sweden]] has only three ''Hovdamer'' (Court Ladies). Her chief lady-in-waiting is the ''Statsfru''.

 

[[File:Wakefield queen4.jpg|thumb|right|The Countess of Airlie (right), a Lady of the Bedchamber, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II as her lady-in-waiting (March 2005).]]

In the [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom]], a lady-in-waiting is a woman attending a female member of the [[British royal family|royal family]]. Ladies-in-waiting are routinely appointed by junior female members of the royal family, to accompany them on public engagements and provide other support and assistance.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991">{{cite book |editor1-last=Allison |editor1-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Riddell |editor2-first=Sarah |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |date=1991 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |page=307}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Accession of Charles III]], a woman attending on a queen (whether [[queen regnant]], [[queen consort]] or [[queen dowager]]) was also often referred to as a lady-in-waiting (including in official notices), although she would more formally be called either a [[woman of the bedchamber]] or a [[lady of the bedchamber]] (depending on which of these offices she held). The senior lady of a queen's household was the [[mistress of the robes]], who (as well as being in attendance herself on occasion) was responsible for arranging all the duties of the queen's ladies in waiting.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" />

 

During the reign of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], one of the ''women of the bedchamber'' was always in daily attendance; each served for a fortnight at a time, in rotation. In the [[Court Circular]] the phrase 'Lady in Waiting to the Queen' referred to the women on duty at a given time.<ref>e.g. "Mrs. Fiona Henderson has succeeded Mrs. Robert de Pass as Lady in Waiting to The Queen" ([https://www.royal.uk/court-circular Court Circular, 29 October 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629182208/https://www.royal.uk/court-circular |date=29 June 2016 }}).</ref>

 

Towards the end of her reign, the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II were:{{sfn|''British Monarchy''|2016}}

 

* [[Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton|The Duchess of Grafton]] served as Mistress of the Robes to [[Elizabeth II]] from 1967 until her death on 3 December 2021 (after which the position remained vacant).

 

* [[Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie|The Countess of Airlie]] was appointed in 1973 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45868/page/105 |title=London Gazette, Issue 45868|page= 105|date= 2 January 1973 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051601/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45868/page/105 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Diana Maxwell, Baroness Farnham|The Lady Farnham]] served from 1987 until her death in 2021.<ref name="LonGaz1987" />

 

* [[Mary Anne Morrison|The Hon. Dame Mary Morrison]] was appointed in 1960 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41917/page/79 |title=London Gazette, Issue 4191|page=79 |date=1 January 1960 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051602/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41917/page/79 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Lady Susan Hussey]] was also appointed in 1960, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42185/page/7459 |title=London Gazette, Issue 42185, Page 7459, 4 November 1960 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051602/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42185/page/7459 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Dame Jennifer Gordon-Lennox was also appointed in 2002, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref name="CC2002" />

 

* Lady Elizabeth Leeming (née [[Bowes-Lyon family|Bowes-Lyon]]), a cousin of Elizabeth II.

* Mrs. Simon Rhodes, daughter-in-law of The Hon. [[Margaret Rhodes]] (a cousin of Elizabeth II and former [[Woman of the Bedchamber]] to [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]).

After the death of Elizabeth II and the accession of Charles III, it was announced that the King would be retaining the late Queen's ladies-in-waiting, with their titles changing to "Ladies of the Household".<ref name="Camilla-companions">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63768031|title=Camilla scraps ladies-in-waiting in modernising move|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|date=27 November 2022|accessdate=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127003257/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63768031|url-status=live}}</ref> They will help with hosting events at Buckingham Palace.<ref name="Camilla-companions"/>

 

[[File:King's speech 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Queen's companions the [[Fiona Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Marchioness of Lansdowne]] and Lady Sarah Keswick at the [[2023 State Opening of Parliament]]]]

In November 2022, it was announced that [[Queen Camilla]] would end the tradition of having ladies-in-waiting. Instead, she would be helped by "Queen's companions".<ref name="Camilla-companions"/> Their role would be informal and they would not be involved in tasks such as replying to letters or developing schedules.<ref name="Camilla-companions"/>

* [[Sarah Troughton]]

 

 

As late as in the mid-15th century, [[Elizabeth Woodville]] had only five ladies-in-waiting,<ref name="erenow.com"/> but in the late 15th century and early 16th century, ladies-in-waiting were given a more dominant place at the English court, in parallel with developments in France and the continental courts. The court life of the Duchy of Burgundy served as an example when [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] created the ''Black Book of the Household'' in 1478,<ref name="Duindam date? page?"/> and the organisation of the English royal household was essentially set from that point onward.{{sfn|Gosman|Macdonald|Vanderjagt|p=}}{{page needed |date=April 2017}}

The organisation of the queen's ladies-in-waiting was set in the period of the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were headed by the mistress of the robes, followed in rank by the [[first lady of the bedchamber]], who supervised the group of ladies of the bedchamber (typically wives or widows of peers above the rank of earl), in turn followed by the group of women of the bedchamber (usually the daughters of peers) and finally the group of maids of honour, whose service entitled them to the [[style (manner of address)|style]] of ''[[The Honourable]]'' for life.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=663}}

 

 

 

 

 

* [[Louise von Plessen|Louise Scheel von Plessen]] (1725–1799)

 

** [[Catherine Parr]] (1512–1548)

* [[Lettice Knollys]] (1543–1634)

* [[Jane Loftus, Marchioness of Ely]] (1821–1890)

 

* [[Yolande de Polastron]] (1749–1793)

 

 

 

* [[Lady Ise]] (875–938); poet, lover of Prince Atsuyoshi and later concubine of [[Emperor Uda]]

* [[Takashina no Takako]] (d. 996); served at the court of Empress Junshi, later the legal wife of [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] and regent of [[Emperor Ichijō]]

* [[Takasue's daughter|Lady Sarashina]] (1008–after 1059); writer of ''Sarashina Nikki'', she served Imperial Princess Yushi, the third daughter of [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]

 

* [[Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong|Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan]] (1753–1786)

 

 

 

* [[Klara Izabella Pacowa]] (1631–1685)

 

 

 

=== Muangthai ===

 

== Dalam fiksi ==

 

== Baca juga ==

* [[Odalisque|Odalik]]

 

== Kutipan ==