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'''Krisis energi''' adalah kekurangan (atau peningkatan harga) dalam persediaan sumber daya [[energi]] ke ekonomi. Krisis ini biasanya menunjuk ke kekurangan [[minyak bumi]], [[listrik]], atau [[sumber daya alam]] lainnya. Krisis ini memiliki akibat pada ekonomi, dengan banyak resesi disebabkan oleh krisis [[energi dalam]] beberapa bentuk.
== Ekonomi ==
[[Berkas:Gascoupon.png|jmpl|320px|During the oil crisis in 1979 coupons for gasoline rationing were printed, but never used.]]
Dalam sebuah ekonomi pasar harga persediaan energi, seperti minyak, [[gas]] atau [[listrik]] didorong oleh prinsip [[persediaan dan permintaan]] yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan mendadak dalam harga energi ketika persediaan atau permintaan berubah. Namun dalam beberapa kasus energi krisis disebabkan oleh kegagalan pasar untuk menyesuaikan harga-harga dalam menjawab kepada kekurangan energi tersebut. Dalam kasus lainnya, krisis dapat disebabkan oleh berkurangnya [[pasar bebas]]. Beberapa ekonomis mengemukakan bahwa [[krisis minyak 1973]] diperburuk oleh [[pengaturan harga]].
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Oil supply is largely controlled by the national oil companies of nations with significant reserves of cheap oil, including the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Norway]] and [[Kuwait]]. Many of these countries have formed a [[cartel]] known as [[OPEC]] (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Since OPEC controls a large proportion of oil output, it exerts a strong influence on the global price of oil. When OPEC decides to reduce the output quotas of its member countries, this will tend to drive up the price of oil as the supply diminishes. Similarly, OPEC can boost oil production in order to increase supplies and drive down the price.
There are however limits on the actions of OPEC. If OPEC raises the price of oil too high, demand decreases and production of oil from less productive fields or unconventional sources such as [[tar sands]] becomes profitable. In addition, the economies of oil exporting nations are dependent on oil and efforts to restrict the supply of oil would have an adverse effect on the economies of oil producers.
===Oil demand===
[[Transportation]] represents the greatest demand for crude, followed by [[heating]] and [[power generation]]. In addition, the [[plastics]], [[pharmaceuticals]] and [[synthetic fibre]] industries rely on crude oil to manufacture [[feedstock|feedstocks]] for their production. The demand for heating oil during the northern hemisphere winter produces seasonal fluctuations in demand, typically building in the lead up to winter. The [[United States]] has the largest demand of oil, consuming around 25% of world production.
== Historical crises ==
[[Berkas:Gcprrets.gif|right]]
* [[1973 oil crisis]] - Cause: an [[OPEC]] oil export embargo by many of the major [[Arab]] oil-producing states, in response to western support of [[Israel]]
* [[1979 energy crisis]] - Cause: the [[History of Iran|Iranian revolution]]
* [[1990 spike in the price of oil]] - Cause: the [[Gulf War]]
* [[California electricity crisis]] - Cause: failed [[deregulation]], and [[Enron|business corruption]].
* [[UK fuel protest]] (of [[2000]]) - Cause: Raise in the price of crude oil combined with already high taxation on road fuel in the [[UK]].
* [[Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005]] - Cause: Tight supply margins in the face of increasing demand.
==Peak oil==
''For full article see [[Hubbert peak]]''
[[Berkas:filling station.jpg|thumb|320px|Will the pumps run dry at some point in the future?]]
There has been much debate about "peak oil", which is defined as the point at which half of the world's oil reserves have been used, at which point world oil production peaks and then goes into irreversible decline. Proponents of this theory argue that oil is being used much faster than it is being found, and that as current oil fields go into decline there will not be enough new ones to replace them. Some experts claim that this point will occur within the next decade, while others argue that it will not happen for many decades.
[http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/]
Should the oil peak occur, oil supply would no longer be able to keep up with demand, leading to price rises and economic [[recession]] along with [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] implications, and would lead to increased efforts to develop alternative forms of energy, along with finding more efficient ways in which to use energy.
The history of oil production in the [[United States]] is often used to illustrate the theory of the oil peak. During the early part of the 20th century, the US was a major oil producer, but annual oil production peaked around [[1970]]. The decline since has appeared irreversible despite the introduction of newer technology allowing more deepwater drilling and increased fields of exploration. In spite of these advances many experts doubt that the US will ever again produce as much oil as it did in the [[1970s]]. The US was the site of the first sustained drilling for oil, and was explored relatively quickly and completely, since it was also a major consumer of oil. Experts argue that as countries in other parts of the world enter full production, they too will follow the path of the US, and their oil will eventually peak and then settle into irreversible decline. It has been claimed that peak oil will occur soon, but the exact date remains uncertain, with different sources giving dates that are either in the past, present, or 50-100 years in the future.
==Future and alternative sources of energy==
Some experts argue that the world is heading towards a global energy crisis due to a decline in the availability of cheap oil and recommend a decreasing dependency on [[fossil fuel]]. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as [[fuel cell|fuel cell technology]], [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen fuel]], [[Methanol economy|methanol]], [[biofuels]], [[solar energy]], [[tidal energy]] and [[wind energy]]. To date, only [[hydroelectricity]] and [[nuclear power]] have been significant alternatives to [[fossil fuel]] (see [[Future energy development]]). Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a 'carrier' of energy rather than a 'source'.
There have been alarming predictions by groups such as the [[Club of Rome]] that the world would run out of oil in the late 20th century. Although technology has made oil extraction more efficient, the world is having to struggle to provide oil by using increasingly costly and less productive methods such as deep sea drilling, and exploiting environmentally sensitive areas such as the American National Wildlife Reserve. The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people per day, increasing the consumption of energy. The per capita energy consumption of China, India and other developing nations continues to increase as the people living in these countries adopt western lifestyles. At present a small part of the world's population consumes a large part of its resources, with the [[United States]] and its population of 296 million people consuming more oil than [[China]] with its population of 1.3 billion people.
Efficiency mechanisms such as [[Negawatt power]] can provide significantly increased supply. It is a term used to describe the trading of increased efficiency, using consumption efficiency to increase available market supply rather than by increasing plant generation capacity.
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Minyak bumi|Minyak bumi (petroleum)]]
* [[Mati listrik|Mati listrik (pemadaman listrik)]]
* [[Energi diperbaharui]]
* [[Amory Lovins]]
* [[Ehrlich-Simon bet]]
* [[Pengembangan energi masa depan]]
* [[Teori puncak Hubbert]]
* [[Organisasi Negara-Negara Pengekspor Minyak Bumi|Organisasi Negara-Negara Pengekspor Minyak Bumi (OPEC)]]
* [[Soft energy path]]
* [[Cadangan strategis minyak bumi]]
* [[Proses pelenyapan tenaga nuklir]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.oilcrisis.com www.oilcrisis.com: data and analysis regarding the upcoming peak in the rate of global oil extraction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064034/http://www.oilcrisis.com/ |date=2021-02-01 }}
* [http://www.peakoil.net/ Association for the study of peak oil and gas] - Who claim that world oil production will soon decline.
* [http://www.lifeaftertheoilcrash.net/ Life After the Oil Crash] - A scientific trend analysis and prediction of what will happen in the US and abroad.
* [http://www.futurecrisis.com/ Peak Oil and Energy News Resources]
* [http://www.opec.org/ OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]
* [http://peakoil.org/ Introduction to Peak Oil Production]
* [http://www.livejournal.com/community/peak_oil/ Another Message board for Peak Oil Production concerns]
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[[Kategori:Energi]]
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