Gempa bumi Turki–Suriah 2023: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
k v2.05b - Perbaikan untuk PW:CW (Referensi sebelum tanda baca) |
||
(8 revisi perantara oleh 4 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 38:
| PGA = 2.212 ''[[Percepatan tanah puncak|g]]''
| PGV =
| landslide =Ya
| aftershocks = ≥30,000 kali (per 3 September) dengan magnitudo lebih dari 4,0 M<sub>ww</sub><br>Terbesar 7,5 [[Skala magnitudo seismik|M<sub>ww</sub>]] atau 7,7 [[Skala magnitudo seismik|M<sub>w</sub>]] pada 6 Februari, 10:24 (UTC+3)
| casualties = * 62,013 tewas, 121,704 luka-luka, 140 hilang
Baris 49:
| countries affected = [[Turki]] dan [[Suriah]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=USGS |date=6 February 2023 |title=USGS earthquake catalog |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=34.02535,30.00366&extent=40.12009,43.36304&range=search&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22starttime%22:%222023-02-06%2000:00:00%22,%22endtime%22:%222025-02-06%2023:59:59%22,%22maxlatitude%22:38.737,%22minlatitude%22:35.496,%22maxlongitude%22:39.452,%22minlongitude%22:33.904,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22maxmagnitude%22:7.4,%22orderby%22:%22time%22%7D%7D |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002654/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=34.02535,30.00366&extent=40.12009,43.36304&range=search&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22starttime%22:%222023-02-06%2000:00:00%22,%22endtime%22:%222025-02-06%2023:59:59%22,%22maxlatitude%22:38.737,%22minlatitude%22:35.496,%22maxlongitude%22:39.452,%22minlongitude%22:33.904,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22maxmagnitude%22:7.4,%22orderby%22:%22time%22%7D%7D |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Pada Tanggal 6 Februari 2023,
Sejumlah [[gempa susulan]] terjadi setelah gempa pertama, dengan yang terbesar di antaranya berkekuatan 6,7 [[Skala magnitudo seismik|M<sub>ww</sub>]] yang mengguncang 11 menit setelahnya. Gempa bumi kedua terjadi sembilan jam kemudian, di 5 km selatan–tenggara Ekinözü, di [[Provinsi Kahramanmaraş]] pada pukul 13:24 waktu setempat (10:24 UTC), dengan maksimum [[Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi|intensitas Mercalli]] X (''Ekstrem'') bermagnitudo 7,5 [[Skala magnitudo seismik|M<sub>ww</sub>]] atau [[Skala magnitudo seismik|M<sub>w</sub>]] 7.7 menurut GEOSCOPE<ref>[http://geoscope.ipgp.fr/index.php/en/catalog/earthquake-description?seis=us6000jlqa "TURKEY 2023/02/06 10:24:49 UTC, Mw=7.7"]. GEOSCOPE Observatory. 6 Februari 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142223/http://geoscope.ipgp.fr/index.php/en/catalog/earthquake-description?seis=us6000jlqa Diarsipkan] dari versi asli tanggal 6 Februari 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 Februari 2023.</ref> dan GCMT<ref>[https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2023&mo=2&day=6&oyr=2023&omo=2&oday=7&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=7&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 "Global CMT Catalog Search"] Global Centroid Moment Tensor. 6 Februari 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002705/https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2023&mo=2&day=6&oyr=2023&omo=2&oday=7&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=7&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 Diarsipkan] dari versi asli tanggal 7 Februari 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 Februari 2023.</ref>
Akibat dari runtunan gempa tersebut, lebih dari 62,013 orang tewas dan lebih dari 121,000 orang terluka, gempa ini menjadikan salah satu bencana [[
Terjadi kerusakan luas di area seluas sekitar 350.000 km2 (140.000 sq mi) (atau seukuran negara [[Jerman]]). Diperkirakan 14 juta orang, atau 16% dari populasi Turki, terkena dampaknya. [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] memperkirakan lebih dari 1,5 juta orang kehilangan tempat tinggal.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=1.5 million now homeless in Türkiye after quake disaster, warn UN development experts |trans-title=1,5 juta sekarang kehilangan tempat tinggal di Türkiye setelah bencana gempa, para pakar pembangunan PBB memperingatkan |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/02/78128/15-million-now-homeless-turkiye-after-quake-disaster-warn-un |language=en |date=21 Februari 2023 |access-date=23 Februari 2023 |website=United Nations Office at Geneva |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226201433/https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/02/78128/15-million-now-homeless-turkiye-after-quake-disaster-warn-un |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Baris 61:
== Latar belakang tektonik ==
=== Geologi ===
[[File:Eurasian & Anatolian Plate.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Lempeng Eurasia]] dan [[:en:Anatolian Plate|Lempeng Anatolia]]. Batas lempeng ini menyebabkan gempa pada 6 Februari 2023]]
[[Berkas:Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg|lang=en|thumb|300px|Peta Lempeng Anatolia, menampilkan Patahan Anatolia Timur dan [[Patahan Anatolia Utara]].]]
Lokasi awal gempa menempatkannya di sekitar [[Triple junction|persimpangan tiga]] antara lempeng [[:en: Anatolian plate|Anatolia]], [[Lempeng Arab|Arab]], dan [[Lempeng Afrika|Afrika]]. Mekanisme dan lokasi gempa konsisten dengan gempa yang terjadi di zona [[:en:East Anatolian
=== Seismik ===
Baris 478 ⟶ 479:
|align=right|1
|-
! rowspan="2" |Total
!7,309
|}
Baris 525 ⟶ 528:
=== Suriah ===
Pertahanan Sipil Suriah menggambarkan situasi tersebut sebagai "bencana
Pusat Gempa Nasional Suriah mengatakan gempa tersebut adalah "gempa bumi terbesar yang tercatat" dalam sejarah operasionalnya.<ref name="cna1" /> Menurut [[Kantor Berita Arab Suriah|SANA]], kantor berita negara, Presiden [[Bashar al-Assad]] mengadakan pertemuan darurat dengan kabinetnya untuk menyusun rencana penyelamatan di wilayah yang paling terkena dampak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=7.8-magnitude earthquake kills hundreds in southern Turkey, Syria |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/05/turkey-earthquake-istanbul-death-toll/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030646/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/05/turkey-earthquake-istanbul-death-toll/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Baris 558 ⟶ 561:
==== Organisasi ====
[[File:Aid collected in Eyüpsultan, Istanbul for the 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş earthquakes 02.jpg|thumb|Bantuan perlengkapan kemanusiaan di [[Istanbul]]]]
Sekretaris Jenderal [[Liga Arab]] [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]] menyerukan bantuan internasional untuk membantu mereka yang terkena dampak "bencana kemanusiaan ini". Perwakilan Tinggi [[Uni Eropa]] [[Josep Borrell]] dan Komisaris Eropa untuk Manajemen Krisis [[Janez Lenarčič]] mengatakan dalam sebuah pernyataan bahwa sepuluh tim penyelamat dari berbagai negara anggota akan dikirim ke Turki. [[Program Copernicus]] juga diaktifkan untuk menyediakan layanan pemetaan darurat.<ref name="AP-live-updates">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=Live updates {{!}} EU rushes rescuers, satellite help to Turkey |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/turkey-earthquake-live-updates-19e7d84fefdeed4c8a355dedf23d914f |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206061642/https://apnews.com/article/turkey-earthquake-live-updates-19e7d84fefdeed4c8a355dedf23d914f |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Komisi Eropa untuk Bantuan Kemanusiaan|Mekanisme Perlindungan Sipil Eropa]], dimana Turki juga menjadi anggota, diaktifkan atas permintaan Turki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/news/turkiye-and-syria-statement-earthquake-high-representative-borrell-and-commissioner-crisis-2023-02-06_en|title=Türkiye and Syria: Statement on the earthquake by High Representative Borrell and Commissioner for Crisis Management Janez Lenarčič|website=civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu|access-date=2023-02-06|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206152813/https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/news/turkiye-and-syria-statement-earthquake-high-representative-borrell-and-commissioner-crisis-2023-02-06_en|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sekretaris Jenderal [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara|NATO]] [[Jens Stoltenberg]] juga mengatakan bahwa negara-negara anggota memobilisasi dukungan.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Hundreds dead in Turkey, Syria after powerful earthquake |url=https://www.dw.com/en/hundreds-dead-in-turkey-syria-after-powerful-earthquake/a-64618303 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Deutsche Welle |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206091300/https://www.dw.com/en/hundreds-dead-in-turkey-syria-after-powerful-earthquake/a-64618303 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211455.htm|title=Earthquake in Türkiye - Request for assistance and situation reports|website=NATO|access-date=2023-02-08|archive-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207003733/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_211455.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Beberapa badan PBB mengumumkan tanggapan terkoordinasi terhadap bencana tersebut, termasuk [[Penilaian dan Koordinasi Bencana PBB|UNDAC]], [[Kantor Koordinasi Urusan Kemanusiaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|OCHA]], [[Komisioner Tinggi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Pengungsi|UNHCR]], [[Dana Anak-Anak Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|UNICEF]] dan [[Organisasi Internasional untuk Migrasi|IOM]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=UN agencies launch emergency response after devastating Türkiye and Syria quake |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133177 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=UN News |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206160350/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133177 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Direktur Regional [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) untuk Eropa, [[Hans Kluge]], mengatakan bahwa kantor regional organisasi tersebut membantu upaya internasional untuk mengangkut obat-obatan dan peralatan bantuan.<ref name="AP-live-updates" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Turkey earthquake: Death toll could increase eight-fold, WHO says |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64533851 |access-date=2023-02-07 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206024704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64533851 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Dewan Pengungsi Norwegia, sebuah lembaga non-pemerintah kemanusiaan, mengatakan bahwa mereka akan memberikan dukungan langsung kepada mereka yang paling terkena dampak di seluruh Suriah. Mereka mengimbau masyarakat internasional untuk segera memobilisasi sumber daya keuangan untuk mendukung upaya bantuan kolektif di Suriah dan Turki selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2023/february/syria-and-turkiye-deadly-earthquake-will-worsen-humanitarian-crisis/|title=Syria and Türkiye: Deadly earthquake will worsen humanitarian crisis|website=NRC|access-date=2023-02-08|archive-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004234/https://www.nrc.no/news/2023/february/syria-and-turkiye-deadly-earthquake-will-worsen-humanitarian-crisis/|dead-url=no}}</ref> CARE Australia meluncurkan seruan darurat untuk memberikan bantuan darurat termasuk makanan, tempat tinggal, air dan perlengkapan penyelamat lainnya bagi mereka yang terkena dampak gempa bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.care.org.au/appeals/turkiye-syria-earthquake/|title=Donate Now To The Turkey & Syria Earthquake Appeal|access-date=2023-02-08|archive-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207004241/https://www.care.org.au/appeals/turkiye-syria-earthquake/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Badan amal Bantuan Yahudi Sedunia meluncurkan seruan darurat untuk memberikan bantuan darurat ke Turki.<ref name="World Jewish Relief">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldjewishrelief.org/ways-to-donate/appeals/1443-turkey-earthquake-appeal |title=Turkey Earthquake Appeal |publisher=[[World Jewish Relief]] |language=en |access-date=2023-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206183117/https://www.worldjewishrelief.org/ways-to-donate/appeals/1443-turkey-earthquake-appeal |archive-date=2023-02-06}}</ref> Federasi Yahudi menggalang dana untuk Turki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskel |first=Adam |date=2023-02-06 |title=Jewish Federations, JDC raise money for Turkey |url=https://www.jns.org/jewish-federations-of-north-america-raises-money-for-turkey-syria/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=JNS.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207201706/https://www.jns.org/jewish-federations-of-north-america-raises-money-for-turkey-syria/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Lebih dari 50 komunitas Yahudi menyumbang untuk upaya bantuan gempa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Over 50 Jewish communities donated to earthquake relief efforts |language=en-US |work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-730883 |access-date=2023-02-07 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208010925/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-730883 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Beberapa lembaga kemanusiaan Turki seperti AHBAP,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahbap.org/disasters-turkey |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2023-02-08 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207201410/https://ahbap.org/disasters-turkey |dead-url=no }}</ref>
[[Dewan Turki|Organisasi Negara-negara Turki]] menyampaikan belasungkawa mereka melalui rilis di situs web mereka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condolence Message of the OTS Secretary General over the devastating earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. {{!}} News |url=https://www.turkicstates.org/en/haberler/condolence-message-of-the-ots-secretary-general-over-the-devastating-earthquake-in-kahramanmaras-turkiye_2796 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207185214/https://www.turkicstates.org/en/haberler/condolence-message-of-the-ots-secretary-general-over-the-devastating-earthquake-in-kahramanmaras-turkiye_2796 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Ketua Komisi [[Uni Afrika]], [[Moussa Faki]], menyatakan belasungkawa kepada Turki dan Suriah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=African leaders send condolences to Turkey, Syria over devastating earthquake |url=http://www.africanews.com/amp/2023/02/07/african-leaders-express-condolences-to-turkey-syria-over-devastating-earthquake/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207192451/https://www.africanews.com/amp/2023/02/07/african-leaders-express-condolences-to-turkey-syria-over-devastating-earthquake/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|