Hamas: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(8 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 2:
{{Infobox Partai Politik
| colorcode = #008000
| leader = [[YahyaKhaled SinwarMashal]] (pj)
| foundation = 14 Desember 1987
| founder = [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]]
Baris 10:
| wing1 = [[Brigade Izzuddin al-Qassam]]
| headquarters = [[Gaza]]
| flag = Flag of Hamasal-Qassam Brigades.svg
| seats1_title = [[Dewan Legislatif Palestina]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|70|132|hex=#008000}}
Baris 24:
'''Hamas''' ({{lang-ar|حماس|translit=Ḥamās}}, [[akronim]] dari '''''Harakat al-Muqawwamatul Islamiyyah''''' {{lang|ar|حركة المقاومة الاسلامية}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah}}'', secara harfiah "Gerakan Perlawanan Islam" dan kata Arab untuk 'ketekunan'), adalah gerakan [[Sunni|Islam Sunni]] dan [[nasionalisme]] [[Palestina]] yang menentang pendudukan [[Zionisme|Zionis]] di wilayah tersebut. Gerakan ini percaya bahwa kebangkitan mereka adalah titik masuk utama untuk tujuannya "membebaskan seluruh Palestina dari sungai ke laut".<ref>[https://www.palestine-info.com/arabic/hamas/who/who.htm Tentang Hamas]- Palestina Media Center versi lama. |date= Juli 2017</ref>
 
Sejak tahun 2007, Hamas telah memerintah [[Jalur Gaza]], setelah memenangkan mayoritas kursi di parlemen Palestina pada pemilihan parlemen Palestina tahun 2006<ref name="BBC-Hamas-who">{{cite news|title=Who are Hamas?|publisher=BBC News|date=January 26, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm|location=London|access-date=2014-07-10|archive-date=2016-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan mengalahkan organisasi politik [[Fatah]] dalam serangkaian bentrokan. [[Israel]], [[Amerika Serikat]],<ref name="SD1">[http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf "Country reports on terrorism 2005"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215064939/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf|date=2019-02-15}}, [[United States Department of State]]. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. U.S. Dept. of State Publication 11324. April 2006. p 196</ref> [[Kanada]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx|title=Currently listed entities|publisher=Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness|date=November 22, 2012|access-date=2014-07-10|archive-date=2009-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209042421/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Uni Eropa]],<ref name="eu"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3100518.stm|title=EU blacklists Hamas political wing|publisher=BBC News|date=September 11, 2003|access-date=2014-07-10|archive-date=2023-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621224322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3100518.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Yordania]],<ref name="AbdullahSaysNoToHamas"/> [[Mesir]],<ref name="egyptban"/>, dan [[Jepang]] mengklasifikasikan Hamas sebagai organisasi teroris,<ref name="fox1"/> sementara [[Iran]], [[Rusia]],<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/06/how-to-confront-russias-anti-american-foreign-policy/ "How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117184055/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/06/how-to-confront-russias-anti-american-foreign-policy/ |date=2017-01-17 }} The Heritage Foundation. June 27, 2007</ref> [[Turki]],<ref>{{Wayback |date=20120604051639 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10236884 |title="Gaza flotilla: Turkey threat to Israel ties over raid" }} BBC News. June 4, 2010</ref> [[Tiongkok|China]],<ref name="Free Zionism">{{cite web | url=http://www.investigativeproject.org/4164/bank-of-china-terror-financing-case-moves-forward | title=Bank of China may have helped Hamas kill Jews | publisher=Free Zionism | accessdate=30 March 2014 | archive-date=2019-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516035906/https://www.investigativeproject.org/4164/bank-of-china-terror-financing-case-moves-forward | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Abha Shankar">{{cite web | url=http://www.investigativeproject.org/4164/bank-of-china-terror-financing-case-moves-forward | title=Bank of China Terror Financing Case Moves Forward | publisher=Investigative Project on Terrorism | date=Sep 19, 2013 | accessdate=30 March 2014 | author=Abha Shankar | archive-date=2019-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516035906/https://www.investigativeproject.org/4164/bank-of-china-terror-financing-case-moves-forward | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-china-bank-is-not-the-issue-here-dude/|title=The China bank is not the issue here, dude|work=The Times of Israel|date=December 18, 2013|accessdate=30 March 2014|author=Joshua Davidovich|archive-date=2018-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713020448/https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-china-bank-is-not-the-issue-here-dude/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="China's Palestine Policy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34662 |title=China's Palestine Policy |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2016-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185205/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=34662 |dead-url=no }}</ref>, dan banyak negara di seluruh dunia tidak mengambil sikap atas Hamas.
 
Berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip [[fundamentalisme Islam]] yang memperoleh momentum di seluruh [[dunia Arab]] pada 1980-an, Hamas didirikan pada tahun 1987 selama [[Intifadhah Pertama]] sebagai cabang dari [[Ikhwanul Muslimin]] Mesir.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref name="crs1993"/> [[Sheikh ahmed yassin|Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]] sebagai pendiri menyatakan pada 14 [[Desember]] tahun 1987, dan [[Piagam Hamas]] menegaskan pada tahun 1988, bahwa Hamas didirikan untuk membebaskan Palestina dari pendudukan Israel dan mendirikan [[negara Islam]] di wilayah yang sekarang menjadi [[Israel]], [[Tepi Barat]], dan [[Jalur Gaza]].<ref>Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), www.ict.org.il</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/27/international/middleeast/27mideast.html?ex=1298696400&en=25164615c0b5f11c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss "Israeli Official Says Hamas Has Made Abbas Irrelevant"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111205228/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/27/international/middleeast/27mideast.html?ex=1298696400&en=25164615c0b5f11c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |date=2016-01-11 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 27, 2006</ref> Namun, pada bulan Juli 2009, [[Khaled Meshal]], kepala biro politik Hamas, mengatakan organisasi itu bersedia bekerja sama dengan "resolusi konflik Arab-Israel yang termasuk negara Palestina berdasarkan perbatasan tahun 1967", asalkan [[pengungsi Palestina]] memegang hak untuk kembali ke [[Israel]] dan [[Yerusalem Timur]] menjadi [[ibu kota]] [[negara]] baru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#p5|title=Hamas|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=August 2, 2011|archive-date=2010-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602205041/http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#p5|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Solomon|first=Jay|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124899975954495435.html|title=Hamas Chief Outlines Terms for Talks on Arab-Israeli Peace|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 31, 2009|accessdate=August 2, 2011|archive-date=2013-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002133627/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124899975954495435.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, [[Mousa Abu Marzook Mohammed]], wakil ketua biro politik Hamas, mengatakan pada tahun 2014 bahwa "Hamas tidak akan mengakui Israel", dan menambahkan "ini adalah garis merah yang tidak bisa dilewati".<ref>{{cite news|last=Amer|first=Adnan Abu|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/05/interview-abu-marzouk-hamas-israel-fatah-reconciliation.html|title=Hamas' Abu Marzouk says recognizing Israel a 'red line'|work=Al-Monitor|date=May 5, 2014|access-date=2014-07-10|archive-date=2014-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705075829/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/05/interview-abu-marzouk-hamas-israel-fatah-reconciliation.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
[[Brigade]] [[Izzuddin al-Qassam]], sayap militer yang berafiliasi dengan Hamas, telah meluncurkan serangan terhadap [[Israel]], terhadap penduduk sipil dandengan sasaran target militer.<ref name=ag>{{cite web|title=Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas&apos|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2021-02-21|archive-date=2011-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822125618/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas%26apos|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Serangan terhadap sasaran sipil telah menyertakan serangan roket dan dari tahun 1993 hingga 2006, bomdan juga bunuhbom dirisyahid.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|author=Urquhart, Conal|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/09/israel|title=Hamas in call to end suicide bombings|newspaper=The Observer|date=April 9, 2006|accessdate=September 8, 2013|archive-date=2009-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324040908/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/09/israel|dead-url=no}}</ref> Serangan terhadap sasaran militer menyertakan tembakan senjata ringan, [[Roket Qassam|roket]] dan serangan [[mortir]].<ref name=ag/><ref>{{cite news|last=al-Mughrabi|first=Nidal|title=Hamas bomber killed in attack at Gaza-Israel border|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/19/idUSL19424914|accessdate=April 28, 2011|date=April 19, 2008|author2=Ori Lewis|agency=Reuters|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233322/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/19/idUSL19424914|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2382|title=Hamas's Tactics: Lessons from Recent Attacks|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=October 19, 2005|author1=Jamie Chosak|author2=Julie Sawyer|accessdate=August 1, 2011|archive-date=2007-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012145045/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2382|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
Pada bulan [[Juni]] 2008, sebagai bagian dari [[gencatan senjata]] yang ditengahi [[Mesir]], Hamas menghentikan serangan [[Roket Qassam|roket]] ke [[Israel]] dan melakukan beberapa upaya untuk mencegah serangan oleh organisasi lain.<ref>Akram, Fares; Isabel Kershner (March 18, 2010). "[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/world/middleeast/19gaza.html?_r=1 Gaza rocket attack into Israel kills a Thai worker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105161109/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/world/middleeast/19gaza.html?_r=1 |date=2021-11-05 }}". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name="ITIC"/> Setelah masa tenang selama empat bulan, konflik meningkat ketika [[Israel]] melakukan pelanggaran dengan melakukan aksi militer, dengan tujuan untukdalihnya mencegah penculikan yang direncanakan oleh Hamas, menggunakan terowongan yang digali di bawah pagar keamanan perbatasan,{{citation broken|date=April 2013}} dan menewaskan tujuh operator Hamas. Sebagai pembalasan, Hamas menyerang Israel dengan rentetan roket.<ref name="ITIC">{{cite web|date=December 2008|title=The Six Months of the Lull Arrangement|publisher=Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/data/pdf/PDF_08_300_2.pdf|accessdate=October 9, 2013|archive-date=2023-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622224710/https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_08_300_2.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="ynetnews.com"/>] Pada akhir Desember 2008, saat [[Konflik Israel-Gaza 2008-2009|Israel menyerang Gaza]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Lefkovits|first=Etgar|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Pool-of-8-foreign-journalists-allowed-into-Gaza|title=Pool of 8 foreign journalists allowed into Gaza|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=January 18, 2009|accessdate=August 2, 2011|archive-date=2021-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924021048/https://www.jpost.com/israel/pool-of-8-foreign-journalists-allowed-into-gaza|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan menarik pasukannya dari wilayah pada pertengahan Januari 2009.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece "Israel withdraws its troops from Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005808/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece |date=2011-05-10 }} ''Times''</ref> Setelah Perang Gaza, Hamas terus memerintah [[Jalur Gaza]] dan [[Israel]] mempertahankan [[pengepungan]]. Pada tanggal 4 Mei 2011, Hamas dan [[Fatah]] mengumumkan perjanjian rekonsiliasi yang menyediakan untuk "pembentukan pemerintah Palestina sementara secara bersama" sebelum pemilihan nasional yang dijadwalkan pada 2012.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/04/palestinian-rivals-hamas-fatah-deal "Palestinian rivals Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208114217/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/04/palestinian-rivals-hamas-fatah-deal|date=2012-12-08}} ''[[The Guardian (UK)]]'', May 4, 2011</ref> Menurut laporan berita Israel yang mengutip pemimpin Fatah [[Mahmoud Abbas|Mahmud Abbas]], sebagai syarat bergabung dengan [[PLO]], [[Khaled Mashal]] setuju untuk menghentikan "perjuangan bersenjata" melawan [[Israel]] dan menerima [[Negara Palestina]] dalam perbatasan tahun 1967, di samping [[Israel]].<ref>[http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/148473/ Does Hamas Joining PLO Mean It Accepts 2 States?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115112430/http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/148473/ |date=2012-01-15 }} By J. J. Goldberg, ''The Forward'', December 22, 2011</ref>
 
== Etimologi ==
Baris 63:
Israel telah menolak beberapa tawaran gencatan senjata dengan Hamas karena berpendapat kelompok itu menggunakan upaya genjatan untuk mempersiapkan pertempuran yang lebih besar daripada tujuan perdamaian.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/25/israelandthepalestinians Israel rejects Gaza ceasefire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622140838/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/25/israelandthepalestinians |date=2012-06-22 }} ''The Guardian'' (UK), April 25, 2008</ref> Kolumnis Majalah Atlantic [[Jeffrey Goldberg]], bersama dengan analis lain, percaya Hamas mungkin tidak mampu melakukan rekonsiliasi permanen dengan Israel.<ref name="Hamas's Insults"/> <ref>[http://jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/01/nizar_rayyan_of_hamas_on_gods.php "Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God's Hatred of Jews"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122023505/http://jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/01/nizar_rayyan_of_hamas_on_gods.php |date=2009-01-22 }}, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', (January 2, 2009).</ref> [[Mkhaimer Abusada]], seorang ilmuwan politik di Universitas Al Azhar, menulis bahwa perundingan Hamas "dari hudna [gencatan senjata sementara], bukan perdamaian atau rekonsiliasi dengan Israel. Mereka percaya dari waktu ke waktu mereka akan cukup kuat untuk membebaskan seluruh Palestina yang bersejarah."<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
 
== Tuduhan dan Kesalahfahaman ==
== Kritik ==
=== Kedekatan dengan warga sipil selama perang ===
Setelah [[Operasi Pilar Pertahanan]], Human Rights Watch menyatakan bahwa kelompok-kelompok Palestina telah membahayakan warga sipil dengan "berulang kali menembakkan roket dari daerah padat penduduk, dekat rumah, bisnis, dan hotel" dan mencatat bahwa di bawah hukum internasional, pihak dalam konflik mungkin tidak menempatkan sasaran militer di atau dekat daerah padat penduduk. Satu roket diluncurkan dekat dengan Shawa dan Housari Building, di mana berbagai media Palestina dan internasional memiliki kantor; yang lain membakar halaman sebuah rumah dekat Deira Hotel.<ref name="HRWHamas">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=297107|title=HRW: Hamas rockets from Gaza violated laws of war|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=December 24, 2012|archive-date=2013-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215194826/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=297107|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{verify credibility|date=January 2013}}<!--Not reliable for this claim. The HRW report the JP cites specifically says "Hamas Izz el-Din al-Qassam Brigades". JP writes "Hamas" in place of every mention of the brigades in the report, which leaves the article making the false claim that Hamas is responsible.--><ref name="HRWreport">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza-palestinian-rockets-unlawfully-targeted-israeli-civilians|title=Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians|publisher=HRW|accessdate=December 24, 2012|archive-date=2015-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627010301/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/24/gaza-palestinian-rockets-unlawfully-targeted-israeli-civilians|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2012}}<!--This article is about Hamas, the report is about the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the Brigades have their own article.--> Human Rights Watch mengatakan tidak mampu mengidentifikasi setiap kejadian di mana penduduk sipil telah diperingatkan untuk mengevakuasi daerah sebelum peluncuran roket oleh militan Palestina.<ref name="HRWreport"/>{{Failed verification|date=January 2013}}<!--This article is about Hamas, the Brigades have their own article. The HRW article specifically excludes Hamas from its list of Palestinian groups who have fired rockets, which is additionally supported by this quote: "hostilities between Israel and Hamas and armed groups". The only mention of Hamas in the report is the following: "Hamas, the ruling authority in Gaza, is obligated to uphold the laws of war and should appropriately punish those responsible"; "Human Rights Watch has repeatedly condemned ... Hamas' failure to hold anyone accountable for those attacks" and "Hamas has an obligation to stop unlawful attacks and punish those responsible."-->