Timol: Perbedaan antara revisi
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==Ekstraksi==
Metode [[ekstraksi]] konvensional adalah hidro-distilasi (HD), namun juga dapat diekstraksi dengan ekstraksi [[gelombang mikro]] bebas [[pelarut]] (SFME). Dalam 30 menit, SFME menghasilkan timol dalam jumlah yang sama dengan senyawa teroksigenasi lebih banyak dibandingkan 4,5 jam distilasi hidro pada tekanan atmosfer tanpa memerlukan pelarut.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lucchesi |first1=Marie E |last2=Chemat |first2=Farid |last3=Smadja |first3=Jacqueline |date=2004-07-23 |title=Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydro-distillation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967304008672 |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1043 |issue=2 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.083 |pmid=15330107 |issn=0021-9673}}</ref>
==Kegunaan==
[[File:Thymolum by Danny S. - 001.JPG|thumb|right|Serbuk timol pada kaca arloji]]
Pada tahun 1910an timol merupakan pengobatan pilihan untuk infeksi [[cacing tambang]] di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ferrell|first=John Atkinson|title=The Rural School and Hookworm Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omYAAAAAYAAJ|series=US Bureau of Education Bulletin|volume=20, Whole No. 593|year=1914|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref name="Rosenau1913">{{cite book|surname=Milton|given=Joseph Rosenau|title=Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVfQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119|year=1913|publisher=D. Appleton|page=119}}</ref> Masyarakat Timur Tengah terus menggunakan [[za'atar]], makanan lezat yang terbuat dari timi dalam jumlah besar, untuk mengurangi dan menghilangkan parasit internal.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Inskeep|first1=Steve|last2=Godoy|first2=Maria|date=2013-06-11|title=Za'atar: A Spice Mix With Biblical Roots And Brain Food Reputation|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/06/11/190672515/zaatar-a-spice-mix-with-biblical-roots-and-brain-food-reputation|access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref> Ia juga digunakan sebagai [[bahan pengawet]] dalam [[halotana]], anestesi, dan sebagai antiseptik dalam obat kumur. Ketika digunakan untuk mengurangi plak dan radang gusi, timol terbukti lebih efektif bila digunakan dalam kombinasi dengan [[klorheksidin]] dibandingkan jika digunakan sendiri.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Filoche | first1 = S. K. | last2 = Soma | first2 = K. | last3 = Sissons | first3 = C. H. | year = 2005 | title = Antimicrobial effects of essential oils in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate | journal = Oral Microbiol. Immunol. | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 221–225 | doi = 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2005.00216.x | pmid = 15943766 }}</ref> Timol juga merupakan bahan antiseptik aktif dalam beberapa pasta gigi. Timol telah berhasil digunakan untuk mengendalikan tungau varroa dan mencegah fermentasi dan pertumbuhan [[kapang]] di koloni lebah.<ref name=bees>{{cite news|last=Ward |first=Mark |date=2006-03-08 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4780034.stm |title=Almond farmers seek healthy bees |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Timol juga digunakan sebagai [[pestisida]] yang cepat rusak dan tidak bertahan lama.<ref name="J. Coats 2008"/> Timol juga dapat digunakan sebagai [[disinfektan]] medis dan disinfektan untuk keperluan umum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/3143fact.pdf|title=Thymol|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=September 1993}}</ref> Timol juga digunakan dalam produksi [[mentol]] melalui hidrogenasi cincin aromatik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Menthol {{!}} Definition, Structure, & Uses {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/menthol |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Daftar tumbuhan yang mengandung timol==
* ''Illicium verum'' ([[bunga lawang]])
* ''Euphrasia rostkoviana''<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 26000025 | doi=10.1155/2015/734101 | volume=2015 | title=Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' Hayne Essential Oil | pmc=4427012 | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | pages=1–5 | last1 = Novy | first1 = P. | last2 = Davidova | first2 = H. | last3 = Serrano Rojero | first3 = C. S. | last4 = Rondevaldova | first4 = J. | last5 = Pulkrabek | first5 = J. | last6 = Kokoska | first6 = L.| year=2015 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Lagoecia cuminoides''<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10412905.1994.9698448 |title=Composition of the Essential Oil of ''Lagoecia cuminoides'' L. from Turkey |year=1994 |last1=Baser |first1=K. H.C. |last2=Tümen |first2=G. |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=545–546 }}</ref>
* ''Monarda didyma''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Donata Ricci|author2=Francesco Epifano|author3=Daniele Fraternale|editor=Olga Tzakou|title=The Essential Oil of Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) Exerts Phytotoxic Activity In Vitro against Various Weed Seeds|journal=Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)|publisher=[[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]]|date=February 2017|volume=22|issue=2|pages=222|pmc=6155892|pmid=28157176|doi=10.3390/molecules22020222|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''Monarda fistulosa''<ref>{{cite journal|first1=V. A. |last1=Zamureenko |first2=N. A. |last2=Klyuev |first3=B. V. |last3=Bocharov |first4=V. S. |last4=Kabanov |first5=A. M. |last5=Zakharov |title=An investigation of the component composition of the essential oil of ''Monarda fistulosa'' |journal=Chemistry of Natural Compounds |volume=25 |issue=5 |date=1989 |pages=549–551 |doi=10.1007/BF00598073 |s2cid=24267822 |issn=1573-8388}}</ref>
* ''Mosla chinensis''
* ''Ocimum gratissimum'' ([[selasih mekah]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Escobar |first1=Angélica |last2=Pérez |first2=Miriam |last3=Romanelli |first3=Gustavo |last4=Blustein |first4=Guillermo |date=2020-12-01 |title=Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications |journal=Arabian Journal of Chemistry |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=9243–9269 |doi=10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.11.009 |issn=1878-5352|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/139451 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Origanum compactum''<ref name=ccaa />
* ''Origanum dictamnus''<ref name=lict>{{cite journal
| last1 = Liolios
| first1 = C. C.
| title = Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of ''Origanum dictamnus'' L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity
| journal = Food Chemistry
| volume = 112
| issue = 1
| pages = 77–83
| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.060
| last2 = Gortzi
| first2 = O.
| last3 = Lalas
| first3 = S.
| last4 = Tsaknis
| first4 = J.
| last5 = Chinou
| first5 = I.}}</ref>
* ''Origanum onites''<ref name=ihte>{{cite journal
| last1 = Ozkan
| first1 = Gulcan
| title = The influence of harvest time on essential oil composition, phenolic constituents and antioxidant properties of Turkish oregano (''Origanum onites'' L.)
| journal = Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
| volume = 90
| issue = 2
| pages = 205–209
| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1002/jsfa.3788
| pmid = 20355032
| last2 = Baydar
| first2 = H.
| last3 = Erbas
| first3 = S.}}</ref><ref name=caae>{{cite journal
| last1 = Lagouri
| first1 = Vasiliki
| title = Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Oregano plants grown wild in Greece
| journal = Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A
| volume = 197
| issue = 1
| pages = 1431–4630
| year = 1993
| doi = 10.1007/BF01202694
| last2 = Blekas
| first2 = George
| last3 = Tsimidou
| first3 = Maria
| last4 = Kokkini
| first4 = Stella
| last5 = Boskou
| first5 = Dimitrios| s2cid = 81307357
}}</ref>
* ''Origanum vulgare'' ([[oregano]])<ref name=teeo>{{cite journal
| last1 = Kanias
| first1 = G. D.
| title = Trace elements and essential oil composition in chemotypes of the aromatic plant ''Origanum vulgare''
| journal = Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
| volume = 227
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 23–31
| year = 1998
| doi = 10.1007/BF02386426
| last2 = Souleles
| first2 = C.
| last3 = Loukis
| first3 = A.
| last4 = Philotheou-Panou
| first4 = E.| s2cid = 94582250
}}</ref><ref name=coeo>{{cite journal
| last1 = Figiel
| first1 = Adam
| title = Composition of oregano essential oil (''Origanum vulgare'') as affected by drying method
| journal = Journal of Food Engineering
| volume = 98
| issue = 2
| pages = 240–247
| year = 2010
| doi = 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.002
| last2 = Szumny
| first2 = Antoni
| last3 = Gutiérrez Ortíz
| first3 = Antonio
| last4 = Carbonell Barrachina
| first4 = Ángel A.}}</ref>
* ''Satureja thymbra''
* ''Thymus glandulosus''<ref name=ccaa>{{cite journal
| last1 = Bouchra
| first1 = Chebli
| title = Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against ''Botrytis cinerea'' Pers: Fr
| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology
| volume = 89
| issue = 1
| pages = 165–169
| year = 2003
| doi = 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00275-7
| pmid = 14522450
| last2 = Achouri
| first2 = Mohamed
| last3 = Idrissi Hassani
| first3 = L. M.
| last4 = Hmamouchi
| first4 = Mohamed}}</ref>
* ''Thymus hyemalis''<ref name=apth />
* ''Thymus serpyllum''
* ''Thymus praecox''
* ''Thymus vulgaris'' ([[timi biasa]])<ref name=apth>{{cite journal
| last1 = Goodner
| first1 = K.L.
| title = Aromatic profiles of ''Thymus hyemalis'' and Spanish ''T. vulgaris'' essential oils by GC–MS/GC–O
| journal = Industrial Crops and Products
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 264–268
| year = 2006
| doi = 10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.06.006
| last2 = Mahattanatawee
| first2 = K.
| last3 = Plotto
| first3 = A.
| last4 = Sotomayor
| first4 = J.
| last5 = Jordán
| first5 = M.}}</ref><ref name=ivcb>{{cite journal
| last1 = Lee
| first1 = Seung-Joo
| title = Identification of volatile components in basil (''Ocimum basilicum'' L.) and thyme leaves (''Thymus vulgaris'' L.) and their antioxidant properties
| journal = Food Chemistry
| volume = 91
| issue = 1
| pages = 131–137
| year = 2005
| doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056
| last2 = Umano
| first2 = Katumi
| last3 = Shibamoto
| first3 = Takayuki
| last4 = Lee
| first4 = Kwang-Geun}}</ref>
* ''Thymus zygis''<ref name=scet>{{cite journal
| last1 = Moldão Martins
| first1 = M.
| title = Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction of ''Thymus zygis'' L. subsp. ''sylvestris'' aroma
| journal = The Journal of Supercritical Fluids
| volume = 18
| issue = 1
| pages = 25–34
| year = 2000
| doi = 10.1016/S0896-8446(00)00047-4
| last2 = Palavra
| first2 = A.
| last3 = Beirão da Costa
| first3 = M. L.
| last4 = Bernardo Gil
| first4 = M. G.}}</ref>
* ''Trachyspermum ammi'' ([[Jemuju|ajwain]])
==Toksikologi dan dampak lingkungan==
Pada tahun 2009, [[Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat]] (EPA) meninjau literatur penelitian tentang toksikologi dan dampak timol terhadap lingkungan dan menyimpulkan bahwa "timol memiliki potensi toksisitas minimal dan menimbulkan risiko minimal".<ref>{{Federal Register|74|12613}}</ref>
===Kerusakan lingkungan dan penggunaan sebagai pestisida===
Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa hidrokarbon [[monoterpena]] dan timol khususnya terdegradasi dengan cepat (DT<sub>50</sub> 16 hari di air, 5 hari di tanah<ref name="J. Coats 2008">{{cite journal|first1=D. |last1=Hu |first2=J. |last2=Coats |title=Evaluation of the environmental fate of thymol and phenethyl propionate in the laboratory |journal=Pest Manag. Sci. |volume=64 |issue=7 |pages=775–779 |date=2008 |doi=10.1002/ps.1555|pmid=18381775 }}</ref>) di lingkungan, dan dengan demikian berisiko rendah karena disipasi cepat dan residu berikatan rendah,<ref name="J. Coats 2008"/> mendukung penggunaan timol sebagai bahan pestisida yang menawarkan alternatif yang aman dibandingkan pestisida kimia lain yang lebih persisten yang dapat tersebar di limpasan dan selanjutnya menghasilkan kontaminasi. Meski demikian, baru-baru ini terdapat penelitian mengenai sistem pelepasan berkelanjutan untuk pestisida yang berasal dari tumbuhan, seperti penggunaan [[polisakarida]] alami yang bersifat [[biodegradasi]] dan [[biokompatibel]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Estefânia V. R. |last2=Proença |first2=Patrícia L. F. |last3=Oliveira |first3=Jhones L. |last4=Bakshi |first4=Mansi |last5=Abhilash |first5=P. C. |last6=Fraceto |first6=Leonardo F. |date=2019-10-01 |title=Use of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: Future perspectives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X18302917 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=105 |pages=483–495 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.038 |issn=1470-160X|hdl=11449/179822 |s2cid=89798604 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
==Status pelengkap==
* [[Farmakope Britania Raya]]<ref name=ib29>{{cite web
|last = The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat
|title = Index, BP 2009
|year = 2009
|url = http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf
|access-date = 2009-07-05
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090411071437/http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf
|archive-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref>
* [[Farmakope Jepang]]<ref name=jp15>{{cite web| title =Japanese Pharmacopoeia| url =http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf| access-date =2010-04-21| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105441/http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf| archive-date =22 July 2011}}</ref>
==Referensi==
{{Reflist}}
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