Stephen King: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k →Pranala luar: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata |NAME = King, Stephen |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = King, Stephen Edwin |SHORT DESCRIPTION = American author |DATE OF BIRTH = September 21, 1947 |PLACE OF BIRTH = [ |
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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
|name = Stephen King
|image = Stephen King, Comicon.jpg
|caption = Stephen King, Februari 2007
|pseudonym = [[Richard Bachman]], John Swithen
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|9|21}}
|birth_name = Stephen Edwin King
|birth_place = [[Portland, Maine]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
|occupation = Novelis, cerpenis, penulis skenario, kolumnis, aktor, produser, sutradara
|period = 1967–sekarang<ref name=OfficialBio>{{cite web|url=http://www.stephenking.com/biography.php|title=Stephen King.com: Biography|accessdate=December 8, 2013|last=King|first=Tabitha|first2=Marsha|last2=DeFilippo|archive-date=2008-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121845/http://www.stephenking.com/biography.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|genre = Horor, fantasi, fiksi ilmiah, drama, gotik, [[fantasi gelap]], [[distopia]]
|movement =
|notableworks = ''[[Carrie (novel)|Carrie]]'', ''[[Salem's Lot]]'', ''[[The Shining (novel)|The Shining]]'', ''[[The Stand]]'', ''[[Misery (novel)|Misery]]'', ''[[It (novel)|It]]'', dan ''[[The Dark Tower (series)|The Dark Tower]]''
|influences = [[Burton Hatlen]]<ref name=bn>{{Cite news|first=Alicia|last=Anstead|title=UM scholar Hatlen, mentor to Stephen King, dies at 71|url=http://bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=159261&zoneid=17|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=January 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302041533/http://bangornews.com/news/t/city.aspx?articleid=159261&zoneid=176|archivedate=2008-03-02|access-date=2014-02-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br />[[Bram Stoker]]<br />[[Elmore Leonard]]<br />[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />[[Shirley Jackson]]<br />[[H. P. Lovecraft]]<br />[[Richard Matheson]]<br />[[Ray Bradbury]]<ref>King, Stephen (1981). ''[[Danse Macabre (book)|Danse Macabre]]''. Macdonald. p. 117 ISBN 0-354-04647-0. "My first experience of real horror came at the hands of Ray Bradbury."</ref><br />[[Edgar Allan Poe]]<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/edal/planyourvisit/things2do.htm "Things To Do"] [[National Park Service]]. Retrieved September 29, 2010.</ref><br />[[John D. MacDonald]]<br />[[Don Robertson (author)|Don Robertson]]<br />[[William Golding]]<ref>Flood, Alison (April 11, 2011). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/apr/11/stephen-king-william-golding-centenary "Stephen King joins William Golding centenary celebrations"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref>
|influenced =[[Peter David]]<ref>Interview with [[WCSH6]] News Center, [[Portland, Maine]], January 2007</ref><br />[[J. J. Abrams]]<ref name=JoBlo>{{cite web|last=Sampson|first=Mike|url=http://joblo.com/abrams-on-dark-tower|title=Abrams on Dark Tower?|publisher=[[Joblo.com]]|date=February 14, 2007|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2008-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228002848/http://www.joblo.com/abrams-on-dark-tower|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br/>[[Damon Lindelof]]<ref name=JoBlo/><br />[[Jeaniene Frost]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fandomania.com/interview-urban-fantasy-romance-author-jeaniene-frost-part-1/|publisher=fandomania|last=MacGregor|first=Paige|title=Interview: Urban Fantasy Romance Author Jeaniene Frost, Part 1|date=October 16, 2009}}</ref>
|awards = [[National Book Award|Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters]], [[Hugo Award]], [[Bram Stoker Award]], [[World Fantasy Award]]
|website = http://www.stephenking.com
|spouse = [[Tabitha King]] (1971-sekarang)
|children = Naomi King<br />[[Joe Hill (penulis)|Joe King]]<br />[[Owen King]]
|alma_mater = [[Universitas Maine]] (B.A., English, 1970)
}}
'''Stephen Edwin King''' ({{lahirmati|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|21|9|1947}}) adalah seorang penulis kontemporer [[Amerika Serikat]]. Novel-novelnya yang umumnya bergenre [[horor]], [[fiksi ilmiah]], dan fantasi telah terjual lebih dari 350 juta eksemplar di seluruh dunia,<ref name="Stephen King">Morgan, Robert. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/newsnight/6174256.stm Stephen King], ''[[Newsnight]]'', [[BBC]], November 22, 2006</ref> dan sebagian di antaranya telah diadaptasi menjadi film layar lebar, film televisi, dan buku [[komik]]. King telah menerbitkan lima puluh novel, tujuh di antaranya diterbitkan dengan [[nama pena]] [[Richard Bachman]], serta lima buku nonfiksi. Ia juga telah menulis hampir dua ratus [[cerita pendek]], sebagian besarnya diterbitkan dalam sembilan kumpulan fiksi pendek. Kebanyakan novel-novel King berlatar tempat di kampung halamannya di [[Maine]].
King telah menerima sejumlah penghargaan, termasuk [[Bram Stoker Award]], [[World Fantasy Award]], dan [[British Fantasy Society]] Award. [[Novela]]nya yang berjudul ''[[The Way Station]]'' meraih nominasi [[Nebula Award]],<ref>[http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/awards/nebula.htm The Nebula Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115020256/http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/awards/nebula.htm |date=2012-11-15 }}, Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved March 11, 2011.</ref> dan cerita pendek "[[The Man in the Black Suit]]" menerima [[O. Henry Award]]. Pada tahun 2003, [[National Book Foundation]] menganugerahinya [[National Book Award|Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters]].<ref name=natbook>[http://www.nationalbook.org/amerletters.html "CDistinguished Contribution to American Letters "], National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 11, 2011.</ref> King juga telah menerima sejumlah penghargaan atas sumbangsihnya terhadap dunia kesusastraan selama hidupnya, misalnya [[World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement]] (2004), Canadian Booksellers Association Lifetime Achievement Award (2007), dan Grand Master Award dari [[Mystery Writers of America]] (2007).<ref>[http://clubstephenkinglille.forumactif.com/t1133-recompenses-litteraires-de-stephen-king "FORUMS du CLUB STEPHEN KING (CSK)"]. Forum Stephen King. Retrieved March 8, 2012.</ref>
== Kehidupan awal ==
Stephen Edwin King lahir pada tanggal 21 September 1947 di [[Portland, Maine]], putra dari seorang pelaut bernama Donald Edwin King dan istrinya, Nellie Ruth (née Pillsbury). Saat King berusia dua tahun, ayahnya meninggalkan dirinya dan keluarganya. Ibunya kemudian membesarkan King dan kakak angkatnya, David, seorang diri, terkadang menghadapi masalah keuangan. King dan keluarganya pindah ke [[De Pere, Wisconsin]], [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], dan [[Stratford, Connecticut]]. Saat King berusia sebelas tahun, keluarganya kembali ke [[Durham, Maine]]. Di sana, Ruth bekerja sebagai pengasuh di kompleks perumahan setempat untuk menafkahi keluarga.<ref name=OfficialBio/> King dibesarkan sebagai seorang [[Metodis]].<ref name=OfficialFAQ>[http://www.stephenking.com/faq.html#0.5 "Frequently Asked Questions"]. StephenKing.com. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</ref>
Saat masih anak-anak, King menyaksikan salah seorang temannya tewas ditabrak kereta api. Setelah itu, King berubah menjadi seorang anak pendiam. Beberapa pendapat menyatakan bahwa peristiwa ini secara psikologis mungkin telah mengilhami beberapa karya King,<ref>Beahm, George ''The Stephen King Story: A Literary Profile'' Andrews and McMeel. 1991. ISBN 0-8362-7989-1: pp.101</ref> meskipun King tidak menyebut mengenai hal ini dalam memoarnya berjudul ''[[On Writing]]'' (2000).<ref name=KingOnWriting>{{Cite book|last =King|first =Stephen|title =On Writing|url =https://archive.org/details/onwritingmemoir000king|publisher=Scribner|year =2000|isbn = 0-684-85352-3}}</ref>
King menempuh pendidikan dasar di Durham Elementary School dan lulus dari [[Lisbon Falls High School]] di [[Lisbon Falls, Maine]]. Sejak bersekolah, ia telah menunjukkan ketertarikan pada cerita horor dan merupakan seorang pembaca setia [[EC Comics|komik horor EC]], termasuk ''[[Tales from the Crypt (komik)|Tales from the Crypt]]''.
== Karier ==
King mulai iseng menulis saat masih bersekolah dengan menulis artikel untuk surat kabar ''Dave's Rag'', dan kemudian mulai menjual cerita karangannya kepada teman-temannya. Cerita karangannya yang pertama kali diterbitkan secara independen adalah "I Was a Teenage Grave Robber", serial yang diterbitkan dalam empat cerita bersambung di ''Comics Review'' pada tahun 1965.<ref>Wood, Rocky et al. ''Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished''. Abingdon, Maryland 2006 ISBN 1-58767-130-1</ref>
Setelah lulus dari universitas, King tidak kunjung mendapat pekerjaan. Ia kemudian mulai menjual cerpen karangannya ke majalah-majalah seperti ''[[Cavalier (majalah)|Cavalier]]''.<ref name=leafe20090512>{{cite news|last=David|first=Leafe|title=Stephen King's Real Horror Story: How the novelist's addiction to drink and drugs nearly killed him|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1178151/Stephen-Kings-Real-Horror-Story-How-novelists-addiction-drink-drugs-nearly-killed-him.html|accessdate=September 17, 2012|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=May 12, 2009}}</ref> Pada tahun 1973, novel pertama King, ''[[Carrie (novel)|Carrie]]'', diterima oleh penerbit [[Doubleday (penerbit)|Doubleday]]. Uang muka yang diterimanya untuk penerbitan novel ini adalah sebesar $2,500.<ref>{{cite news|first=Marie-louise|last=Olson|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2468493/How-master-horror-Stephen-Kings-wife-inspired-writing-saving-pages-Carrie-dustbin.html|title=How master of horror Stephen King's wife inspired him to keep writing after saving the first three pages of Carrie from the dustbin|work=Daily Mail|date=October 20, 2013|accessdate=December 7, 2013}}</ref> Setelah penerbitan ''Carrie'', King mulai menulis ''Second Coming'', yang kemudian diterbitkan dengan judul ''[[Salem's Lot]]'' pada tahun 1975.<ref>Konstantin, Phil. [http://americanindian.net/stephenking.html "An Interview with Stephen King"], americanindian.net. Retrieved January 19, 2011.</ref> Setelah kematian ibunya pada 1974, King dan keluarganya pindah ke [[Boulder, Colorado]], dan di sana ia mulai menulis ''[[The Shining (novel)|The Shining]]'' (diterbitkan tahun 1977). Ia kembali ke Maine pada 1975 dan menyelesaikan novel keempatnya, ''[[The Stand]]'' (diterbitkan tahun 1978).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Author|url=http://www.stephenking.com/the_author.html|publisher=stephenking.com|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref>
Pada akhir 1970-an, King menerbitkan sejumlah novel pendek berjudul ''[[Rage (novel Stephen King)|Rage]]'' (1977), ''[[The Long Walk]]'' (1979), ''[[Roadwork]]'' (1981) ''[[The Running Man (novel)|The Running Man]]'' (1982), dan ''[[Thinner (novel)|Thinner]]'' (1984) dengan nama pena [[Richard Bachman]]. Penggunaan [[nama pena]] ini dilakukannya untuk menguji apakah ia bisa meniru kesuksesannya dibalik nama orang lain dan untuk menghilangkan anggapan bahwa popularitasnya hanyalah sebuah kebetulan.<ref name=kingbachman>{{cite web|url=http://www.stephenking.com/pages/FAQ/Stephen_King/whybachman.php|title=Stephen King FAQ: "Why did you write books as Richard Bachman?"|author=King, Stephen|accessdate=December 13, 2006|publisher=StephenKing.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115014750/http://www.stephenking.com/pages/FAQ/Stephen_King/whybachman.php|archivedate=2006-11-15|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Hingga tahun 2013, King telah menerbitkan lima puluh novel, dua ratus cerita pendek, dan lima karya [[nonfiksi]], yang telah terjual lebih dari 350 juta eksemplar di seluruh dunia,<ref name="Stephen King"/> Karya-karyanya juga telah diadaptasi menjadi sejumlah film, buku komik, dan [[teater]].
== Kehidupan pribadi ==
King menikah dengan [[Tabitha King|Tabitha Spruce]], rekannya sesama mahasiswa di [[Universitas Maine]] pada tahun 1971. Mereka dikaruniai tiga orang anak, yakni Naomi King, [[Joe Hill (penulis)|Joe King]], dan [[Owen King]]. Dua terakhir juga berprofesi sebagai penulis.
== Karya ==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* {{cite book|last=Brooks|first=Justin|title=Stephen King: A Primary Bibliography of the World's Most Popular Author|year=2008|publisher=Cemetery Dance|isbn=1-58767-153-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=The Many Facets of Stephen King|url=https://archive.org/details/manyfacetsofstep0000coll|year=1985|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-14-3|authorlink=Michael R. Collings}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=The Shorter Works of Stephen King|year=1985|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-02-X|authorlink=Michael R. Collings|coauthors=David A. Engebretson}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=Stephen King as Richard Bachman|url=https://archive.org/details/stephenkingasric0000coll|year=1985|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-00-3|authorlink=Michael R. Collings}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=The Films of Stephen King|year=1986|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-10-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=The Annotated Guide to Stephen King: A Primary and Secondary Bibliography of the Works of America's Premier Horror Writer|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedguideto0000coll|year=1986|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-80-1|authorlink=Michael R. Collings}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=The Stephen King Phenomenon|url=https://archive.org/details/stephenkingpheno0000coll|year=1987|publisher=Starmont House|isbn=0-930261-12-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=Horror Plum'd: An International Stephen King Bibliography and Guide 1960–2000|year=2003|publisher=Overlook Connection Press|isbn=1-892950-45-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Collings|first=Michael R.|title=Stephen King Is Richard Bachman|year=2008|publisher=Overlook Connection Press|isbn=1-892950-74-X|authorlink=Michael R. Collings}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hoppenstand|editor-first=Gary|title=Stephen King|year=2010|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-1-58765-685-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Spignesi|first=Stephen|title=The Complete Stephen King Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/completestephenk00spig|year=1991|publisher=Contemporary Books|isbn=978-0-8092-3818-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Spignesi|first=Stephen|title=The Lost Work of Stephen King|url=https://archive.org/details/lostworkofstephe0000spig|year=1998|publisher=Birch Lane Press|isbn=978-1-55972-469-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Spignesi|first=Stephen|title=The Essential Stephen King|year=2001|publisher=Career Press|isbn=978-1-56414-710-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Rocky|title=The Complete Guide to the Works of Stephen King|publisher=Kanrock Partners|isbn=0-9750593-3-5|authorlink=Rocky Wood|coauthors=David Rawsthorne, Norma Blackburn}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Rocky|title=Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished|year=2006|publisher=Cemetery Dance|isbn=1-58767-130-1|authorlink=Rocky Wood}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Rocky|title=The Stephen King Collector's Guide|publisher=Kanrock Partners|isbn=978-0-9750593-5-7|authorlink=Rocky Wood|coauthors=Justin Brooks}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Rocky|title=Stephen King: The Non-Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/stephenkingnonfi0000wood|year=2008|publisher=Cemetery Dance|isbn=1-58767-160-3|authorlink=Rocky Wood|coauthors=Justin Brooks}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.stephenking.com/ Stephen King's Official Web Site]
* {{twitter|StephenKing|Stephen King}}
* [http://www.carriethemusical.com/ Official Website for Carrie the Musical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301175810/http://www.carriethemusical.com/ |date=2007-03-01 }}
* [http://www.stkfoundation.org/ Stephen & Tabitha King Foundation]
* [http://www.latorrenera.com La Torre Nera – Stephen King] Italian/English Website
* [http://club-stephenking.fr/ Club Stephen King] French English Website
* [http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20080328/NEWS/803280336/1661 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426160514/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20080328/NEWS/803280336/1661 |date=2010-04-26 }} of a March 2008 interview with King in Sarasota, Fla.
* [http://www.stephen-king.de/ German web site]
* [http://www.shotsmag.co.uk/interview_view.aspx?interview_id=229 Working with the King – Shotsmag Ezine Interview with Philippa Pride, King's UK editor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031010137/http://www.shotsmag.co.uk/interview_view.aspx?interview_id=229 |date=2020-10-31 }}
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-63767}}
* {{isfdb name|Stephen_King}}
* {{IBList |type=author|id=62|name=Stephen King}}
* {{IMDb name|175}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5653/the-art-of-fiction-no-189-stephen-king|work=The Paris Review |title=Stephen King, The Art of Fiction No. 189|date=Fall 2006|last1=Lehmann-Haupt |first1=Christopher |last2=Rich |first2=Nathaniel}}
{{Stephen King}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Kategori:Stephen King| ]]
[[Kategori:Penulis Amerika Serikat|King]]
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