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Kerongsang yang mula-mula dibuat sebagai alat pengencang pakaian pada [[Zaman Besi]] dan zaman penjajahan Romawi ini secara khusus dikaitkan dengan kerongsang-kerongsang berhiasan banyak dari logam mulia yang dibuat untuk dipakai orang-orang kalangan atas di [[Irlandia]] dan [[Skotlandia]] sejak sekitar tahun 700 sampai 900, yakni kerongsang-kerongsang yang secara luas dikenal dengan sebutan kerongsang Kelt atau dengan istilah-istilah serupa lainnya. Kerongsang-kerongsang ini adalah karya-karya terpenting dari kriya logam sekuler bermutu tinggi yang dihasilkan [[seni rupa Kelt]] Abad Pertengahan Awal, yang suka diistilahkan sebagai [[seni rupa Insular|seni rupa Insuler]] oleh para sejarawan. Kerongsang jenis penanuler terus dibuat dalam bentuk-bentuk yang lebih sederhana semisal '''kerongsang waga-waga''' sampai memasuki abad ke-11, yakni sepanjang kurun waktu yang kerap disebut sebagai Zaman [[Viking]] di Irlandia dan Skotlandia.
Baik kerongsang penanuler maupun kerongsang penanuler-semu terdiri atas sebatang jarum dengan pangkal berlubang yang disangkutkan pada sebentuk cincin; jarum ini dapat digeser-geser di sepanjang badan cincin sampai ke ujung-ujungnya. Ujung-ujung cincin pada kerongsang jenis penanuler tidak menyatu; ada celah kecil yang dapat dilewati batang jarum. Ujung-ujung cincin pada kerongsang jenis penanuler-semu terlihat menyatu, tetapi sesungguhnya kedua ujungnya tetap dibuat terpisah, kemudian disisipi bagian penyambung yang mengantarai kedua ujung tersebut. Pemakaian kerongsang jenis penanuler merupakan cara sederhana dan efisien untuk menyemat wastra tenunan longgar (tusukan jarumnya tidak meninggalkan bekas yang permanen pada wastra semacam ini), sedangkan pemakaian kerongsang jenis penanuler-semu jelas-jelas merupakan cara menyemat yang kurang efisien untuk menyemat wastra.
Kerongsang digunakan oleh pria maupun wanita, lazimnya disangsangkan di bahu jika digunakan oleh pria, dan di dada jika digunakan oleh wanita, dengan ujung jarum mengarah ke atas. Menurut salah satu pasal hukum bangsa Irlandia, jika ada orang yang celaka tertusuk jarum kerongsang, maka pengguna kerongsang tersebut, baik pria maupun wanita, tidak dapat dipersalahkan apabila kerongsangnya disematkan dengan ujung jarum mengarah ke atas.<ref>Youngs, 89, NMI, O'Floinn, 172–173</ref> Kerongsang-kerongsang yang paling rumit buatannya jelas mencerminkan kedudukan tinggi penggunanya di tengah masyarakat. Kerongsang jenis ini juga digunakan kaum rohaniwan, setidaknya di Irlandia,<ref>Youngs, 72, NMI, O'Floinn, 177.</ref> kendati kemungkinan besar digunakan untuk menyemat [[korkap]] atau [[vestimentum]] lain, alih-alih digunakan sebagai perlengkapan busana sehari-hari.<ref>Laing, 304</ref> ''Senchas Mór'', salah satu risalah [[hukum bangsa Irlandia terdahulu]], menetapkan bahwa selama menjadi [[anak piara]], anak-anak lelaki raja-raja besar wajib mengenakan "kerongsang emas bertatah [[kristal|batu hablur]]" sedangkan anak-anak lelaki raja-raja kecil cukup mengenakan kerongsang perak.<ref>Laing, 304</ref>
Kerongsang-kerongsang jenis penanuler maupun jenis anuler, yang ukuran jarumnya sangat besar melebihi ukuran cincinnya, sehingga cincinnya sama sekali tidak berguna dalam penyematan kerongsang, dapat disebut "kerongsang cincin", "kerongsang jarum", atau "jarum kerongsang"; atau, khususnya jika cincinnya kecil dan sederhana, dapat disebut "jarum cincin".<ref>Laing, 316 dan 318–320, mengunakan kedua sebutan tersebut, tetapi membedakannya. Youngs menggunakan sebutan kedua dan ketiga (no.s 90–92, 95–96), sedangkan Edwards, 141 menggunakan sebutan yang terakhir.</ref> Pada kerongsang-kerongsang semacam ini, rancangan pangkal jarum biasanya menunjukkan bahwa jarum tersebut dimaksudkan untuk tersemat di bawah cincinnya (jika dilihat dari depan), alih-alih di atas cincinnya seperti pada kerongsang-kerongsang yang lebih besar.<ref>Biasanya jarum dibengkokkan membentuk cincin sederhana, dan sekalipun dapat dibalik agar tersemat di atas cincin, ujung jarum akan mencuat menjauhi cincinnya.</ref>
"Kelt" merupakan istilah yang dihindari pemakaiannya oleh para ahli dalam menyifatkan kerongsang-kerongsang ini, terutama dalam menyifatkan gagrak seninya, yaitu gagrak seni Abad Pertengahan Awal dari Kepulauan Inggris, akan tetapi sudah telanjur terpatri di dalam benak khalayak ramai. Istilah [[seni rupa Insular|seni rupa Insuler]] digunakan untuk menyifatkan gagrak khas dari seni rupa yang lahir di Kepulauan Inggris dan memadukan unsur-unsur Jermani, Kelt, Pikti, dan Laut Tengah. Kendati beberapa kerongsang penanuler yang lebih sederhana dan relatif lebih awal waktu pembuatannya ditemukan in dalam konteks [[Anglo-Saxon|Angli-Saksen-Inggris]], dan beberapa upajenis kerongsang pada umumnya juga demikian,<ref>Dickinson, 52–54</ref> sejauh yang sudah diketahui, orang Angli-Saksen-Inggris tidak menggunakan kerongsang jenis ini sebagai perhiasan bergengsi kalangan atas. Meskipun demikian, ada unsur-unsur di dalam gagrak kerongsang-kerongsang Irlandia dan Skotlandia yang berasal dari [[seni rupa Anglo-Saxon|seni rupa Angli-Saksen-Inggris]], dan berkaitan dengan karya seni rupa Insuler di media lain, teristimewa naskah-[[naskah beriluminasi]].
''[[Fibula (brooch)|Fibula]]'' adalah kata Latin untuk "kerongsang". Kata ini digunakan di dalam berbagai bahasa modern sebagai sebutan bagi beragam jenis kerongsang Romawi dan Pascaromawi Abad Pertengahan Awal yang memiliki jarum dan cantelan di balik tampilan depan kerongsang. Kerongsang-kerongsang yang dibahasa di sini adakalanya juga disebut ''fibula'', tetapi sebutan ini jarang dipakai oleh para ahli yang berasal dari masyarakat penutur bahasa Inggris.
Jenis-jenis kerongsang ini memiliki ujung-ujung yang diperbesar ukurannya, yang pada kurun waktu ini dibuat datar dan kerap dihiasi email atau tatahan kaca. Sebagian besar diperindah dengan corak hias abstrak, tetapi adakalanya dengan corak hias zoomorfis. Panjang jarum pada kurun waktu ini seringkali dibuat dua kali diameter cincin.<ref>Youngs, 21–22, dan katolog no. 16–19; Museum Nasional Irlandia, no. 5:5; [https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/p/penannular_brooch.aspx contoh dari Museum Inggris]</ref> Mandala budaya Irlandia pada kurun waktu ini mencakup sebagian besar kawasan barat Skotlandia, dan perkembangan serupa juga berlangsung di daerah [[Pict|orang Pikti]] di kawasan timur Skotlandia, kendati bentuk-bentuk kerongsangnya sedikit berbeda. Corak-corak hiasnya juga dijumpai pada barang-barang kriya logam lain yang digunakan untuk mengencangkan sesuatu, misalnya bagian dari abah-abah kuda,<ref>See Youngs, 117–120 for examples</ref> dan segelintir sisa [[relikuarium]] Kristen terawal dan barang-barang kriya logam lain yang masih berkaitan dengan gereja.
=== AbadZaman keemasankegemilangan ===
[[File:Ireland 2010 etc 028 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Bros Tara|Kerongsang Tara]], tampak belakang]]
Tidak lama selepas tahun 700, muncul kerongsang-kerongsang berukuran besar yang sarat dengan hiasan, berbahan baku logam mulia dan bertatahkan ratna mutu manikam. Tampak jelas bahwa kerongsang-kerongsan ini adalah barang penanda status mulia pemakainya, dan dihasilkan lewat pengerahan segenap keterampilan [[pandai emas]] terpiawai. Kerongsang-kerongsang semacam ini terus-menerus diproduksi selama kurang lebih 200 tahun. Kerongsang-kerongsang Pikti lebih homogen dari segi disain daripada kerongsang-kerongsang Irlandia, yang mungkin saja mengindikasikan periode produksi yang lebih pendek, kemungkinan besar dari "pertengahan abad kedelapan sampai permulaan abad kesembilan".<ref>Youngs, 90</ref> Tiap-tiap disain yang sintas bersifat unik, tetapi jenis-jenis kerongsang terdahulu yang lebih sederhana dikembangkan dan diperumit hiasannya.<!-- TidakSebelum itu tidak ada tradisi pembuatan waskerongsang nosarat previoushiasan traditiondi of very ornate brooches in IrelandIrlandia, anddan thisperkembangan developmentini maymungkin havedipicu comeoleh fromkontak contactdengan withpara Continentalelit elitesEropa whoDaratan woreyang mengenakan large [[fibula (broochbros)|''fibulae'']] asberukuran marksbesar ofsebagai penanda status. Kontak-kontak Suchsemacam contactsini weredapat certainlydipastikan madesudah dilakukan orang pada masa itu, especiallykhususnya byrahib-rahib travellingyang monksberkelana.<ref>Whitfield (2001), 217</ref>
ArchaeologicalBukti arkeologi, anddan somebeberapa literarybukti sastrawi, evidencemegisyaratkan suggestsbahwa thatkerongsang broochesberbahan inbaku preciouslogam metalmulia wereadalah apenanda markstatus of royal statuskerajaan, alongdipasangkan withdengan wearingmantel a purple cloakungu, and it is probablydan askemungkinan suchbesar thatseperti theyitulah aretampilan wornbusana byarca [[ChristKristus]] on apada [[hightugu crosssalib]] atdi [[Monasterboice]] anddan bytampilan thebusana arca [[VirginMaria|Perawan MaryMaria]] onpada tugu salib anotherlainnya.<ref>Whitfield (2001), 223-226</ref> Semua Allcontoh survivingkerongsang examplesyang sintas, numberinglebih overdari 50 buah (nottidak allsemuanya complete)dalam inkeadaan theutuh) casedalam ofkasus thekerongsang Irishbuatan onesIrlandia,<ref>NMI, O'Floinn, 177</ref> havetelah beenditemukan recoveredlewat by excavationekskavasi, oratau atsetidaknya leastditemukan findingdi indalam thetanah. ground,Berdasarkan butlokasi wherepenemuan theyang detaileddiketahui, circumstancessegelintir ofberasal thedari find are knownkuburan, fewdan areyang fromlebih graves,lazim andadalah findskeronsang indari hoardstemuan areharta much more commonkarun. Bilamana Whenditemukan theydi weredalam in graveskuburan, the burials are often muchsering laterkali thanumur thekuburannya datelebih ofmuda thedaripada broochkerongsangnya,<ref>Laing, 304,</ref> asseperti indalam akasus broochsebuah inkerongsang thebergagrak IrishIrlandia 8thabad centuryke-8 yang styleditemukan founddi insebuah akuburan Norseorang burialNors indi [[Westray]], [[Orkney]],<ref>Youngs, no. 195.</ref> anddan possiblykemungkinan thebesar Kilmainhamjuga BroochKerongsang Kilmainham.<ref>Ship, Harrison, 72; Youngs, no. 74; NMI, 185</ref> Kerongsang-kerongsang Elaborateyang broochesrumit oftenbuatannya havesering onekali ordigurati moresatu names—presumedatau tolebih bedari thosesatu ofnama owners—scratchedorang onpada thesisi reverse,belakangnya. Nama-mana yang sering kali oftentergurat indalam [[runealfabet Rune|aksara Rune]]s tersebut diduga sebagai nama pemiliknya. PlainerKerongsang-kerongsang broochesyang inlebih bronzesederhana anddari similarperunggu alloysdan continuelogam-logam tolakuran serupa terus-menerus beditemukan founddalam injumlah muchyang largerlebih numbersbesar.
[[File:Kilmainham brooche NMI.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kerongsang Kilmainham Brooch]] (Irishbuatan Irlandia, lateakhir 8thabad ke-8 oratau earlyawal 9th–centuryabad ke-9) containsmemiliki influenceunsur-unsur frompengaruh [[PictsPict#ArtSeni rupa|Pictishseni artrupa]] anddan seni kriya logam metalworkPikti.<ref>Swift, Catherine. "[https://www.academia.edu/1285310/English_and_Pictish_Terms_for_Brooch_in_an_8th_century_Irish_Law_Text?auto=download English and Pictish Terms for Brooch in an 8th-century Irish Law-Text]". ''Medieval Archaeology'', 2004. RetrievedTemu balik tanggal 29 OctoberOktober 2021</ref>]]
TheKerongsang-kerongsang mostIrlandia elaborateyang Irishpaling broochesrumit arebuatannya pseudoadalah kerongsang-penannularkerongsang penanuler semu, whilesementara kerongsang-kerongsang Skotlandia yang paling rumit thebuatannya Scottishsebagian onesbesar mostlymasih retainmempertahankan truebentuk penannularpenanuler formstulen.<ref>Youngs, 89–90</ref> Most areKebanyakan [[silver-giltbersepuh perak]], thesementara gildingyang oftenbersepuh partialemas seringkali tidak seluruhnya bagiannya disepuh. SomeBeberapa arekerongsang gildedyang basebersepuh metal,emas ofterbuat bronzedari orperunggu copper-alloyatau lakuran tembaga;<ref>For example, Youngs nos.195 and 75</ref> onlyhanya oneada solidsatu goldkerongsang IrishIrlandia broochdari isemas knownutuh yang diketahui, ayaitu 9thkerongsang buatan abad ke-century9 oneyang fromditemukan di Loughan, [[County Londonderry]],. whichKerongsang isemas lessini elaboratetidak thanserumit mostkerongsang-kerongsang oflogam themulia serieslainnya, thoughkendati thestandar standardpengerjaannya ofsangat work is very hightinggi.<ref>Youngs, no. 83; NMI, 184; [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/derry.html photo]</ref> HoweverMeskipun demikian, somebeberapa broocheskerongsang memiliki haveceruk atersembunyi hiddenyang recessdulunya whichmungkin maydiisi havesedikit containedtimbal smallpenambah leadberat weightssupaya tomembuat makekerongsang theberbahan preciouslogam metalmulia usedtersebut seemtampak morelebih valuabletinggi thannilainya itdaripada actuallyyang wassesungguhnya.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/s/silver_ring_brooch.aspx British Museum Inggris], mentioningmenyebutkan twodua examplescontoh.</ref>
Di Irlandia, ada pangkal jarum yang dijadikan pusat dekorasi, adakalanya dengan menggunakan semacam lempengan berbentuk "layang-layang", misalnya seperti yang terdapat pada Kerongsang Tara; di Skotlandia, pangkal jarum hanya berupa lingkaran sederhana yang dibentuk dengan cara menekukkan salah satu ujung jarum.<ref>Youngs, 90</ref> Ujung-ujung gelang pada kerongsang Skotlandia lebih sering dihiasi lempengan bundar atau persegi yang menjorok keluar dari lingkaran cincin, sementara ujung-ujung gelang pada kerongsang Irlandia lazimnya menjorok ke dalam lingkaran cincin dan membentuk kurva lain, tetapi tidak banyak keluar dari lingkaran cincin, atau adakalanya membentuk garis lurus yang melintang pada bagian dalam lingkaran cincin. Ada kerongsang-kerongsang Irlandia yang ujung-ujungnya dihubungkan dengan logam pipih, dan ada pula yang bukan sekadar menghilangkan celah melainkan juga memiliki zona pusat dekorasi di tempat yang seharusnya ada celah; kerongsang-kerongsang yang ditemukan bersama [[Cawan Ardagh]] menampakkan kedua ciri-ciri tersebut.<ref>NMI, 245</ref>
In Ireland, the head of the pin might be turned into a focus for decoration, sometimes using a "kite"-shaped plate, such as that on the Tara Brooch; in Scotland, the pin-heads were simple circles formed by bending the pin back on itself.<ref>Youngs, 90</ref> Scottish terminals are more often distinct lobed or square shapes extending beyond the circle of the ring on both sides, while in Irish examples, the terminals typically extend inside the ring forming another curve, but not much outside it, or sometimes form a straight line across the interior of the ring. Irish brooches may only join the two terminals by narrow strips, or not only eliminate the gap entirely, but have a central zone of decoration where the gap between the terminals would have been; the brooches found with the [[Ardagh Chalice]] show both types.<ref>NMI, 245</ref>
[[File:Brit Mus 17sept 016.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the [[LondesboroughKerongsang BroochLondesborough]] (lateakhir 8thabad ke-8 oratau earlyawal 9th–centuryabad ke-9)]]
TheBatang maintubuh bodykerongsang wasbiasanya normallydibuat cast,dengan andcara acetak numbertuang, ofdan elementstelah ofditemukan two-piecebeberapa mouldsbagian havedari beencetakan founddua pelat.<ref>Youngs, 170–171, 189–193; NMI, 176–177</ref><!-- ManyBanyak broocheskerongsang havememiliki cells for studs or bosses that are most often round hemispheres, buttetapi maybisa bejuga squarepersegi, lozenges ormaupun otherbentuk-bentuk shapeslain; verysering oftenkali the studs themselvesitu aresendiri sekarang nowsudah missinghilang. These are in a variety of materials including glasskaca, enamelemail, [[amber]], anddan gemstonesbatu-batu foundpermata locallylokal, although not including any of the classic modern "preciousratna stonesmutu manikam", or even the [[garnet]]s found in Anglo-Saxonperhiasan jewelleryInggris-Saksen. However the kaca ''[[millefiori]]'' glass rods sometimes used appearyang toadakalanya havedigunakan beentampaknya importeddiimpor fromdari ItalyItalia, likecontohnya thoseseperti usedyang interdapat thepada Angloperhiasan-Saxonperhiasan jewellerySaksen-Inggris fromdari [[Sutton Hoo]]; examplescontoh-contoh of the rods havesudah beenditemukan excavateddalam inekskavasi di bothIrlandia Irelandmaupun anddi EnglandInggris.<ref>Youngs, 202–204</ref>
LikeSebagaimana thecawan-cawan InsularInsuler chalicesdan andbarang-barang otherkriya metalworklogam lainnya, thesebagian verybesar ornatekerongsang IrishIrlandia broochesyang werepaling mostlysarat madehiasan indibuat manydalam piecesbanyak whichbagian areyang pinnednantinya ordisambung-sambungkan slottedsatu togethersama lain dengan menggunakan jarum atau baji. Filigree decoration was often made on "trays" which fitted into the main ring — onpada theKerongsang Tara Brooch many of these are now missing (most were still in place whenketika itditemukan waspada found intahun 1850).
[[File:Brit Mus 13sept10 brooches etc 015-crop.jpg|thumb|The [[BreadalbaneKerongsang BroochBreadalbane]], IrishIrlandia, 8thabad centuryke-8, converteddiubah fromdari itsbentuk originalpenanuler pseudo-penannularsemunya formdi inSkotlandia 9thpada centuryabad Scotlandke-9.<ref>Youngs, 94–95</ref>]]
TechniquesTeknik-teknik includemencakup [[chip-carving]], cast "imitation chip-carving", [[filigree]], [[engraving]], inlays of various types including [[niello]], glasskaca anddan email [[champlevé]] enamel, andserta variousberbagai hammeringmacam andteknik chasingtempa techniquesdan tatah: "the range of materials and techniques is almost the full range known to man."<ref>Youngs, 171–173, quote 171</ref> Two techniques that do not appear are the "true pierced openwork ''[[interasile]]'', much used in Byzantine jewellery",<ref>Youngs, 171–173</ref> and the [[cloisonné]] work that typified muchbanyak Westernperhiasan EuropeanEropa jewelleryBarat, anddan especiallyteristimewa largefibula-fibula fibulaebesar, at the time, whether in enamel or stone inlays like the garnets used so effectively at Sutton Hoo and in the Anglo-Saxon [[Khazanah Staffordshire Hoard]]. InPada thekerongsang-kerongsang gildedbersepuh broochesemas, enamelpenggunaan isemail restricteddibatasi topada studs that punctuate the composition like gems; the larger areas of champlevé found on the flared terminals of earlier types perhaps continue in simpler types, though dating is difficult.
OnPada somebeberapa broocheskerongsang, the decoration is too detailed to be appreciated whenbilamana thekerongsang broochsedang is being worndikenakan, and some of the most elaborate brooches have their backs, invisible when worn, decorated almost as elaborately as their fronts. TheKerongsang Tara Brooch shows both features, and in addition, shares with some others a difference in decorative styles between front and back, with "Celtic" [[triskele]]s and other spiral motifs restricted to the back, while the front has more [[Interlace (visual arts)|interlace]] and zoomorphic elements.<ref>NMI, O'Floinn, 177; Youngs, 207</ref> These features are also shared by the most ornate brooches in London anddan Edinburgh, respectively the Londesborough and [[Hunterston Brooch]]es.<ref>Youngs, nos. 69 and 71; [http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?offset=1&no_results=12&scache=73160e864v&searchdb=scran&sortby=&sortorder=ASC&field=&searchterm=%2B%22Melbrigda%22 Hunterston Brooch from NMI]; see external links for the other museum pages.</ref> This may be because decoration on the backs relies more on engraving than filigree, which would risk wires getting caught in the clothing on which the brooch was worn.<ref>NMI, 183</ref>
Few of the major brooches, or indeed other metalwork, have been found in contexts that can be easily dated, and much of the dating of at least the earlier ones comes from comparison with Insular naskah-[[illuminatednaskah manuscriptberiluminasi]]s Insuler, though the dating of these is often itself far from certain. The Tara Brooch has long been recognised as having clear stylistic similarities to the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]], thought to date to about 698–715. Many of the similarities are to the [[carpethalaman pagepermadani]]s, highly detailed ornamental pages filled with decoration, which share with the brooch a certain ''[[Horror vacui (art)|horror vacui]]'' that leaves no area unembellished, and also complex decoration that is extremely small and perfectly executed, and best appreciated when seen at a larger than actual scale, whether in the original or in photographs. Both--> combineKedua-duanya elementsmemadukan fromunsur-unsur manydari stylisticpelbagai originsgagrak intoseni arupa styleyang thatmembentuk isgagrak distinctlyseni Insular:rupa Layang Tènekhas Celtic artInsuler, Germanicyaitu gagrak seni rupa Kelt La Tène, [[animalgagrak stylesatwa]] khas Jermani, andserta classicalgagrak andklasik dan berbagai othergagrak MediterraneanMediterania styleslainnya.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:NMSHunterstonBrooch4 (cropped).jpg|RearBagian of thebelakang [[HunterstonKerongsang BroochHunterston]], ankerongsang earlygaya andIrlandia elaborateawal Irish-styledan broochrumit foundyang inditemukan Scotlanddi Skotlandia, showingdengan atulisan muchyang laterditambahkan belakangan oleh pemiliknya yang berbangsa [[Viking]] owner's inscription
File:St Ninian's Isle TreasureDSCF6199.jpg|TheKerongsang-kerongsa [[Pict|Pikti]]ish broochesdi in thedalam [[StKhazanah Ninian'sPulau IsleSanto TreasureNinianus]erta], with typical Pictish lobeddengan terminalsujung-ujung berbonggol khas Pikti
File:St Ninian's Isle TreasureDSCF6202det.jpg|PictishUjung-ujung confrontedkerongsang animalberbentuk terminalssatwa bersemuka, [[StKhazanah Ninian'sPulau IsleSanto TreasureNinianus]]
File:Brit Mus 17sept 014-crop.jpg|"Brambled"Ujung-ujung terminalberbonggol on"menduri" apada thistlekerongsang broochwaga-waga
</gallery>
=== Kerongsang terkemudian dan kerongsang Viking ===
===Later brooches, and the Vikings===
[[File:Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg|thumb|Kerongsang-kerongsang penanuler zaman [[Viking]] period pennannular brooches from thedari [[PenrithKhazanah HoardPenrith]], threetiga ofdi theantaranya adalah kerongsang "[[thistlerumput duri|waga-waga]]" type.]]
TheSerbuan [[VikingsViking|bangsa Viking]] beganke toIrlandia raidyang Irelandbermula pada fromtahun 795, withmenimpakan catastrophickerugian effectyang forsangat thebesar, khususnya bagi [[monasterybiara (tempat tinggal)|monasteriesbiara]] in particular-biara.<!-- However, although the Vikings established several [[longphort]]s, initially fortified encampments for over-wintering, and later towns like [[Dublin]], [[Wexford]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], and [[Waterford]] (the first real urban centres in Ireland), the native Irish were more successful than the English and Scots in preventing large-scale Viking takeovers of areas for settlement by farmers. By about the year 1000, the situation was relatively stable, with a mixed population of [[Norse-Gaels]] inint the towns and areas close to them, while the Gaelic Irish, whose elite often formed political alliances, trading partnerships and inter-marriages with Viking leaders, remained in control of the great majority of the island, and were able to draw tribute from the Viking towns.<ref>Ship, Doherty, 34–35</ref>
[[File:Roscrea Brooch.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|The [[Kerongsang Roscrea Brooch]], 9thabad century.ke-9, [[National Museum ofNasional IrelandIrlandia – ArchaeologyArkeologi|National Museum ofNasional IrelandIrlandia]]]]
[[File:Silver brooch in thistle pattern.jpg|thumb|[https://www.huntmuseum.com/explore/item/97d6216a-0317-33fd-9330-fc3dd1bf4dbe/?s%3Dhca+508&pos=1 SilverKerongsang broochperak inberpola thistle patternwaga-waga], 9thabad ke-10th9 centurysampai AD. Theke-10, [[Hunt Museum Hunt]], ([[Limerick]], Ireland)Irlandia]]
The period is characterised by a greatly increased availability of silver, presumably the result of Viking raiding and trading, and most brooches are made from silver throughout, as gilding and decoration in other materials nearly disappears. The brooches are often large and relatively massive, but plainer than the most elaborate earlier ones, neither using older local decorative styles nor the Viking styles that were adopted in other media. This continues a trend that can be detected in later brooches from the preceding period, before much Viking influence can have made itself felt. The 9th century [[Roscrea Brooch]] is one of a number of transitional brooches; though its form is highly ornate, with a large flat triangular pin head, the ring is thick plain silver, the gold filigree panels occupy relatively small areas, and their workmanship is a "coarse" or "crude" imitation of that of earlier works.<ref>NMI, 215–216, and 230, "crude"; Youngs, no. 79, "coarse". [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/roscrea.html Illustration here]</ref> The Kilamery Brooch is another ornate and high quality example, with a marked emphasis on plain flat silver surfaces.<ref>NMI, 215; [http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/brooches/kilamery.html photo]</ref> There are rare exceptions in which a highly decorated brooch shows Scandinavian stylistic and technical influence, notably an Irish brooch from [[Rathlin Island]], with areas stamped where the Irish tradition would have used casting.<ref>Ship, O'Floinn, 90;</ref>
TheKerongsang-kerongsang broochestersebut appeartampaknya todibuat haveoleh beenpara madepekriya bylogam "nativebumiputra" metalworkers, buttetapi worndipergunakan byoleh bothorang VikingsViking andmaupun Gaelsorang Gael.<ref>NMI, Wallace, 213–216</ref> The very popular '''thistleKerongsang-kerongsang broocheswaga-waga''' haveyang terminalssangat andpopuler oftenitu pin-headsmemiliki thatbonggol arepada likekedua [[thistle]]ujung flowers,cincin withdan akepala balljarum toppedyang bydibuat amenyerupai roundkuntum projectionbunga [[rumput duri|waga-waga]], oftenseperti bola-bola flaredberduri; they are called by the term regardless of whether or not the ball is "brambled"—that is, formed with a regular pattern of small tapering projections, like the two lowest brooches from the [[Penrith Hoard]] illustrated here. These, and other globular endings to terminals and pin-heads, were common, but flattened terminals continued to be made, now ornamented by round silver bosses amid simple repeated patterns, or interlace that is larger in scale than in the earlier ornate badges. In these, the ring often ends in a "gripping beast" biting the terminal plate. The mixture of types seen in the 10th century Penrith Hoard is typical.<ref>Compare the very similar selections of brooches illustrated at NMI 238 and 240.</ref>
[[File:Brit Mus 13sept10 brooches etc 036.jpg|thumb|left|Brooches made in Scandinavia, mostly in base metal]]
=== Kebangkitan Kelt ===
TheKerongsang-kerongsang broochesyang weada havesaat todayini haveadalah beenkerongsang-kerongsang discoveredyang sinceditemukan thesejak 17thabad centuryke-17, and their odds on their survival once found have increased greatly over that period, as their value as artefacts has overtaken their scrap value. In thePada 19thabad centuryke-19, as part of the [[Celtic Revival]], many brooches copying or inspired by earlier styles were made.<ref>[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=imagetext&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=0&q=penannular+brooch&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&after-adbc=AD&before=&before-adbc=AD&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch= Victorian penannular brooches] from the [[V&A Museum]].</ref>
[[File:Brit Mus 17sept 036-crop.jpg|thumb|left|Early medieval Irish brooch, bronze and glass. The pin lies entirely in front of the ring in this example.]]
Much of the responsibility for the fashion for high-quality Celtic Revival jewellery belongs to George Waterhouse, a jeweller from [[Sheffield]], England, who moved to [[Dublin]] in 1842. Before the end of the decade, he and the long-established Dublin firm [[West Jewellers|West & Son]] of [[College Green, Dublin|College Green]] (later moving to [[Grafton Street]]) were finding it necessary to register their designs to prevent copying. Of the various types of objects made, the brooches were both the "most resonant" and those which could be sold with the least alteration to the original form and design, although the jewellers generally reduced their size and fitted them with conventional pins and catches behind, even though the [[Kashmir shawl]]s that were also fashionable at the time were often loosely woven and not unsuitable for fastening in the original way.<ref>Gere anddan Rudoe, 444.</ref> Different versions were made at different price levels, though even the most expensive struggled to recreate the full intricacy of the originals.
The [[National Museum of Ireland]] is clearly not correct in saying that the fashion began after [[Queen Victoria]] was presented with a [[replica]] of the "Cavan Brooch" on her visit to Dublin to see the [[Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)|Great Industrial Exhibition]] in 1853;<ref>NMI, 5:21</ref> the [[Royal Collection]] has two brooches that [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] bought for her from West & Son in 1849 on an earlier visit to Dublin, which were already being made in editions. Albert presented them in November and at Christmas that year: "...such beautiful souvenirs, both made after those very curious old Irish ornaments we saw in [[Trinity College, Dublin|the College]] in Dublin, one a silver shawl brooch, in smaller size than the original" was her reaction to the November gift.<ref>[http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=12457&row=15&detail=about Royal Collection] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042602/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=12457&row=15&detail=about |date=June 9, 2011 }}, Brooch given in November 1849, and [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?searchText=brooch&x=10&y=7&pagesize=20&object=4833&row=16&detail=about Christmas 1849]. Their fabrication was sub-contracted to Edward Johnston's workshop. See also the V&A text at the link above, also dating the fashion to the 1840s.</ref> A later gift from Albert included a setting of a [[Smoky quartz|cairngorm]] he had picked up when walking in the [[Scottish Highlands]], a more authentic type of gem than the brightly coloured foreign stones used in much Celtic Revival jewellery.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=82803&partid=1 British Museum] Waterhouse replica of the Tara Brooch, with text from "catalogue of Hull Grundy Gift (Gere et aldkk 1984) no. 989" covering other replicas and the revived brooch in general</ref>
The discovery of thePenemuan [[Bros Tara|Kerongsang BroochTara]] inpada tahun 1850 could therefore not have been better timed in terms of attractingmemikat publicperhatian interestpublik. It was immediately recognised as the culminating masterpiece (though early in date) of the Irish development of large and superbly worked ornate brooches, a status it has retained ever since. The brooch was soon acquired by George Waterhouse, who used it as the centre of displays of his replicas and imitations of Celtic brooches in his Dublin shop, also exhibiting it at [[The Great Exhibition]] in London in 1851 and the Paris [[Exposition Universelle (1855)]], as well as the Dublin exhibition visited by the Queen in 1853 (Victoria had already seen it; it had been specially sent to [[Windsor Castle]] for her inspection). -->
WaterhouseNama had"Kerongsang inventedTara" thediberikan brooch'soleh name;George in factWaterhouse, ittetapi hassesungguhnya nothingkerongsang totersebut doada withkaitannya thedengan [[Hill ofBukit Tara]],. andKendati whileditemukan likelykurang foundlebih some28 28 km awaydari theBukit actualTara, circumstanceshal-ihwal ofpenemuannya itspun findmasih stilltidak remain unclearjelas (essentiallydisengaja tosupaya avoidtidak adiklaim claimpemilik by the landownertanah), anddan George Waterhouse chosememutuskan tountuk linkmenghubung-hubungkannya itdengan tositus theBukit siteTara associatedyang witherat thedikaitkan dengan raja-[[Highraja Kingtinggi]]s of IrelandIrlandia, "fullydengan awarekeinsfyafan thatpenuh thisbahwa wouldpenamaan feedtersebut theakan Irishmelambungkan middle-classkhayalan fantasymuluk ofgolongan beingmenengah descendedIrlandia fromyang menganggap dirinya sebagai keturunan raja-raja themtersebut".<ref>Gere anddan Rudoe, 444; British Museum: Waterhouse replica of the Tara Brooch, seebaca noteketerangan abovedi atas.</ref> Ketika Describingmenjelaskan thetren trendtersebut inpada thepada mid-20thpertengahan centuryabad ke-20, [[Adolf Mahr]] describedmenguraikan thekecenderungan tendencyuntuk formemberikan givingsebutan-sebutan broochessemacam —anditu morekepada importantlykerongsang-kerongsang their—dan replicas—yang suchlebih titlespenting aslagi kepada replika-replikanya— sebagai tindakan "fancifulbermuluk-muluk (anddan sometimeskadang-kadang ridiculouskonyol)...byoleh asebuah firmfirma ofpengrajin perhiasan Dublin jewellers".<ref name="b82">Briggs (2017), phlm. 82</ref> ByKetika the time theKerongsang Tara broochdiserahkan passedkepada tolembaga whatyang iskini now thebernama [[National Museum ofNasional IrelandIrlandia]] inpada thedasawarsa 1870s1870-an, the"Kerongsang "Tara brooch" hadtelah become amenjadi [[Genericizedmerek dagang trademarkgenerik|genericistilah termgenerik]] forbagi Celtickerongsang-kerongsang RevivalKebangunan broochesKelt, someyang ofbeberapa whichdi wereantaranya nowdewasa beingini madejustru bydikerjakan di sanggar-sanggar kriya [[India]]n workshopsuntuk fordiekspor exportke to EuropeEropa.<ref>Gere anddan Rudoe, 455</ref> -->
[[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Paar_zilveren_kledingspelden_met_borstversiering_TMnr_6387-2.jpg|thumb|[[Fibula Imazigen]] atau Fibula Berber dari selatan Maroko]]
== Negeri Magribi ==
Kerongsang-kerongsang penanuler merupakan salah satu jenis [[Perhiasan budaya Berber|perhiasan perak tradisional yang menjadi ciri khas masyarakat Berber]], digunakan sampai paruh ke-2 abad ke-20 oleh kaum wanita [[Orang Berber|Berber]] ([[Endonim dan eksonim|endonim]]: Imazigen) di [[Maghreb (wilayah)|Negeri Magribi]]. Kerongsang-kerongsang tersebut dikenakan berpasangan dan sejajar, sertauntuk digunakanmenyemat untukkain menyatukansandangan pakaian tidaktak berjahitan yang hanyasekadar dililitkan saja ke tubuh, satu kerongsang di sebelah kiri dan satu lagi di sebelah kanan, disematkan dengan jarum mengacung tegak lurus ke atas. Kerongsang Magribi adalah hasilkarya seni kriya para pandai-pandai perak [[Yahudi Maroko|Yahudi]] dari generasi ke generasi. Beberapa di antaranya berukuran besar dan sederhanabersahaja, tidak seperti beberapa kerongsang Kelt dan kerongsang Viking terkemudianyang dibuat lebih belakangan,<ref>Kerongsang Berber serupa dari segi bentuk maupun fungsinya dengan kerongsang penanuler ukuran besar yang dihasilkan seni rupa Kelt Abad Pertengahan Awal. Lih. {{cite book | last=Johns | first=Catherine | title=The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions | publisher=UCL Press | publication-place=London | date=1996 | isbn=1-85728-566-2 | oclc=35732358}}</ref> sementara selebihnya memiliki alas segitiga sarat hiasan pada pangkal jarumnya, yang bisa saja lebih besar daripada cincinnya. Seuntai rantai berat kerap dipasang menyambung kedua kerongsang tersebut. Biasanya rantai ini terpasang pada cincin di ujung bawah kerongsang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camps-Fabrer |first=Henriette |date=1997-08-01 |title=Fibule |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2050 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=18 |pages=2817–2825 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2050 |issn=1015-7344|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sebutan masyarakat setempat untuk kerongsang-kerongsang semacam ini mencakup ''melia'', ''melehfa'', ''bzima'', ''kitfiyya'', dan ''khellala'' dalam [[Bahasa Arab Maghrib|bahasa Arab Magribi]], serta ''tabzimt'', ''tizerzay'', dan ''tazersit'' dalam rumpun [[bahasa Berber]].<!-- AsSama broochesseperti similarkerongsang-kerongsang inyang formserupa andbentuk functionmaupun arefungsinya knowndan fromsudah thedikenal orang sedari [[BronzeZaman AgePerunggu]], andserta laterkerongsang-kerongsang RomanRomawi anddan [[Visigoths#Goldsmithery|Visigoth brooches|Visigoti]] yang muncul lebih kemudian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eagle Fibula |url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/16373/eagle-fibula-3/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Walters Art Museum |language=en}}</ref> such ''fibulaefibula'' aresemacam believeditu todiyakini havesudah beendigunakan inorang usedi innegeri the MaghrebMagribi sincesedari ancientdulu timeskala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |title=Penannular Brooch {{!}} Unknown {{!}} V&A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O79372/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}</ref><ref>InDi herdalam articlemakalahnya abouttentang thesejarah historydan andtata usage ofguna ''fibulae'', Camps-Fabrer (tahun 1997) mentionsmenyinggung thekeberadaan oldestspesimen-spesimen knownfibula specimenstertua ofyang fibulaediketahui indi thenegeri MaghrebMagribi sebagai berikut: "HoweverMeskipun demikian, fromsejak theZaman Bronze AgePerunggu, twomuncul typesdua ofjenis fibulae appearedfibula. The first isJenis representedpertama bydiwakili aoleh bowsebuah fibula whichbusur comesyang fromberasalh thedari dolmen Beni Messous dolmen, unfortunatelysayangnya lostsudah buthilang describedtetapi bysempat Doctordiuraikan bentuk dan tampilannya oleh Doktor Bertherand. TheJenis secondkedua typeyang alsojuga foundditemukan indi Beni Messous isadalah an omegasebuah fibula whichomega isyang kepttersimpan atdi theMuseum Bardo, MuseumAljazairː infibula Algiers:ini itadalah issebentuk ancincin opentak ringutuh whoseyang endskedua areujungnya reinforceddiperkuat bydengan polyhedrapolihedron; asebuah barbkaitan movableyang alongdapat thedigeser-geser ringsepanjang islingkaran madecincin ofterbuat adari narrowselempeng sheet oftembaga bronzepipih, onesalah endsatu ofujungnya whichdilingkarkan is wrappedpada around the ringcincin, theujung otheryang endinglain inberakhir adi pointsebuah titik." TranslatedTerjemahan fromdari thebahasa French(asli) originalPrancis atdi {{Cite journal |last=Camps-Fabrer |first=H. |date=1997-08-01 |title=Fibule |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2050 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=18 |pages=2817–2825 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2050 |issn=1015-7344|doi-access=free }}</ref> -->
== Keterangan ==
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